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  1. The Future Hospital: A Business Architecture View
    Mokhtar AM
    Malays J Med Sci, 2017 Oct;24(5):1-6.
    PMID: 29386967 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.5.1
    The future hospital is a resilient, physical learning facility featuring digital enhancement and leveraging an ecosystem of platforms for the Internet of Things (IoT) and analytics, achieving patient-centric care delivery via multidisciplinary healthcare provider teams coordinated to meet patients' medical, psychological, social and economic needs. It exists in a just ecosystem that assimilates the care spectrum from healthy living, the prevention of disease to acute care and the rehabilitation of patients recuperating from illnesses. It will take some time for these future hospitals to be built or for current hospitals to evolve and/or transform, but efforts to spread wisdom among the stakeholders, healthcare providers and patients must start now. The development of the digital components can also begin today, as can competency building for the healthcare providers who will be staffing these future hospitals, ensuring that they are equipped with competent staff employing patient-centric care processes that cater to patients' current and future needs.
  2. Postoperative sore throat in children: comparison between proseal LMA and classic LMA
    Mokhtar AM, Choy CY
    Middle East J Anaesthesiol, 2013 Feb;22(1):65-70.
    PMID: 23833853
    Postoperative sore throat after minor pediatric surgery although uncommon and the symptoms are mild, the incidence may be affected by several factors. This study was designed to compare the frequency and severity of post operative sore throat in children undergoing elective surgery following the use of proseal LMA (PLMA) compared to classic LMA (cLMA).
  3. Fulltext Evaluation of the clinical process in a critical care information system using the Lean method: a case study
    Yusof MM, Khodambashi S, Mokhtar AM
    BMC Med Inform Decis Mak, 2012;12:150.
    PMID: 23259846 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-150
    There are numerous applications for Health Information Systems (HIS) that support specific tasks in the clinical workflow. The Lean method has been used increasingly to optimize clinical workflows, by removing waste and shortening the delivery cycle time. There are a limited number of studies on Lean applications related to HIS. Therefore, we applied the Lean method to evaluate the clinical processes related to HIS, in order to evaluate its efficiency in removing waste and optimizing the process flow. This paper presents the evaluation findings of these clinical processes, with regards to a critical care information system (CCIS), known as IntelliVue Clinical Information Portfolio (ICIP), and recommends solutions to the problems that were identified during the study.
  4. Small Rho GTPases and their associated RhoGEFs mutations promote immunological defects in primary immunodeficiencies
    Hashim IF, Ahmad Mokhtar AM
    Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2021 08;137:106034.
    PMID: 34216756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106034
    Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are associated with deleterious mutations of genes that encode proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton reorganisation. This deficiency affects haematopoietic cells. PID results in the defective function of immune cells, such as impaired chemokine-induced motility, receptor signalling, development and maturation. Some of the genes mutated in PIDs are related to small Ras homologous (Rho) guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), one of the families of the Ras superfamily. Most of these genes act as molecular switches by cycling between active guanosine triphosphate-bound and inactive guanosine diphosphate-bound forms to control multiple cellular functions. They are best studied for their role in promoting cytoskeleton reorganisation, cell adhesion and motility. Currently, only three small Rho GTPases, namely, Rac2, Cdc42 and RhoH, have been identified in PIDs. However, several other Rho small G proteins might also contribute to the deregulation and phenotype observed in PIDs. Their contribution in PIDs may involve their main regulator, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors such as DOCK2 and DOCK8, wherein mutations may result in the impairment of small Rho GTPase activation. Thus, this review outlines the potential contribution of several small Rho GTPases to the promotion of PIDs.
  5. Fulltext Molecular subversion of Cdc42 signalling in cancer
    Murphy NP, Binti Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Mott HR, Owen D
    Biochem Soc Trans, 2021 06 30;49(3):1425-1442.
    PMID: 34196668 DOI: 10.1042/BST20200557
