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Impulsive-compulsive behaviors are common in Asian Parkinson's disease patients: assessment using the QUIP

Lim SY, Tan ZK, Ngam PI, Lor TL, Mohamed H, Schee JP, et al.

Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2011 Dec;17(10):761-4.
PMID: 21839665 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.07.009

There are limited data on the prevalence of impulsive-compulsive behaviors and subsyndromal impulsive-compulsive behaviors in Asian patients with Parkinson's disease, who are treated with lower dosages of dopaminergic medications.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Prevalence and risk factors of epiretinal membrane in Asian Indians

Koh V, Cheung CY, Wong WL, Cheung CM, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, et al.

Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2012 Feb;53(2):1018-22.
PMID: 22247478 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8557

To describe the prevalence of epiretinal membrane (ERM) and its risk factors in an Indian population and compare the findings with other populations.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Anxiety, depression and quality of life differences between functional and organic dyspepsia

Mahadeva S, Goh KL

J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011 Apr;26 Suppl 3:49-52.
PMID: 21443710 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06656.x

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND:
The role of psychological disturbance in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia is uncertain. We aimed to examine for differences in anxiety, depression and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) between adults with organic (OD) and functional dyspepsia (FD).

METHODOLOGY:
A prospective, cross-sectional study of Malaysian adults undergoing oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGDS) for the primary indication of dyspepsia was conducted. Prior to OGDS, locally translated and validated versions of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI) and Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (LDQ) were administered.

RESULTS:
839 patients (mean age 49.6 ± 15.8 years, 55.7% female, ethnic division: Malays 30.5% , Chinese 38.4%, Indians 29.4%) were studied between June 2008 and March 2009. 472 (56.3%) and 367 (43.7%) patients had FD and OD respectively. There was no difference in the mean LDQ score between FD and OD patients (18.6 vs 18.1, P = 0.4). Moderate/severe anxiety was more prevalent in FD compared to OD patients (28.5% vs 23.1%, P = 0.05) but there was no significant difference in depression. Summary scores for the NDI revealed a lower mean value in FD patients compared to OD patients (68.6 ± 19.5 vs 71.4 ± 19.6, P = 0.04).

CONCLUSION:
Patients with FD have a lower HRQOL compared to those with OD, but this could not be attributed to differences in anxiety nor depression between both groups.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Sociodemographic risk factors and correlates of dementia in older Malaysians

Hamid TA, Krishnaswamy S, Abdullah SS, Momtaz YA

Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord, 2010;30(6):533-9.
PMID: 21252548 DOI: 10.1159/000321672

The rapid expansion of the aged population in Malaysia is expected to greatly increase the number of persons with dementia in the country. However, data on dementia prevalence at the national level is lacking, and little is known about the sociodemographic risk factors and correlates of dementia. This paper describes a nationwide study of dementia prevalence and its sociodemographic risk factors and health correlates among older Malaysians.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Comparison of thermoregulatory responses to heat between Malaysian and Japanese males during leg immersion

Wijayanto T, Wakabayashi H, Lee JY, Hashiguchi N, Saat M, Tochihara Y

Int J Biometeorol, 2011 Jul;55(4):491-500.
PMID: 20824480 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-010-0358-5

The objective of this study was to investigate thermoregulatory responses to heat in tropical (Malaysian) and temperate (Japanese) natives, during 60 min of passive heating. Ten Japanese (mean ages: 20.8 ± 0.9 years) and ten Malaysian males (mean ages: 22.3 ± 1.6 years) with matched morphological characteristics and physical fitness participated in this study. Passive heating was induced through leg immersion in hot water (42°C) for 60 min under conditions of 28°C air temperature and 50% RH. Local sweat rate on the forehead and thigh were significantly lower in Malaysians during leg immersion, but no significant differences in total sweat rate were observed between Malaysians (86.3 ± 11.8 g m(-2) h(-1)) and Japanese (83.2 ± 6.4 g m(-2) h(-1)) after leg immersion. In addition, Malaysians displayed a smaller rise in rectal temperature (0.3 ± 0.1°C) than Japanese (0.7 ± 0.1°C) during leg immersion, with a greater increase in hand skin temperature. Skin blood flow was significantly lower on the forehead and forearm in Malaysians during leg immersion. No significant different in mean skin temperature during leg immersion was observed between the two groups. These findings indicated that regional differences in body sweating distribution might exist between Malaysians and Japanese during heat exposure, with more uniform distribution of local sweat rate over the whole body among tropical Malaysians. Altogether, Malaysians appear to display enhanced efficiency of thermal sweating and thermoregulatory responses in dissipating heat loss during heat loading. Thermoregulatory differences between tropical and temperate natives in this study can be interpreted as a result of heat adaptations to physiological function.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Knowledge and attitudes about HPV infection, HPV vaccination, and cervical cancer among rural southeast Asian women

