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A review of okara (soybean curd residue) utilization as animal feed: Nutritive value and animal performance aspects

Rahman MM, Mat K, Ishigaki G, Akashi R

Anim Sci J, 2021 Dec;92(1):e13594.
PMID: 34289204 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13594

Year by year, huge quantities of by-products are generated during the manufacturing process of soybean-based products. Okara is one of the by-products, and it is an insoluble portion of the soybean. It consists of high moisture (8.4-22.9%); on dry matter basis, it contains high metabolizable energy (9.0-14.2 MJ/kg) and other components that include crude protein (20.9-39.1%), crude fiber (12.2-61.3%), crude fat (4.9-21.5%), and ash (3.4-5.3%). Fermentation of okara improves its nutritional quality and reduces its anti-nutrient contents. Due to animals' palatability, okara can be used to replace the soybean meal/concentrate feed partially or completely in ruminant's diet and partially in nonruminant's diet. Okara feeding does not depress the intake, digestibility, growth, milk production, blood metabolic profiles, and meat quality of animals. However, this by-product decays quickly due to its high moisture content, and its heavy weight and sticky nature make it difficult to process and expensive to dry using conventional methods. This paper thoroughly summarizes the utilization of okara as animal feed in the cause of developing a general guideline with favorable levels of inclusion in the diets of animals for its exploitation and valorization. This review will encourage further research to develop eco-friendly and value added feed for animals.
Fulltext An Octagonal Ring-shaped Parasitic Resonator Based Compact Ultrawideband Antenna for Microwave Imaging Applications

Hossain A, Islam MT, Almutairi AF, Singh MSJ, Mat K, Samsuzzaman M

Sensors (Basel), 2020 Mar 01;20(5).
PMID: 32121477 DOI: 10.3390/s20051354

An Ultrawideband (UWB) octagonal ring-shaped parasitic resonator-based patch antenna for microwave imaging applications is presented in this study, which is constructed with a diamond-shaped radiating patch, three octagonal, rectangular slotted ring-shaped parasitic resonator elements, and partial slotting ground plane. The main goals of uses of parasitic ring-shaped elements are improving antenna performance. In the prototype, various kinds of slots on the ground plane were investigated, and especially rectangular slots and irregular zigzag slots are applied to enhance bandwidth, gain, efficiency, and radiation directivity. The optimized size of the antenna is 29 × 24 × 1.5 mm3 by using the FR-4 substrate. The overall results illustrate that the antenna has a bandwidth of 8.7 GHz (2.80 ̶ 11.50 GHz) for the reflection coefficient S11 < -10 dB with directional radiation pattern. The maximum gain of the proposed prototype is more than 5.7 dBi, and the average efficiency over the radiating bandwidth is 75%. Different design modifications are performed to attain the most favorable outcome of the proposed antenna. However, the prototype of the proposed antenna is designed and simulated in the 3D simulator CST Microwave Studio 2018 and then effectively fabricated and measured. The investigation throughout the study of the numerical as well as experimental data explicit that the proposed antenna is appropriate for the Ultrawideband-based microwave-imaging fields.
Nutrient intake, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pre- and post-weaning Dorper lambs fed varying crude protein level

Panadi M, Mat K, Rahman MM, Khan MAKG, Balakrishnan M, Rusli ND

Trop Anim Health Prod, 2021 Oct 13;53(5):515.
PMID: 34647184 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02953-3