    Cdc42 is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases and a master regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, controlling cell motility, polarity and cell cycle progression. This small G protein and its regulators have been the subject of many years of fruitful investigation and the advent of functional genomics and proteomics has opened up new avenues of exploration including how it functions at specific locations in the cell. This has coincided with the introduction of new structural techniques with the ability to study small GTPases in the context of the membrane. The role of Cdc42 in cancer is well established but the molecular details of its action are still being uncovered. Here we review alterations found to Cdc42 itself and to key components of the signal transduction pathways it controls in cancer. Given the challenges encountered with targeting small G proteins directly therapeutically, it is arguably the regulators of Cdc42 and the effector signalling pathways downstream of the small G protein which will be the most tractable targets for therapeutic intervention. These will require interrogation in order to fully understand the global signalling contribution of Cdc42, unlock the potential for mapping new signalling axes and ultimately produce inhibitors of Cdc42 driven signalling.
  6. Navigating the landscape of Rho GTPase signalling system in autoimmunity: A bibliometric analysis spanning over three decades (1990 to 2023)
    Chong CF, Hasnizan NYU, Ahmad Mokhtar AM
    Cell Signal, 2023 Nov;111:110855.
    PMID: 37598919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110855
    Ras-homologous (Rho) guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) are considered a central player in regulating various biological processes, extending to immune regulation. Perturbations in Rho GTPase signalling have been implicated in immune-related dysregulation, contributing to the development of autoimmunity. This study presents a scientometric analysis exploring the interlink between the Rho GTPase signalling system and autoimmunity, while also delving into the trends of past studies. A total of 967 relevant publications from 1990 to 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database after throrough manual filtering of irrelevant articles. The findings show an upward trajectory in publications related to this field since 2006. Over the past three decades, the United States of America (41.68%) emerged as the primary contributor in advancing our understanding of the association between the Rho GTPase signalling system and autoimmunity. Research in autoimmunity has mainly centered around therapeutic interventions, with an emphasis on studying leukocyte (macrophage) and endothelial remodelling. Interestingly, within the domains of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, the current focus has been directed towards comprehending the role of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Notably, certain subfamilies of Rho (such as RhoB and RhoC), Rac (including Rac2 and RhoG), Cdc42 (specifically RhoJ), and other atypical Rho GTPases (like RhoE and RhoH) consistently demonstrating compelling link with autoimmunity, but still warrants emphasis in the future study. Hence, strategic manipulation of the Rho signalling system holds immense promise as a pivotal approach to addressing the global challenge of autoimmunity.
  7. Identification of potential SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 inhibitors from Piper sarmentosum Roxb. using molecular docking
    Saw KC, Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Ismail NI
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Jun 01;41(2):166-175.
    PMID: 39154269 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.2.006
    Nsp1 in SARS-CoV-2 is a key protein that increases the virus's pathogenicity and virulence by binding to the host ribosome and blocks the 40S ribosomal subunit channel, which effectively impedes the mRNA translation as well as crippling the host immune system. Previous studies revealed that the N-terminal in Nsp1 is part and parcel of Nsp1 efficiency, and mutations in its core residues have weakened the protein's. This knowledge persuades us to carry out the in silico screening on plant compounds of Piper sarmentosum Roxb. against the five target residues which are Glu36, Glu37, Arg99, Arg124 and Lys125. Potential compounds were tested for their druggability. As a result, we identified five out of 112 compounds including stigmasterol, N-feruloyltyramine, beta-Sitosterol, 13-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)- N-(2methylpropyl) trideca-2,4,12-trienamide and N-(2-methylpropyl) octadeca-2-4dienamide in Piper sarmentosum Roxb. as potential inhibitors for Nsp1. These compounds formed at least a hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding or π-cation interactions with the protein. Furthermore, SwissADME analysis and the number of bindings to the target residues suggest that N-feruloyltyramine is the ideal inhibitor candidate against SARS-CoV-2 at its N-terminal of Nsp1. Lastly, the interaction with N-feruloyltyramine increased flexibility in the loop regions of N-terminal Nsp1, especially residues 54 to 70, with residue 59 showing the highest fluctuation, potentially affecting the protein's stability and function due to the correlation between RMSF and protein function.
  8. Fulltext Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) into the Malay Language
    Zun AB, Ibrahim MI, Mokhtar AM, Halim AS, Wan Mansor WNA
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019 06 10;16(11).
    PMID: 31185665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16112054
    BACKGROUND: Patient feedback is an important tool in assessing health system quality. The Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) was developed in 2006 as a standardized instrument to assess patient perceptions in the United States of America. This study aimed to translate and validate the HCAHPS questionnaire into the Malay language in order to assess patient perceptions of health services in Malaysia.