Wong LP

Int J Behav Med, 2011 Jun;18(2):105-11.
PMID: 20524163 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-010-9104-y

BACKGROUND: The incidence of cervical cancer in developing countries is high and even higher among women in rural areas in these countries.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge and attitudes towards human papillomavirus (HPV), HPV vaccination, and cervical cancer among young women in rural settings in a Southeast Asia country.
METHODS: A convenience sample of ethnically diverse young rural women in Malaysia was surveyed. Participants were interviewed using a standard questionnaire.
RESULTS: Among the participants (N = 449), knowledge of HPV, HPV vaccination, cervical screening, and cervical cancer risk factors was extremely poor. The mean total knowledge score (14 items) was 2.37 (SD ± 1.97). Although many had never heard of the newly released HPV vaccine, two-thirds professed an intention to receive the HPV vaccine. Intention to receive the vaccine was significantly associated with knowledge of cervical screening and cervical cancer risk factors (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.03-1.33; P = 0.013). Reasons for vaccine refusal were doubts about safety and efficacy of the new vaccine (27.4%), perceived embarrassment at receiving an STI vaccine (20.7%), and perception of not being at risk of HPV infection (20.0%).
CONCLUSIONS: Providing HPV education to the rural residents is a high priority.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Fulltext Intercountry prevalences and practices of betel-quid use in south, southeast and eastern Asia regions and associated oral preneoplastic disorders: an international collaborative study by Asian betel-quid consortium of south and east Asia

Lee CH, Ko AM, Warnakulasuriya S, Yin BL, Sunarjo, Zain RB, et al.

Int J Cancer, 2011 Oct 1;129(7):1741-51.
PMID: 21128235 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25809

Health risks stemming from betel-quid (BQ) chewing are frequently overlooked by people. Updated epidemiological data on the increased BQ use among Asian populations using comparable data collection methods have not been widely available. To investigate the prevalence, patterns of practice and associated types of oral preneoplastic disorders, an intercountry Asian Betel-quid Consortium study (the ABC study) was conducted for Taiwan, Mainland China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Nepal and Sri Lanka. A random sample of 8,922 subjects was recruited, and the data were analyzed using survey-data modules adjusted for the complex survey design. Chewing rates among men (10.7-43.6%) were significantly higher than women (1.8-34.9%) in Taiwan, Mainland China, Nepal and Sri Lanka, while women's rates (29.5-46.8%) were higher than that for men (9.8-12.0%) in Malaysia and Indonesia. An emerging, higher proportion of new-users were identified for Hunan in Mainland China (11.1-24.7%), where Hunan chewers have the unique practice of using the dried husk of areca fruit rather than the solid nut universally used by others. Men in the Eastern and South Asian study communities were deemed likely to combine chewing with smoking and drinking (5.6-13.6%). Indonesian women who chewed BQ exhibited the highest prevalence of oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis and oral leukoplakia (9.1-17.3%). Lower schooling, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking were identified as being associated with BQ chewing. In conclusion, the ABC study reveals the significant cultural and demographic differences contributing to practice patterns of BQ usage and the great health risks that such practices pose in the Asian region.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Knowledge, attitudes, and communication around human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination amongst urban Asian mothers and physicians

Chow SN, Soon R, Park JS, Pancharoen C, Qiao YL, Basu P, et al.

Vaccine, 2010 May 14;28(22):3809-17.
PMID: 20347631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.027

To determine why HPV vaccination uptake is low in Asia, we surveyed attitudes, knowledge and communication about cervical cancer and HPV vaccination amongst 480 physicians and 1617 randomly selected urban mothers who could afford HPV vaccines in Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan and Thailand. HPV vaccine rejection by mothers was linked with poor knowledge and low perceptions of self-relevance. Physicians' likelihood of raising the subject and/or recommending vaccination was linked to how proactively they advocate preventive health, their attitude to the subject's sensitivity and their knowledge levels. Because most Asian mothers seek doctors' advice and prefer them to take the initiative, physicians should be more proactive in discussing and recommending HPV vaccination.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Prevalence of microsporidia in an indigenous Orang Asli community in Pahang, Malaysia

