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  1. Fulltext Determination of the difference on color changes of watermelons by laser light backscattering imaging
    Mohd Ali M, Hashim N, Bejo SK, Shamsudin R
    J Food Sci Technol, 2017 Oct;54(11):3650-3657.
    PMID: 29051660 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2826-y
    The potential of laser light backscattering imaging was investigated for monitoring color parameters of seeded and seedless watermelons during storage. Two watermelon cultivars were harvested and stored for 3 weeks with seven measuring storage days (0, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18, and 21). The color parameters of watermelons were monitored using the conventional colorimetric methods (L*, a*, b*, C*, H*, and ∆E*) and laser light backscattering imaging system. A laser diode emitting at 658 nm and 30 mW power was used as a light source to obtain the backscattering image. The backscattering images were evaluated by the extraction of backscattering parameters based on the mean pixel values. The results showed that a good color prediction was achieved by the seedless watermelon with the R2 are all above 0.900. Thus, the application of the laser light backscattering imaging can be used for evaluating the color parameters of watermelons during the storage period.
  2. Fulltext The global profile of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from goats and sheep: A systematic review
    Herawati O, Bejo SK, Zakaria Z, Ramanoon SZ
    Vet World, 2023 May;16(5):977-986.
    PMID: 37576756 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.977-986
    BACKGROUND AND AIM: Antibiotic resistance has become an issue of global importance due to increasing levels of bacterial infections worldwide. Farm management and usage of antibiotics in livestock are known risk factors associated with the increase in global levels of antibiotic resistance. Goats and sheep are examples of livestock with large populations. Although antibiotic resistance in bacteria from livestock negatively affects both human health and the economy, the global data regarding this issue in goats and sheep are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to provide information on the antibiotic-resistance profile of bacteria isolated from goats and sheep worldwide (Asia, Europe, and Africa).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a systematic review of articles published on this topic without any restriction on the year of publication. We searched the Directory of Open Access Journals, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus using Boolean logic through various keywords. The search generated a total of 1325 articles, and after screening for duplicates and implementing inclusion and exclusion criteria, qualitative synthesis (i.e., qualitative systematic review) was performed on 37 articles.

    RESULTS: The synthesized information indicated that 18 Gram-positive and 13 Gram-negative bacterial species from goats and sheep were resistant to ten antibiotics, namely penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and sulfamethoxazole. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance ranged from 0.4% to 100%. However, up to 100% of some bacteria, namely, Salmonella Dublin, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas sobria, were susceptible to CIP. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were highly resistant to all antibiotics tested. Moreover, eight of the ten antibiotics tested were critically important antibiotics for humans.

    CONCLUSION: Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in goats and sheep are a potential risk to animal and human health. Collaboration between all stakeholders and further research is needed to prevent the negative impacts of antibiotic resistance.

  3. Fulltext High Levels of Antibiotic Resistance in Isolates From Diseased Livestock
    Haulisah NA, Hassan L, Bejo SK, Jajere SM, Ahmad NI
    Front Vet Sci, 2021;8:652351.
    PMID: 33869326 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.652351
    Overuse of antimicrobials in livestock health and production beyond therapeutic needs has been highlighted in recent years as one of the major risk factors for the acceleration of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of bacteria in both humans and animals. While there is an abundance of reports on AMR in clinical isolates from humans, information regarding the patterns of resistance in clinical isolates from animals is scarce. Hence, a situational analysis of AMR based on clinical isolates from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory was performed to examine the extent and patterns of resistance demonstrated by isolates from diseased food animals. Between 2015 and 2017, 241 cases of diseased livestock were received. Clinical specimens from ruminants (cattle, goats and sheep), and non-ruminants (pigs and chicken) were received for culture and sensitivity testing. A total of 701 isolates were recovered from these specimens. From ruminants, Escherichia coli (n = 77, 19.3%) predominated, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (n = 73, 18.3%). Antibiotic sensitivity testing (AST) revealed that E. coli resistance was highest for penicillin, streptomycin, and neomycin (77-93%). In addition, S. aureus was highly resistant to neomycin, followed by streptomycin and ampicillin (68-82%). More than 67% of E. coli isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and only 2.6% were susceptible to all the tested antibiotics. Similarly, 65.6% of S. aureus isolates were MDR and only 5.5% were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. From non-ruminants, a total of 301 isolates were recovered. Escherichia coli (n = 108, 35.9%) and Staphylococcus spp. (n = 27, 9%) were the most frequent isolates obtained. For E. coli, the highest resistance was against amoxicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and neomycin (95-100%). Staphylococcus spp. had a high level of resistance to streptomycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and gentamicin (80-100%). The MDR levels of E. coli and Staphylococcus spp. isolates from non-ruminants were 72.2 and 74.1%, respectively. Significantly higher resistance level were observed among isolates from non-ruminants compared to ruminants for tetracycline, amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
  4. Fulltext In vitro transfer of methicillin resistance determinants mecA from methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)
    Bitrus AA, Zunita Z, Bejo SK, Othman S, Nadzir NA
    BMC Microbiol, 2017 04 04;17(1):83.
    PMID: 28376716 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0994-6
    BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus more than any other human pathogen is a better model for the study of the adaptive evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as it has demonstrated a remarkable ability in its response to new antibiotics. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro transfer of mecA gene from methicillin resistant S. aureus to methicillin susceptible S. aureus.