    METHODS: The original HCAPHS in English was translated into Malay based on the established guideline. The content validation involved an expert panel of 10 members, including patients. The face validation pilot testing of the HCAHPS-Malay version was conducted among 10 discharged patients. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) used principal axis factor, and varimax rotation was established based on a cross-sectional study conducted among 200 discharged patients from Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (Hospital USM).

    RESULTS: The overall content validity index was 0.87, and the universal face validity index was 0.82. From the EFA, the factor loading value ranged from 0.652 to 0.961 within nine domains. The internal consistency reliability with Cronbach's alpha was 0.844.

    CONCLUSION: The HCAHPS-Malay is a reliable and valid tool to determine patients' perception of healthcare services among inpatients in Hospital USM based on the content and face validation result together with a good construct validity and excellent absolute reliability. Further testing on HCAHPS-Malay version in other settings in Malaysia needs to be done for cross-validation.

  9. Fulltext Right-sided patent ductus arteriosus with bovine aortic arch, tetralogy of Fallot, dextrocardia and situs inversus
    Sayuti KA, Shamsuddin AM, Mamat AZ, Zain MRM, Ramli N, Mokhtar AM, et al.
    J Surg Case Rep, 2021 Jul;2021(7):rjab307.
    PMID: 34316346 DOI: 10.1093/jscr/rjab307
    A neonate with cyanosis at birth was found to have a rare type of tetralogy of Fallot. Echocardiography showed dextrocardia, left aortic arch with constricting and tortuous patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Computed tomography angiography thorax revealed visceroatrial situs inversus, mirror image dextrocardia, tetralogy anatomy and tortuous right PDA arising from bovine brachiocephalic artery. In view of severe cyanosis, emergency division of PDA and modified right Blalock-Taussig shunt through median sternotomy were performed under cardiopulmonary bypass. Post-operatively, the sternum was left open and he developed pulmonary overcirculation requiring prolonged ICU stay. He was discharged well at Day 26 post surgery. This case highlights a rare association tetralogy of Fallot, dextrocardia and situs inversus, with concomitant unilateral right PDA and bovine aortic arch.
  10. Fulltext Humanitarian Mission in Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Recipient's Perspective
    Mohd Zain MR, Shamsuddin AM, Mamat AZ, Mokhtar AM, Ali S, Chen YC, et al.
    Front Pediatr, 2019;7:230.
    PMID: 31231625 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00230
    Introduction: Pediatric cardiac surgical mission programs are deemed as common practice, especially in developing nations funded by international non-governmental organizations (NGOs). This article presents and discusses the results and strategies implemented by this partnership, aiming at achieving the autonomy of the local center by this collaboration. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on patients with congenital heart disease who underwent surgical intervention from the beginning of the NGO collaboration (September 2015) until November 2018 in an existing cardiac center. In between those visits, any congenital heart disease patient with Risk Adjustment Congenital Heart Surgery (RACHS)-1 Category 1-3 would be discussed in a local multi-disciplinary meeting with regards to the feasibility of the surgery being performed by the local members. Results: A total of 60 operations were performed during the trips. Throughout the visit, 46% (28) of the operations were performed by the local surgeon, with or without assistance from the visiting surgeon. Between September 2015 and November 2018, 27 cases were also performed by the local team independently. For the 27 cases performed by the local team independently, the median age of the patient was 42 days (ranging from 14 days to 20 years old), with median body weight of 3.2 kg (ranging from 2.8 to 64 kg). Conclusion: Humanitarian pediatric cardiac surgical missions are safe to be done for the population in need. In order to achieve autonomy, continuous efforts by both teams are crucial, as the cooperation by the two parties ensures that the objectives are achieved.
  11. Fulltext Non-invasive ventilation in a pregnancy with severe pneumonia
    Mazlan MZ, Ali S, Zainal Abidin H, Mokhtar AM, Ab Mukmin L, Ayub ZN, et al.
    Respir Med Case Rep, 2017;21:161-163.
    PMID: 28560149 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.05.002
    INTRODUCTION: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is not proven to be effective in treating respiratory failure in severe pneumonia. However, some clinicians nevertheless attempt NIV to indirectly deliver adequate oxygenation and avoid unnecessary endotracheal intubation.