Lono A, Kumar GS, Chye TT

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2010 Mar;104(3):214-8.
PMID: 19716577 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.07.006

Microsporidia are ubiquitous parasites thought to be closely related to fungi. Their presence in the environment means that humans are frequently exposed to infection. Stool samples were collected from 151 indigenous villagers from the eastern state of Pahang in 2005. The samples were concentrated with water-ether sedimentation, stained with modified trichrome stain and examined under oil-immersion microscopy. Thirty-two specimens (21.2%) were positive for microsporidia. Microsporidia were observed as ovoid or rounded ovoid shapes measuring approximately 1mum, with a bright pink outline containing a central or posterior vacuole. PCR amplification with specific primers on microscopy-positive specimens amplified Encephalitozoon intestinalis DNA from five of the ten specimens used.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis isolated from Semai Pahang Orang Asli (Peninsular Malaysia aborigines)

Mahdy AK, Surin J, Mohd-Adnan A, Wan KL, Lim YA

Parasitology, 2009 Sep;136(11):1237-41.
PMID: 19660153 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182009990527

This study was conducted to determine the genotypes of Giardia duodenalis isolated from human faecal samples at Pos Betau, Pahang, Malaysia. Faecal specimens were collected and examined for G. duodenalis cysts using Trichrome staining techniques. Molecular identification was carried out by the amplification of a region of the small subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene using nested PCR and subsequent sequencing. The sequences from 15 isolates from G. duodenalis were subjected to phylogenetic analysis (including appropriate outgroups) using the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods. The trees identified G. duodenalis assemblages A and B, with a predominance of assemblage B. The predominance of anthroponotic genotypes indicates the possibility of anthroponotic transmission of these protozoa in this Semai Pahang Orang Asli community.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Fulltext The association between various visual function tests and low fragility hip fractures among the elderly: a Malaysian experience

Chew FL, Yong CK, Mas Ayu S, Tajunisah I

Age Ageing, 2010 Mar;39(2):239-45.
PMID: 20065356 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afp259

BACKGROUND: hip fractures are an increasing source of morbidity and mortality in older people. The role of visual function tests such as visual impairment, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity and visual field defects in low fragility hip fractures in Asian populations is not well understood.
OBJECTIVE: to determine the association between various visual function tests and low fragility hip fractures in an Asian population.
DESIGN: case-control study.
SETTING: University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
SUBJECTS: 108 cases aged > or = 55 years admitted with low fragility fractures and 108 controls (matched for age, gender and race).
METHODS: both cases and controls underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination, which included visual acuity, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity and visual field testing.
RESULTS: poorer visual acuity (odds ratio, OR = 4.08; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.44, 11.51), stereopsis (OR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.55, 8.38), contrast sensitivity (OR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.48, 7.57) and visual field defects (OR = 11.60, 95% CI: 5.21, 25.81) increased the risk of fracture. Increased falls were associated with poorer visual acuity (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.04, 5.13), stereopsis (OR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.03, 4.32), contrast sensitivity (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.05, 4.30) and visual field defects (OR = 3.40, 95% CI: 1.69, 6.86).
CONCLUSION: impaired visual acuity, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity and visual field defects are associated with an increased risk of low fragility hip fractures. We recommend that all patients aged > or = 55 should have an annual ophthalmological examination that includes visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis and visual field testing to assess the risks for falls and low fragility fractures.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Potential hydrophobic protein markers of breast cancer in Malaysian Chinese, Malay and Indian patients

Liang S, Singh M, Gam LH

Cancer Biomark, 2010;8(6):319-30.
PMID: 22072120 DOI: 10.3233/CBM-2011-0221

Breast cancer is a leading cause of worldwide mortality in females. In Malaysia, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Of these, the Chinese had the most number of breast cancer cases, followed by the Indian and the Malay. The most common type of breast cancer is infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC). A proteomic approach was used to identify protein profile changes in cancerous tissues compared with the normal tissues, the tissues were collected from patients of three different ethnicities, i.e. Chinese, Malay and Indian. Ten differentially expressed hydrophobic proteins were identified. We had evaluated the potential of these proteins as biomarker for infiltrating ducal carcinoma (IDC) and the ethnic-specific expression of these proteins was also determined. The data showed that peroxiredoxin-2, heat shock protein 60, protein disulfide isomerase and calreticulin may serve as ethnic-related potential markers for either one or combination of Chinese, Malay and Indian cohorts as their expression levels were significantly high in the cancerous tissues compared to the normal tissues in the ethnic group tested.
Publication year=2010-2011

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Genetic susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia shows protection in Malay boys: results from the Malaysia-Singapore ALL Study Group

Yeoh AE, Lu Y, Chan JY, Chan YH, Ariffin H, Kham SK, et al.