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of varying crude protein (CP) levels on intake, growth performances and nutrient digestibility of Dorper lambs at pre- and post-weaning period. Twenty lambs at 7 days old with an initial body weight of 2.91 kg were individually penned and randomly assigned into four (4) dietary groups using a randomised complete block design. In Trial I, pre-weaning lambs were fed with creep feeding (CF) diet containing 14% crude protein (CP) as a control diet (CON14), 16% (CF16), 18% (CF18) and 20% (CF20) of CP for 84 days. Following Trial 1, the animals were fed with a growing ration (GR) diet for 96-day feeding trial. The diets consisted of 11% CP as a control diet (CON11), 14% (GR14), 16% (GR16) and 18% (GR18) of CP. The water was available ad libitum and the feed intake was measured daily by the difference of feed offered and refused. The increase of CP level resulted in a linear increase of dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake and average daily gain (ADG) in pre- and post-weaning lambs. The DMI (g/day) of lambs fed with CF20 (1059.92) was significantly higher (p 0.05) compared to those fed with CF16 (217.95). For post-weaning lambs, GR16 had significantly higher ADG than CON11 (43.14), but it was no difference with GR14 (72.94) and GR18 (69.41). However, increased CP level resulted in linear increase of DM, ash, organic matter (OM) and CP digestibility. The present finding suggested that the optimum CP level for pre- and post-weaning Dorper lambs in Malaysia was 16% and 14%, respectively.
Fulltext Metamaterial based on an inverse double V loaded complementary square split ring resonator for radar and Wi-Fi applications

Islam MR, Islam MT, Soliman MS, Baharuddin MH, Mat K, Moubark AM, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 Nov 05;11(1):21782.
PMID: 34741089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01275-6

In this research paper, an inverse double V loaded complementary square split ring resonator based double negative (DNG) metamaterial has been developed and examined numerically and experimentally. The electromagnetic (EM) properties of the proposed inverse double V-structure were calculated using computer simulation technology (CST-2019) and the finite integration technique (FIT). The designed metamaterial provides three resonance frequencies are 2.86, 5, and 8.30 GHz, covering S-, C-, and X-bands. The total size of the recommended unit cell is 8 [Formula: see text] 8 [Formula: see text] 1.524 mm3, and a high effective medium ratio (EMR) value of 13.11 was found from it. The - 10 dB bandwidths of this structure are 2.80 to 2.91, 4.76 to 5.17, and 8.05 to 8.42 GHz. The proposed structure's novelty is its small size, simple resonator structure, which provides double negative characteristics, high EMR, maximum coverage band, and required resonance frequencies. Wi-Fi network speeds are generally faster when frequencies in the 5 GHz band are used. Since the proposed structure provides a 5 GHz frequency band, hence the suggested metamaterial can be used in Wi-Fi for high bandwidth and high-speed applications. The marine radars operate in X-band, and weather radar works in S-band. Since the designed cell provides two more resonance frequencies, i.e., 2.86 GHz (S-band) and 8.30 GHz (X-band), the proposed metamaterial could be used in weather radar and marine radar. The design process and various parametric studies have been analyzed in this article. The equivalent circuit is authenticated using the advanced design system (ADS) software compared with CST simulated result. The surface current, E-field, and H-field distributions have also been analyzed. Different types of array structure, i.e., 1 [Formula: see text] 2, 2 [Formula: see text] 2, 3 [Formula: see text] 3, 4 [Formula: see text] 4, and 20 [Formula: see text] 25 is examined and validated by the measured result. The simulated and measured outcome is an excellent agreement for the inverse double V loaded CSSRR unit cell and array. We showed the overall performance of the suggested structure is better than the other structures mentioned in the paper. Since the recommended metamaterial unit cell size is small, provides desired resonance frequency, gives a large frequency band and high EMR value; hence the suggested metamaterial can be highly applicable for Radar and Wi-Fi.
Zinc oxide nanoparticles functionalized with cinnamic acid for targeting dental pathogens receptor and modulating apoptotic genes in human oral epidermal carcinoma KB cells

Ravikumar OV, Marunganathan V, Kumar MSK, Mohan M, Shaik MR, Shaik B, et al.

Mol Biol Rep, 2024 Feb 24;51(1):352.
PMID: 38400866 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09289-9