    CASE PRESENTATION: In this article, we report the case of a 24-year-old woman at 32 weeks' gestation who presented with hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. She was successfully managed by NIV.

    DISCUSSION: However, NIV must be managed by providers who are trained in mechanical ventilation. This is of the utmost importance in avoiding any delay should the patient's condition worsen and require endotracheal intubation. Moreover, in pregnant women, the severity of illness may progress quickly due to the immunosuppression inherent in these patients.

    CONCLUSION: Special attention should be given to the choices of invasive ventilation and NIV to manage community acquired pneumonia patients in third trimester.

  12. Fulltext The properties and mechanism of action of plant immunomodulators in regulation of immune response - A narrative review focusing on Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Moringa oleifera Lam
    Balasubramaniam M, Sapuan S, Hashim IF, Ismail NI, Yaakop AS, Kamaruzaman NA, et al.
    Heliyon, 2024 Apr 15;10(7):e28261.
    PMID: 38586374 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28261
    Herbal treatments have been utilized for millennia to cure a variety of ailments. There are over 20, 000 herbal remedies available to treat cancer and other disease in humans. In Ayurveda, traditional plants having revitalizing and nourishing characteristics are known as "Rasayanas." They have anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-microbicidal, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects on the immune system. Immunomodulation is a mechanism through which the body stimulates, suppresses, or boosts the immune system to maintain homeostasis. Plant-derived immunomodulators are typically phytocompounds, including carbohydrates, phenolics, lipids, alkaloids, terpenoids, organosulfur, and nitrogen-containing chemicals. Immunomodulation activity of phytocompounds from traditional plants is primarily mediated through macrophage activation, phagocytosis stimulation, peritoneal macrophage stimulation, lymphoid cell stimulation, and suppression or enhancement of specific and non-specific cellular immune systems via numerous signalling pathways. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanism of immunomodulation of most traditional plants has not yet been fully elucidated, justifying the need for further experimentation. Therefore, this review describes the immunomodulatory agents from traditional plants such as Curcuma longa L., Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, and Moringa oleifera Lam, further highlighting the common molecular targets and immunomodulatory mechanism involved in eradicating diseases.
  13. Fulltext ACKnowledging the role of the Activated-Cdc42 associated kinase (ACK) in regulating protein stability in cancer
    Hodder S, Fox M, Binti Ahmad Mokhtar AM, Mott HR, Owen D
    Small GTPases, 2023 Dec;14(1):14-25.
    PMID: 37194323 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2023.2212573
    Activated Cdc42-associated kinase (ACK), a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is an effector for the small GTPase Cdc42. ACK is emerging as an important component of the cancer landscape and thus, a promising target for the treatment of many malignancies. ACK is also being increasingly recognized as a potentially influential player in the regulation of protein homoeostasis. The delicate equilibrium between protein synthesis and protein degradation is crucial for healthy cell function and dysregulation of protein homoeostasis is a common occurrence in human disease. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which ACK regulates the stability of diverse cellular proteins (e.g. EGFR, p27, p53, p85 isoforms and RhoGDI-3), some of which rely on the kinase activity of ACK while others, interestingly, do not. Ultimately, further research will be required to bridge our knowledge gaps and determine if ACK regulates the stability of further cellular proteins but collectively, such mechanistic interrogation would contribute to determining whether ACK is a promising target for anti-cancer therapy. In therapeutics, proteasome inhibitors are an efficacious but problematic class of drugs. Targeting other modulators of proteostasis, like ACK, could open novel avenues for intervention.
  14. Fulltext The Effect of Second-Victim-Related Distress and Support on Work-Related Outcomes in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia
    Mohd Kamaruzaman AZ, Ibrahim MI, Mokhtar AM, Mohd Zain M, Satiman SN, Yaacob NM
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 May 26;19(11).
    PMID: 35682042 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116454
    After a patient safety incident, the involved healthcare providers may experience sustained second-victim distress and reduced professional efficacy, with subsequent negative work-related outcomes and the cultivation of resilience. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting negative work-related outcomes and resilience with a hypothetical triad of support as the mediators: colleague, supervisor, and institutional support. This cross-sectional study recruited 733 healthcare providers from three tertiary care hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia. Three steps of hierarchical linear regression were developed for both outcomes (negative work-related outcomes and resilience). Four multiple mediator models of the support triad were analyzed. Second-victim distress, professional efficacy, and the support triad contributed significantly in all the regression models. Colleague support partially mediated the relationship defining the effects of professional efficacy on negative work-related outcomes and resilience, whereas colleague and supervisor support partially mediated the effects of second-victim distress on negative work-related outcomes. Similar results were found regarding resilience, with all support triads producing similar results. As mediators, the support triads ameliorated the effect of second-victim distress on negative work-related outcomes and resilience, suggesting an important role of having good support, especially after encountering patient safety incidents.
  15. Fulltext Comparison of Esmolol and Dexmedetomidine Infusion in Attenuating Haemodynamic and Blood Glucose Response to Laryngoscopy and Intubation: A Single Blinded Study
    Koh V, Ali S, Hassan MH, Mokhtar AM, Yaacob MNM, Mazlan MZ
    Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Jun;28(3):46-55.
    PMID: 34285643 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.4
    Background: This study aims to compare the effect of infusions of two agents, dexmedetomidine and esmolol, with the control group in attenuating the haemodynamic stress response and neuroendocrine modulation surrogated by capillary blood glucose (BG) during the procedures.