Leuk. Res., 2010 Mar;34(3):276-83.
PMID: 19651439 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2009.07.003

To study genetic epidemiology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the Chinese and Malays, we investigated 10 polymorphisms encoding carcinogen- or folate-metabolism and transport. Sex-adjusted analysis showed NQO1 609CT significantly protects against ALL, whilst MTHFR 677CT confers marginal protection. Interestingly, we observed that NQO1 609CT and MTHFR 1298 C-allele have greater genetic impact in boys than in girls. The combination of SLC19A1 80GA heterozygosity and 3'-TYMS -6bp/-6bp homozygous deletion is associated with reduced ALL risk in Malay boys. Our study has suggested the importance of gender and race in modulating ALL susceptibility via the folate metabolic pathway.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Fulltext Clinical characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer: experience in an Asian developing country

Tan GH, Taib NA, Choo WY, Teo SH, Yip CH

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009 Jul-Sep;10(3):395-8.
PMID: 19640180

INTRODUCTION: Triple negative (TN) breast cancers are defined by a lack of expression of oestrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. They tend to have a higher grade, with a poorer outcome compared to non-TN breast cancers.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of TN breast cancer in an Asian country consisting of Malays, Chinese and Indians, and to determine the factors associated with this type of breast cancer.
RESULTS: The incidence of TN breast cancer in the University Malaya Medical Center is 17.6%. There is no significant difference amongst the Malays, Chinese and Indians. In bivariate analysis, TN breast cancer was significantly associated with younger age and Grade 3. However, in multivariate analysis using logistic regression, TN breast cancer was only associated with Grade 3.
CONCLUSION: The incidence of TN breast cancer in our study is similar to other studies, and associated with a higher grade.
Study site: University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC)

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Cholesterol atheroembolism of the colon can mimic the endoscopic features of pseudomembranous colitis

Lim GH, Roslani AC, Pang B, Bih-Shiou CT

Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech, 2008 Dec;18(6):616-8.
PMID: 19098673 DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0b013e318180c956

The endoscopic features of cholesterol atheroembolism affecting the colon have not been extensively described in the literature, owing to the rarity of this entity. We report a middle-aged man who presented with hematochezia after recent coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Colonoscopy revealed ulcerative skip lesions with overlying slough resembling pseudomembranes distal to the transverse colon, inconsistent with the initial clinical impression of ischemic colitis. As a consequence of continued bleeding with hemodynamic instability, the patient underwent an extended low anterior resection with end transverse colostomy. Histology revealed cholesterol atheroembolism resulting in patchy ischemic ulceration of the colon. Colonic cholesterol atheroembolism can mimic the endoscopic features of pseudomembranous colitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Effectiveness and safety of olanzapine in the treatment of Asian outpatients with schizophrenia

Habil MH, Gondoyoewono H, Chaudhry HR, Samanwongthai U, Hamid AR, Hashmi IT, et al.

Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2007 Dec;45(12):631-42.
PMID: 18184531

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia among Asian patients in an outpatient setting.
METHODS: This was an open-label, prospective, observational study involving 339 patients from Indonesia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Clinical Global Impression Severity scale (CGI-S), and safety parameters were assessed.
RESULTS: 62% of patients responded to olanzapine treatment, defined a priori as a reduction in BPRS of > 40% from baseline. Following the 8-week treatment period, the BPRS total, BPRS positive, BPRS negative, and CGI-S scores decreased by 18.7 (95% CI: 17.4, 20.2), 6.1 (5.6, 6.6), 2.9 (2.6, 3.2), and 1.5 points (median 1.0), respectively (p < 0.0001). In total, 31 of the 339 patients (9.1%) failed to complete the study according to the study description. Loss to follow-up and personal conflict were the most common reasons for discontinuation. There were 30 treatment-emergent adverse events with six serious cases, assessed as unrelated to study drug, reported.
CONCLUSION: This study further demonstrates the effectiveness and safety of olanzapine in actual clinical practice settings, in reducing the severity of psychopathological symptoms in Asian patients with schizophrenia.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Computed tomographic evaluation of the odontoid process for two-screw fixation in type-II fracture: a Malaysian perspective