BACKGROUND: Oral diseases are often attributed to dental pathogens such as S. aureus, S. mutans, E. faecalis, and C. albicans. In this research work, a novel approach was employed to combat these pathogens by preparing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) capped with cinnamic acid (CA) plant compounds.
METHODS: The synthesized ZnO-CA NPs were characterized using SEM, FTIR, and XRD to validate their composition and structural features. The antioxidant activity of ZnO-CA NPs was confirmed using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays. The antimicrobial effects of ZnO-CA NPs were validated using a zone of inhibition assay against dental pathogens. Autodock tool was used to identify the interaction of cinnamic acid with dental pathogen receptors.
RESULTS: ZnO-CA NPs exhibited potent antioxidant activity in both DPPH and ABTS assays, suggesting their potential as powerful antioxidants. The minimal inhibitory concentration of ZnO-CA NPs against dental pathogens was found 25 µg/mL, indicating their effective antimicrobial properties. Further, ZnO-CA NPs showed better binding affinity and amino acid interaction with dental pathogen receptors. Also, the ZnO-CA NPs exhibited dose-dependent (5 µg/mL, 15 µg/mL, 25 µg/mL, and 50 µg/mL) anticancer activity against Human Oral Epidermal Carcinoma KB cells. The mechanism of action of apoptotic activity of ZnO-CA NPs on the KB cells was identified through the upregulation of BCL-2, BAX, and P53 genes.
CONCLUSIONS: This research establishes the potential utility of ZnO-CA NPs as a promising candidate for dental applications. The potent antioxidant, anticancer, and effective antimicrobial properties of ZnO-CA NPs make them a valuable option for combating dental pathogens.
Fulltext Association between Parenting Styles and Adolescents' Mental Disorders: Findings among Pre-University Students

Arifin SRM, Syaziman NSS, Abang Abdullah KH, Abd Aziz KH, Che Mat K, Muhammad NA, et al.

Malays J Med Sci, 2024 Jun;31(3):149-159.
PMID: 38984249 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2024.31.3.11

BACKGROUND: Existing research indicated a high prevalence of mental health issues among adolescents. Gender and parenting styles are two factors that may influence adolescents' mental health. Nonetheless, most published studies focused on either secondary school or university students. In contrast, there is a dearth of similar research involving pre-university students. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of mental disorders among pre-university students and their association with parenting styles.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study via online questionnaire survey was conducted among students from a pre-university college on the East Coast of Malaysia. Convenience sampling was used to recruit the participants. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: i) sociodemographic data, ii) the Parental Authority Questionnaire and Depression, and iii) the Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). An online invitation to answer the questionnaire was done via the Student Representative Council (SRC). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square test.
RESULTS: A total of 431 participants responded to the online survey. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 49.0% (n = 210), 68.0% (n = 293) and 37.6% (n = 162), respectively. In addition, father's educational level (χ2 = 10.332, P = 0.001) and the authoritarian parenting style (χ2 = 10.099, P = 0.006) were significantly associated with mental health disorders among adolescents.
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of mental disorders among pre-university students is relatively high. Pre-university admission mental health screening is vital for early detection and intervention of mental disorders among this vulnerable group. Further research is imperative to establish a comprehensive plan of action that targets parental involvement in managing adolescent mental health disorders.
Fulltext Assessment tools to measure postnatal mental illness: A 10-year scoping review

Shahmi Ruslan NL, Mohd Arifin SR, Abang Abdullah KH, Abas NAH, Husain R, Abd Aziz KH, et al.

Malays Fam Physician, 2022 Jul 24;17(2):10-21.
PMID: 35950006 DOI: 10.51866/rv1289

INTRODUCTION: The use of assessment tools to measure postnatal mental illness is essential in healthcare settings. However, variations in the types of tools and their reliability in a particular population lead to under-recognition of mental health status in postnatal mothers. The aim of this review is to evaluate the most recent 10 year of research on the validity and reliability of postnatal mental illness assessment tools.
METHODS: A literature search of studies from online databases PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct was conducted.
RESULTS: A total of 59 studies were selected for this review. Several studies utilised multiple assessment tools, and a total of 96 assessment tools were identified and classified into six domains: postnatal blues, postnatal stress, postnatal anxiety, postnatal depression, postnatal psychosis, and postnatal psychological disorder. In this review, EPDS was the most common tool used to identify postnatal depression and anxiety while DASS 21 was the most common tool used to identify postnatal psychological disorder. There is a wide range in preponderance of evidence for the reliability of each assessment tool and there were inconsistencies in assessing the validity of the assessment tools.
CONCLUSION: This review provides information regarding some of the main assessment tools currently available to measure postnatal mental illnesses. There were no standardised tools that were used in a particular setting. The results may differ in different population because there are differences in not only languages and dialects, but also cultural and racial backgrounds, which greatly influences their perception and interpretation of postnatal mental illness.
Fulltext The roles of soybean lecithin in aquafeed: a crucial need and update

Wee W, Téllez-Isaías G, Abdul Kari Z, Cheadoloh R, Kabir MA, Mat K, et al.

