Paraquat (PQ) is a dopaminergic neurotoxin and a well-known pneumotoxicant that exerts its toxic effect via oxidative stress-mediated cellular injuries. This study investigated the protective effects of Tualang honey against PQ-induced toxicity in the midbrain and lungs of rats. The rats were orally treated with distilled water (2 mL/kg/day), Tualang honey (1.0 g/kg/day), or ubiquinol (0.2 g/kg/day) throughout the experimental period. Two weeks after the respective treatments, the rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline (1 mL/kg/week) or PQ (10 mg/kg/week) once per week for four consecutive weeks. After four weekly exposures to PQ, the glutathione peroxidase activity and the number of tyrosine-hydroxylase immunopositive neurons in the midbrain were significantly decreased in animals from group PQ (p < 0.05). The lungs of animals from group PQ showed significantly decreased activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase. Treatment with Tualang honey ameliorated the toxic effects observed in the midbrain and lungs. The beneficial effects of Tualang honey were comparable to those of ubiquinol, which was used as a positive control. These findings suggest that treatment with Tualang honey may protect against PQ-induced toxicity in the rat midbrain and lung.
Flypaper Effect is a public finance term that indicates a government grant given to recipient cities increases the local community spending level more than an increase in local income of equivalent size. This paper analyzed the Flypaper Effect Assessment Method in the Expansion of Regional Autonomy. It employed 210 New Autonomous Regions (NARs) in Indonesia during 1999-2021 as a case study, where Indonesia became the country with the highest number of new autonomies in the world. Panel Data Regression was utilized to determine the Flypaper Effect. Flypaper Effect analysis was carried out using the BLUE model selection method. The selected models in this study were Pooled Least Square (PLS), Fixed Effect Model (FEM), and Random Effect Model (REM). Several tests, such as Chow Test, Lagrange Multiplier Test, and Hausman Test, were conducted. Furthermore, the procedures to get the data in BLUE were carried out, such as Heteroscedasticity and Autocorrelation Test. Koenker-Bassett test was used for ascertaining Heterocedascity.•Panel Data Regression is used as a method to determine the Flypaper Effect in the autonomous region.•Each stage in this method is discussed with a calculation/process example.•The method utilized in this paper is recommended to determine the Flypaper Effect of New Autonomous Regions (NARs) for various parties.
The finance and natural resources revenue nexus play a critical role in an economy. The recent development and significant increase in academic literature regarding the resource-finance nexus are the primary motivations for conducting this study. This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of 363 documents published between 1976 and 2021 collected from the Scopus database. The results have been demonstrated via graphs, tables, knowledge maps about the past trends, growth, and prospects using co-occurrence, co-authorship, and co-citation analysis via the VOSviewer tool. This study has identified prolific authors, journals, countries, academic institutions, and future pathways. The findings indicate that China has the highest share of publications (88, 24.2%), followed by Pakistan (58, 15.9%) and Turkey (37, 10.2%). The most productive academic institution is the Beijing Institute of Technology in China (13, 3.6%). This study proposes new avenues for further research concerning the resource-finance nexus, such as ecological footprint, sustainability, fiscal decentralization, green investment, energy prices, environmental quality, technological innovation, financial resource curse (especially the stock market resource curse), human capital, and renewable energy in policy development and sustainability towards the achievement of the SDGs.
Eleven undescribed triterpenoids (pentandrucines A to K) were isolated from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Chisocheton pentandrus (Blanco) Merr. These comprised ten undescribed dammarane-type triterpenoids and one undescribed apotirucallane-type triterpenoid. Additionally, two dammarane-type triterpenoids, four apotirucallane-type triterpenoids and two tirucallane-type triterpenoids were also isolated. The chemical structures of pentandrucine A-K, were fully elucidated using 1D and 2D-NMR, and high resolution MS. All of the compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Melianodiol proved to be the most active with an IC50 of 16.84 μM comparing favourably with Cisplatin (13.2 μM).
A new antimalarial sterol, kaimanol (1), along with a known sterol, saringosterol (2) was isolated from the Indonesian Marine sponge, Xestospongia sp. The chemical structure of the new compound was determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidences and by comparison to those related compounds previously reported. Isolated compounds, 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antiplasmodial effect against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 359 and 0.250 nM, respectively.
This article contains dataset on the behavior of international tourists when traveling is related to 1) tourist demographics, 2) things that affect tourists to choose travel destinations when planning, 3) use of mobile data while traveling, 4) how to get internet access while traveling, 5) social media used during traveling, and 6) behavior of smartphone use for tourists during traveling. The raw data presented here can be used as material to analyze the behavior of international tourists related to any media that affects international tourists in planning their trips, and how they behave during traveling. This data is a source of raw data from our research on smartphones and international tourist behavior, besides being used for various other research purposes.