    RESULT: The recipient transconjugants were resistant to erythromycin, cefpodoxime and were mecA positive. PCR amplification of mecA after mix culture plating on Luria Bertani agar containing 100 μg/mL showed that 75% of the donor and 58.3% of the recipient transconjugants were mecA positive. Additionally, 61.5% of both the donor cells and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive, while 46.2% and 41.75% of both donor and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL respectively.

    CONCLUSION: In this study, the direction of transfer of phenotypic resistance as well as mecA was observed to have occurred from the donor to the recipient strains. This study affirmed the importance of horizontal transfer events in the dissemination of antibiotics resistance among different strains of MRSA.

  5. The ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid on the oxidative status, live weight and recovery rate in road transport stressed goats in a hot humid tropical environment
    Nwunuji TP, Mayowa OO, Yusoff SM, Bejo SK, Salisi S, Mohd EA
    Anim Sci J, 2014 May;85(5):611-6.
    PMID: 24612236 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12174
    The ameliorative effect of ascorbic acid (AA) on live weight following transportation is vital in animal husbandry. This study investigated the influence of AA on live weight, rectal temperature (rt), and oxidative status of transport stressed goats in a hot humid tropical environment. Twenty-four goats were divided into four groups, A, B, C and D of six animals each. Group A were administered AA 100 mg/kg intramuscularly 30 min prior to 3.5 h transportation. Group B was administered AA following transportation. Group C were transported but not administered AA as positive controls while group D were not transported but were administered normal saline as negative controls. Live weight, rt and blood samples were collected before, immediately post-transport (pt), 24 h, 3 days, 7 days and 10 days pt. Plasma was used for malondialdehyde (MDA) analysis while hemolysates were used for superoxide dismutase (SOD) analysis. There was minimal live weight loss in group A compared to groups B and C. Group A recorded reduced MDA activities and increased SOD activities compared to groups B and C which recorded significantly high MDA activities. This study revealed that AA administration ameliorated the stress responses induced by transportation in animals in hot humid tropical environments. The administration of AA to goats prior to transportation could ameliorate stress and enhance productivity.
  6. Antigenic potential of a recombinant polyvalent DNA vaccine against pathogenic leptospiral infection
    Garba B, Bahaman AR, Zakaria Z, Bejo SK, Mutalib AR, Bande F, et al.
    Microb Pathog, 2018 Nov;124:136-144.
    PMID: 30138761 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.028
    Leptospirosis is a serious epidemic disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. The disease is endemic in most tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Currently, there is no effective polyvalent vaccine for prevention against most of the circulating serovars. Moreover, development of an efficient leptospiral vaccine capable of stimulating cross-protective immune responses against a wide range of serovars remains a daunting challenge. This, in part, is associated with the extensive diversity and variation of leptospiral serovars from region to region. In this study, a multi-epitope DNA vaccine encoding highly immunogenic epitopes from LipL32 and LipL41 was designed using in-silico approach. The DNA encoding antigenic epitopes was constructed from conserved pathogenic Leptospira genes (LipL32 and LipL41). Immunization of golden Syrian hamsters with the multi-epitope chimeric DNA vaccine resulted in the production of both agglutinating and neutralizing antibodies as evidence by MAT and in-vitro growth inhibition tests respectively. The antibodies produced reacted against eight different serovars and significantly reduced renal colonization following in vivo challenge. The vaccine was also able to significantly reduce renal colonization which is a very important factor responsible for persistence of leptospires among susceptible and reservoir animal hosts. In conclusion, the leptospiral multi-epitope chimeric DNA vaccine can serve as a potentially effective and safe vaccine against infection with different pathogenic leptospiral serovars.
  7. Effects of resveratrol on shedding and pathological dynamics in experimental B. melitensis infection in dexamethasone-treated nonpregnant Boer goats
    Tanko PN, Mohd Yusoff S, Emikpe BO, Bejo SK, Salisi S
    J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2019;40(4):419-438.
    PMID: 31154897 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1620766
    Brucellosis constitutes an infectious re-emerging zoonosis. Spread of diseases could be exacerbated by stress-induced immunosuppression. This study evaluated relationship between Brucella melitensis infection, shedding dynamics, dexamethasone-induced stress, pathological alterations and resveratrol ameliorative effects in goats. Twelve nonpregnant goats were divided into four groups A, B, C, and D of three animals each. Groups A and B were administered 107 CFU/mL of B. melitensis ocularly, 21 days prior to 7 days consecutive administration of dexamethasone (2 mg/kg). Group A was further administered resveratrol (5 mg/kg) intravenously for 5 consecutive days from day 31 post B. melitensis inoculation. Group C was administered similar dose of B. melitensis while group D was inoculated normal saline. Blood, nasal, ocular, and vaginal swabs were collected at intervals for analysis. The does were sacrificed at day 42 post inoculation (pi). Tissues were collected for tissue bacterial load determination, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Dexamethasone administration from day 21 pi increased the frequency in the shedding dynamics, tissue bacterial load, pathological alterations (frequency of microgranuloma and intensity of immunostaining) in group B while 5 days treatment with resveratrol following dexamethasone administration significantly reduced tissue bacterial load, decline in shedding dynamics, and ameliorate damage by dexamethasone administration/B. melitensis infection.
  8. Fulltext Major epidemiological factors associated with leptospirosis in Malaysia
    Garba B, Bahaman AR, Bejo SK, Zakaria Z, Mutalib AR, Bande F
    Acta Trop, 2018 Feb;178:242-247.
    PMID: 29217379 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.12.010
    INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by a diverse pathogenic leptospira species and serovars. The disease is transmitted directly following contact with infected urine and other body fluids or indirectly after contact with water or soil contaminated with infected urine.