Front Vet Sci, 2023;10:1188659.
PMID: 37795018 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1188659

Soybean lecithin is extensively used as the dietary supplementation of phospholipids in animal production. Soybean lecithin plays significant roles in aquafeed as growth promoter, feed enhancer, immunity modulator and antioxidant activity stimulator for aquaculture species. Besides, soybean lecithin is also reported to help aquaculture species being resilient to physical and chemical stressors. In this review, common sources, chemical structure and mode of action of lecithin, with highlight on soybean lecithin application in aquaculture over four-decadal studies published between 1983 and 2023, were evaluated and summarized. By far, soybean lecithin is best-known for its beneficial effects, availability yet cost-effective for aquafeed formulation. Findings from this review also demonstrate that although nutritional profile of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk and marine sources are superior to those from plant sources such as soybean, it is rather costly for sustainable application in aquafeed formulation. Moreover, commercially available products that incorporate soybean lecithin with other feed additives are promising to boost aquaculture production. Overall, effects of soybean lecithin supplementation are well-recognized on larval and juvenile of aquaculture species which having limited ability to biosynthesis phospholipids de novo, and correspondingly attribute to phospholipid, a primary component of soybean lecithin, that is essential for rapid growth during early stages development. In addition, soybean lecithin supplementation plays a distinguish role in stimulating maturation of gonadal development in the adults, especially for crustaceans.
Effect of Fish Meal Substitution with Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) on Growth Performance, Feed Stability, Blood Biochemistry, and Liver and Gut Morphology of Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta splendens)

Kari ZA, Téllez-Isaías G, Hamid NKA, Rusli ND, Mat K, Sukri SAM, et al.

Aquac Nutr, 2023;2023:6676953.
PMID: 39553242 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6676953

Insects such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are gaining interest among researchers and the aquafeed industry due to the fluctuating price and supply of fish meal (FM). This study evaluated the growth performance, feed stability, blood biochemistry, and liver and gut morphology of Betta splendens using BSFL as an alternative to FM. Five formulated diets were prepared: 0% BSFL, 6.5% BSFL, 13% BSFL, 19.5% BSFL, and 24.5% BSFL. The expansion rate, pellet durability index, floatability, bulk density, and water stability of the prepared feed have been assessed. Except for the diameter of the feed, all the parameters studied differed significantly (p < 0.05) across the experimental diets. After 60 days, the fish fed with 13% BSFL had the highest final length, final weight, net weight gain, specific growth rate, weight gain, and gastrointestinal weight, with mean and standard deviation values of 3.97 ± 0.43 cm, 3.95 ± 0.1 g, 2.78 ± 0.1 g, 4.63 ± 0.17, 4.65 ± 0.13, 237.26 ± 7.9%, and 0.04 ± 0.01 mg, respectively. Similar blood haematology and biochemical properties, including corpuscular volume, lymphocytes, white blood cells, red blood cells, haematocrit, albumin, and alkaline phosphatase, were the highest (p < 0.05) in the 13% BSFL diet group compared to the other treatment groups. In addition, BSFL had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on villus length, width, and crypt depth for the anterior and posterior guts of B. splendens. The 13% BSFL diet group had an intact epithelial barrier in the goblet cell arrangement and a well-organized villus structure and tunica muscularis, compared to the other treatment groups. Furthermore, the liver cell was altered with different BSFL inclusions; the 13% FM group demonstrated better nuclei and cytoplasm structure than the other treatment groups. In conclusion, replacing 13% FM with BSFL could improve the growth performance, blood parameters, and liver and intestine morphology of B. splendens, thus providing a promising alternative diet for ornamental freshwater fish.