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  1. Hao, Lim Zhen, Hikmat Said Al-Salim, Norida Ridzuan
    MyJurnal
    The continuous depletion of global oil reserves with the propensity for light distillates
    propels the oil and gas industry to explore heavier fractions of crude oils with significant
    amount of paraffin waxes. However, the precipitation and deposition of waxes during the
    transportation of these waxy crude oils in the pipelines contribute to several issues, such as
    the flowability reduction, excessive pumping cost, and wax gel formation, that adversely
    affect the supposedly steady offshore oil production. As a result, substantial resources are
    expended to resolve these flow assurance problems. The wax inhibitors and pour point
    depressants are developed and modified to meet the wax remediation criteria. Essentially,
    the wax crystals are formed through the nucleation, growth, and agglomeration processes,
    while the deposition of these waxes occurs via molecular diffusion and shear dispersion.
    The wax inhibitors are able to control the growth of wax crystals through nucleation, cocrystallization,
    adsorption, and dispersion interactions. This paper particularly assessed
    the following compounds: (1) polymeric wax inhibitors, (2) nano-hybrid pour point
    depressants, (3) organic solvents, and
    (4) surfactants. Given the significance of
    these compounds in the deposition and
    precipitation of waxes, it is imperative to
    comprehensively explore the types and
    nature of these compounds and their recent
    applications as well as to critically assess
    their strengths and drawbacks, which were
    addressed in this paper. Furthermore, the
    challenges of using these compounds and the factors that govern their efficiencies were also discussed. Accordingly, the carbon
    length and the molecular weight of both paraffin waxes and wax inhibitors are among the
    most influential factors.
  2. Firas Basim Ismail Alnaimi, Chee Liang Lim Henry, Amar Sahed, Hikmat S. Al Salim, Mohammad Shakir Nasif
    MyJurnal
    In natural gas processing, carbon dioxide is one of the major streams contaminate from the gas reservoir and must be removed, as it reduces the energy content of sales gas. In order to remove huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), gas hydrate is used to capture CO2. However, the high formation of hydrate will inhibit clogs in gas pipelines. Hence, this research presents literature on hydrate formation, prediction of methane-carbon dioxide (CH4-CO2) gas mixture, by using simulation packages of Aspen Hysys 7.2, K-factor, VMG SIM Ver. 6 and BR & E ProMax 2.0. Peng-Robinson model was used in all simulation packages. Simulation results obtained were then compared with experimental data from previous literature sources. The simulation results showed that the higher the concentration of CO2 in CH4-CO2 gas mixture, the lower the pressure required for CO2 hydrate to form throughout the predicted temperature range from -20°C to 20°C.
  3. Nordin Sabli, Zainal Abidin Talib, Chang CB, Wan Mahmood Mat Yunus, Zulkarnain Zainal, Hikmat S. Hilal, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1061-1067.
    Tin selenide (SnSe) and copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) compounds were synthesized by high temperature reaction method using combination of sealed ampoule (at relatively low pressure ~10-1 Pa without inert gas) and heating at specific temperature profile in rocking furnace. Powder X-Ray diffraction analysis showed that the products involved only single phases of SnSe and of CuInSe2 only. Using the reaction products as source materials, the SnSe and CuInSe2 thin films were vacuum-deposited on glass substrates at room temperature. Structural, elemental, surface morphological and optical properties of the as-deposited films were studied by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. Single phase of SnSe and CuInSe2 films were obtained by thermal evaporation technique from synthesized SnSe and CuInSe2 compound without further treatment.
  4. Andreas, Hadibarata T, Sathishkumar P, Prasetia H, Hikmat, Pusfitasari ED, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2021 Aug;276:130185.
    PMID: 33743420 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130185
    Indonesia is the second-largest contributor of microplastics (MPs) pollution in the marine ecosystem. Most MPs pollution-related studies in Indonesia focus on seawater, sediment, with less information found on the commercially important fish species used for human consumption. Skipjack Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) is one of the major exporting fishery commodities from Indonesia. This exploratory study aimed to determine MPs presence in the digestive tract of Skipjack Tuna from the Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia. The fish samples were collected from five different fish traditional auction market along the Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia, namely Pangandaran, Pamayang Sari, Ciletuh, Santolo, and Palabuhan Ratu. The gastrointestinal tract of Skipjack tuna was pretreated using alkaline destruction and filtered. The presence of MPs in the treated samples was visually identified using an optical microscope, while Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contaminants were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 19 suspected MPs particles were found in the form of filament (84%), angular (11%), and round (5%). This result would provide a better indication of the MPs contamination in marine life species in the Southern Coast of Java, Indonesia, as useful information for marine environmental monitoring program in the future.
  5. Maas RR, Iwanicka-Pronicka K, Kalkan Ucar S, Alhaddad B, AlSayed M, Al-Owain MA, et al.
    Ann Neurol, 2017 Dec;82(6):1004-1015.
    PMID: 29205472 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25110
    OBJECTIVE: 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria, dystonia-deafness, hepatopathy, encephalopathy, Leigh-like syndrome (MEGDHEL) syndrome is caused by biallelic variants in SERAC1.

    METHODS: This multicenter study addressed the course of disease for each organ system. Metabolic, neuroradiological, and genetic findings are reported.

    RESULTS: Sixty-seven individuals (39 previously unreported) from 59 families were included (age range = 5 days-33.4 years, median age = 9 years). A total of 41 different SERAC1 variants were identified, including 20 that have not been reported before. With the exception of 2 families with a milder phenotype, all affected individuals showed a strikingly homogeneous phenotype and time course. Severe, reversible neonatal liver dysfunction and hypoglycemia were seen in >40% of all cases. Starting at a median age of 6 months, muscular hypotonia (91%) was seen, followed by progressive spasticity (82%, median onset = 15 months) and dystonia (82%, 18 months). The majority of affected individuals never learned to walk (68%). Seventy-nine percent suffered hearing loss, 58% never learned to speak, and nearly all had significant intellectual disability (88%). Magnetic resonance imaging features were accordingly homogenous, with bilateral basal ganglia involvement (98%); the characteristic "putaminal eye" was seen in 53%. The urinary marker 3-methylglutaconic aciduria was present in virtually all patients (98%). Supportive treatment focused on spasticity and drooling, and was effective in the individuals treated; hearing aids or cochlear implants did not improve communication skills.

    INTERPRETATION: MEGDHEL syndrome is a progressive deafness-dystonia syndrome with frequent and reversible neonatal liver involvement and a strikingly homogenous course of disease. Ann Neurol 2017;82:1004-1015.

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