    OBJECTIVES: While a wide range of domestic and wild animals are known to be reservoirs of the disease, occupation, international travel and recreation are beginning to assume a center stage in the transmission of the disease. The objective of this study is to review available literatures to determine the extent to which these aforementioned risk factors aid the transmission, increase incidence and outbreak of leptospirosis in Malaysia.

    STUDY DESIGN: The review was conducted based on prevalence, incidence, and outbreak cases of leptospirosis among human and susceptible animals predisposed to several of the risk factors identified in Malaysia.

    METHODS: Literature searchers and reviews were conducted based on articles published in citation index journals, Malaysian ministry of health reports, periodicals as well as reliable newspapers articles and online media platforms. In each case, the newspapers and online media reports were supported by press briefings by officials of the ministry of health and other agencies responsible.

    RESULTS: The disease is endemic in Malaysia, and this was attributed to the large number of reservoir animals, suitable humid and moist environment for proliferation as well as abundant forest resources. Over 30 different serovars have been detected in Malaysia in different domestic and wild animal species. This, in addition to the frequency of flooding which has increased in recent years, and has helped increase the risk of human exposure. Occupation, recreation, flooding and rodent population were all identified as an important source and cause of the disease within the study population.

    CONCLUSION: There is an urgent need for the government and other stakeholders to intensify efforts to control the spread of the disease, especially as it greatly affect human health and the tourism industry which is an important component of the Malaysian economy. The risk of infection can be minimized by creating awareness on the source and mode of transmission of the disease, including the use of protective clothing and avoiding swimming in contaminated waters. Moreover, improved diagnostics can also help reduce the suffering and mortalities that follow infection after exposure to infection source.