    Methods: Sixty patients aged 18-70 years old who underwent elective surgeries involving endotracheal intubation were randomised into three groups of equal size: i) control; ii) dexmedetomidine and iii) esmolol. Heart rate (HR) was measured at baseline (T0), after drug administration (T1), after induction of anaesthesia (T2), immediately after intubation (T3), and 3 min, 5 min and 10 min after intubation (T4, T5 and T6). BG was measured pre-operatively and 30 min post-intubation.

    Results: Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant time [within-group changes, F(3.2, 182.5) = 30.39, P < 0.001], treatment [between-group differences regardless of time, F(2, 57) = 50.24, P < 0.001] and interaction [between-group differences based on time, F(6.4, 182.5) = 37.65, P < 0.001] effects on HR. A significantly higher HR was observed in the control group compared to the dexmedetomidine and esmolol groups from T2 to T6. BG exhibited a significant time effect [F(1, 57) = 41.97, P < 0.001] with no significant treatment and interaction effects. All three groups showed a significant increase in BG from baseline.

    Conclusion: Both dexmedetomidine and esmolol are equally effective in attenuating haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation. However, both do not significantly modulate neuroendocrine stress.

  16. Rheumatoid arthritis: case review from MOH collaborative rheumatology centers in Malaysia. [Abstract]
    Sulaiman W, Othman M, Mokhtar AM, Rosman A, Ong SG, Soo IS, et al.
    APLAR Journal of Rheumatology, 2006;9 Suppl 1:A54-A55.
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8077.2006.00199_24.x
    Objective: To determine the number of RA cases and to evaluate the demographic patterns in all 4 Rheumatology Referral Centers under the Ministry of Health Malaysia. Materials and methods: One thousand and eighty-four rheumatoid arthritis patients from all 4 centers i.e. Hospital Selayang, Putra Jaya, Seremban and Taiping which are situated in the west coast of West Malaysia, using rheumatoid arthritis database comprising of basic clinical and patient questionnaire, until the end of year 2004 were analysed. Results: At the time of documentation, 88.6% were female at all range of ages especially between age of 25 and 54 years (77.6%) with female to male ratio 8 :1. 52.1% were housewives. Mean age of onset of RA was 49.6 ± 11.8 SD with female 49.3 ± 11.7 SD and male 52.0 ± 12.0 SD (p < 0.05). Indian was the predominant ethnic group (54.5%), followed by Malay (31.4%), Chinese (11.6%) and others (27%). Majority had their education up to secondary level (50.8%), followed by primary (32.6%), and tertiary (6.3%) levels while 10.3% of cases had not received any formal education in their lives. 74.4% were seropositive and 87.3% fulfilled at least 4 out of 7 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) revised criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. 74% were diagnosed RA within 2 years after the onset of arthritis. Seropositivity was not significantly related to gender. Positive rheumatoid factor was dominated by Indian followed by Malay and Chinese. 83.3% were married. 23.3% female and 33.9% male between age group 25-54 were employed. 