Yusof MI, Yusof AH, Abdullah MS, Hussin TM

J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2007 Apr;15(1):67-72.
PMID: 17429121

To measure the diameter of the odontoid process in a Malaysian population using computed tomographic (CT) scan and determine the feasibility of treating type-II odontoid fractures using 2 cortical screws.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
Thyrotoxicosis presenting as hypokalaemic paralysis and hyperlactataemia in an oriental man

Al-Jubouri MA, Inkster GD, Nee PA, Andrews FJ

Ann. Clin. Biochem., 2006 Jul;43(Pt 4):323-5.
PMID: 16824287 DOI: 10.1258/000456306777695681

A 35-year-old Malaysian man presented with rapid onset of flaccid quadriparesis associated with nausea and vomiting. General blood tests revealed severe hypokalaemia (serum potassium 1.5 mmol/L) and hypophosphataemia (serum phosphate 0.29 mmol/L) as a potential cause of the flaccid paralysis. Arterial blood gases showed mixed acid base disturbance of respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis with hyperlactataemia. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) was suspected as the underlying cause of this presentation and thyroid function tests showed severe hyperthyroid results (free T4 > 77.2 pmol/L, free T3 19.3 pmol/L, thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] < 0.05 mIU/L). Treatment with intravenous potassium and phosphate infusion and oral propranolol resulted in rapid resolution of his symptoms. A discussion of the clinical and pathophysiological features and treatment of TPP (a very rare encounter in UK clinical practice) is presented, and to our knowledge associated hyperlactataemia has not been previously described.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
A comparative study of sertraline dosages, plasma concentrations, efficacy and adverse reactions in Chinese versus Caucasian patients

Hong Ng C, Norman TR, Naing KO, Schweitzer I, Kong Wai Ho B, Fan A, et al.

Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2006 Mar;21(2):87-92.
PMID: 16421459

This prospective 6-week study examined the differences in dosage and steady state plasma concentrations of sertraline in Chinese versus Caucasian depressed patients. Two groups of Chinese patients from different geographical sites and a group of Caucasian patients were evaluated with clinical measures during an initial dose of 50 mg/day, with subsequent doses adjusted clinically. The results of 17 Australian Chinese (ACHI), 13 Malaysian Chinese (MCHI) and 15 Australian Caucasians (AC) were analysed. Despite controlling for weight, the AC subjects received a significantly higher dose than both the ACHI (P = 0.002) and the MCHI groups (P = 0.012). However, the mean sertraline concentration to dose ratios at weeks 1 and 6 were not significantly different between the three groups. Sertraline was effective and well tolerated in both ethnic groups with few adverse events. Although there was a lack of difference between groups in the pharmacokinetic results, Chinese depressed patients appeared to require lower dosages with consequently lower plasma concentrations of sertraline compared to Caucasian patients to achieve clinical efficacy. Further studies of the dosages, kinetics and adverse effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors linked with genotyping are necessary.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group
HLA variants rs9271366 and rs9275328 are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility in Malays and Chinese

Chai HC, Phipps ME, Othman I, Tan LP, Chua KH

Lupus, 2013 Feb;22(2):198-204.
PMID: 23257407 DOI: 10.1177/0961203312470183

BACKGROUND: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens and genes have long been reported associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility in many populations. With the advance in technologies such as genome-wide association studies, many newly discovered SLE-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported in recent years. These include HLA-DRB1/HLA-DQA1 rs9271366 and HLA-DQB1/HLA-DQA2 rs9275328. Our aim was to investigate these SNPs in a Malaysian SLE cohort.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: SNPs rs9271366 and rs9275328 were screened across 790 Malaysian citizens from three ethnic groups (360 patients and 430 healthy volunteers) by Taqman SNP genotyping assays. Allele and genotyping frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, Fisher's exact test and odds ratio were calculated for each SNP and ethnic group. Linkage disequilibrium and interaction between the two SNPs were also evaluated.
RESULTS: The minor allele G and its homozygous genotype GG of HLA-DRB1/HLA-DQA1 rs9271366 significantly increased the SLE susceptibility in Malaysian patients, including those of Malay and Chinese ethnicity (odds ratio (OR) > 1, p group, and the two SNPs interacted redundantly by removing 1.96% of the entropy.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that in addition to some classical HLA variants, rs9271366 and rs9275328 are additional polymorphisms worth considering in the Malaysian and possibly in a larger Asian SLE scenario.

Matched MeSH terms: Asian Continental Ancestry Group

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