  9. Fulltext High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance among bacterial isolates from diseased pets: Retrospective laboratory data (2015-2017)
    Haulisah NA, Hassan L, Jajere SM, Ahmad NI, Bejo SK
    PLoS One, 2022;17(12):e0277664.
    PMID: 36477195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277664
    Laboratory surveillance and the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends and patterns among local isolates have been highly effective in providing comprehensive information for public health decision-making. A total of 396 cases along with 449 specimens were received for antibiotic susceptibility testing at a public university veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Malaysia between 2015 and 2017. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated (n = 101, 13%) bacteria, followed by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 97, 12%) and Streptococcus canis (n = 62, 8%). In cats, S. pseudintermedius isolates were highly resistant to azithromycin (90%), while the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to doxycycline (90%), tetracycline (81%), and cephalexin (75%). About 55% of S. pseudintermedius and 82% of E. coli were multi-drug resistant (MDR). In dogs, S. intermedius isolates were highly resistant to aminoglycosides neomycin (90.9%) and gentamicin (84.6%), and tetracycline (75%). Whereas the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to cephalexin (82.1%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (76.5%). MDR was observed in 60% of S. intermedius and 72% of E. coli from dogs. Generally, the bacterial isolates from cats demonstrated higher levels of resistance to multiple antibiotics compared to those from dogs.
  10. Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Working Dogs
    Lau SF, Wong JY, Khor KH, Roslan MA, Abdul Rahman MS, Bejo SK, et al.
    Top Companion Anim Med, 2017 Dec;32(4):121-125.
    PMID: 29525230 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2017.12.001
    Working dogs are canine animals that have been trained to assist human beings in carrying out various tasks. They help in guarding property, performing rescues, assisting the visually impaired or physically handicapped, searching for drugs, explosives, and others. Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world and a commonly occurring disease of the tropics and subtropics. In Malaysia, all working dogs are normally vaccinated with serovars, Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, and Grippotyphosa based on protocols recommended from other countries. The duration of immunity in vaccinated dogs for Leptospira can last up to 13 months; however, there is no full crossprotection between the different serovars. Five representative canine units from different government agencies in Malaysia (n = 96 dogs) were recruited in this study. For detection, the microscopic agglutination test was performed by incubating the serum from dogs with various serovars of leptospires, namely, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, Australis, Bataviae, Javanica, Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, Lai, and Pyrogenes. The plasma obtained was used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, for the detection of 16S rRNA, and lipL 32 genes of Leptospira. Out of the 96 dogs sampled, only 3 dogs were positive toward serovars, Australis, Bataviae, and Javanica, based on the cutoff point at 1:80. The seroprevalence of canine leptospirosis in this population was 3.1% (n = 3/96). However, all 96 blood samples of working dogs tested negative for both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Leptospira genes. The results revealed that, by vaccination alone, working dogs were not fully protected against leptospirosis and could pose a risk to dog handlers. A preventative and control protocol for leptospirosis is warranted, and its implementation should be monitored and improved accordingly from time to time, in order to maintain a healthy condition in both working dogs and their handlers.
  11. Fulltext Classification of basal stem rot using deep learning: a review of digital data collection and palm disease classification methods
    Haw YH, Lai KW, Chuah JH, Bejo SK, Husin NA, Hum YC, et al.
    PeerJ Comput Sci, 2023;9:e1325.
    PMID: 37346512 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1325
    Oil palm is a key agricultural resource in Malaysia. However, palm disease, most prominently basal stem rot caused at least RM 255 million of annual economic loss. Basal stem rot is caused by a fungus known as Ganoderma boninense. An infected tree shows few symptoms during early stage of infection, while potentially suffers an 80% lifetime yield loss and the tree may be dead within 2 years. Early detection of basal stem rot is crucial since disease control efforts can be done. Laboratory BSR detection methods are effective, but the methods have accuracy, biosafety, and cost concerns. This review article consists of scientific articles related to the oil palm tree disease, basal stem rot, Ganoderma Boninense, remote sensors and deep learning that are listed in the Web of Science since year 2012. About 110 scientific articles were found that is related to the index terms mentioned and 60 research articles were found to be related to the objective of this research thus included in this review article. From the review, it was found that the potential use of deep learning methods were rarely explored. Some research showed unsatisfactory results due to limitations on dataset. However, based on studies related to other plant diseases, deep learning in combination with data augmentation techniques showed great potentials, showing remarkable detection accuracy. Therefore, the feasibility of analyzing oil palm remote sensor data using deep learning models together with data augmentation techniques should be studied. On a commercial scale, deep learning used together with remote sensors and unmanned aerial vehicle technologies showed great potential in the detection of basal stem rot disease.
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