7.4% had achieved their retirement at time of entry whilst 8.9% were unemployed. Employment status was statistically significant across gender (p < 0.001). The cases differed between rheumatology centers as well as individual practices. Conclusion: There are increasing numbers of RA cases in Malaysia. Results from this study did not reflect the true prevalence of RA in Malaysia. Hence, a larger and more comprehensive database on RA with collaboration of all Government and Private Hospitals in the whole nation will provide better information about the patient case mix in different healthcare settings, treatment practice as well as disease complications. The implementation of rheumatology centers with better regional cooperation, will lead to better treatment and outcome in terms of identification of early as well as established RA cases. Early referral to the centers will be made possible for proper treatment institution and rehabilitation. Hence, improve quality of life including socio-economic status especially among those within the productive age.
  17. Big Brain Data Initiatives in Universiti Sains Malaysia: Data Stewardship to Data Repository and Data Sharing
    Hamzah N, Malim NHAH, Abdullah JM, Sumari P, Mokhtar AM, Rosli SNS, et al.
    Neuroinformatics, 2023 Jul;21(3):589-600.
    PMID: 37344699 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-023-09637-3
    The sharing of open-access neuroimaging data has increased significantly during the last few years. Sharing neuroimaging data is crucial to accelerating scientific advancement, particularly in the field of neuroscience. A number of big initiatives that will increase the amount of available neuroimaging data are currently in development. The Big Brain Data Initiative project was started by Universiti Sains Malaysia as the first neuroimaging data repository platform in Malaysia for the purpose of data sharing. In order to ensure that the neuroimaging data in this project is accessible, usable, and secure, as well as to offer users high-quality data that can be consistently accessed, we first came up with good data stewardship practices. Then, we developed MyneuroDB, an online repository database system for data sharing purposes. Here, we describe the Big Brain Data Initiative and MyneuroDB, a data repository that provides the ability to openly share neuroimaging data, currently including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (MEG), following the FAIR principles for data sharing.
  18. Fulltext Big Brain Data Initiative in Universiti Sains Malaysia: Challenges in Brain Mapping for Malaysia
    Shekh Ibrahim SA, Hamzah N, Abdul Wahab AR, Abdullah JM, Nurul Hashimah Ahamed Hassain Malim, Sumari P, et al.
    Malays J Med Sci, 2020 Jul;27(4):1-8.
    PMID: 32863741 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.4.1
    Universiti Sains Malaysia has started the Big Brain Data Initiative project since the last two years as brain mapping techniques have proven to be important in understanding the molecular, cellular and functional mechanisms of the brain. This Big Brain Data Initiative can be a platform for neurophysicians and neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, psychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, neurotechnologists and other researchers to improve brain mapping techniques. Data collection from a cohort of multiracial population in Malaysia is important for present and future research and finding cure for neurological and mental illness. Malaysia is one of the participant of the Global Brain Consortium (GBC) supported by the World Health Organization. This project is a part of its contribution via the third GBC goal which is influencing the policy process within and between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries, such as pathways for fair data-sharing of multi-modal imaging data, starting with electroencephalographic data.
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