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Betel cancer in Malaya

MARSDEN AT

Med J Malaya, 1960 Mar;14:162-5.
PMID: 13767158
Matched MeSH terms: Areca/toxicity*
Fulltext Lagrange time delay estimation for scanning electron microscope image magnification

Sim KS, Thong LW, Ting HY, Tso CP

J Microsc, 2010 Feb;237(2):111-8.
PMID: 20096041 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03325.x

Interpolation techniques that are used for image magnification to obtain more useful details of the surface such as morphology and mechanical contrast usually rely on the signal information distributed around edges and areas of sharp changes and these signal information can also be used to predict missing details from the sample image. However, many of these interpolation methods tend to smooth or blur out image details around the edges. In the present study, a Lagrange time delay estimation interpolator method is proposed and this method only requires a small filter order and has no noticeable estimation bias. Comparing results with the original scanning electron microscope magnification and results of various other interpolation methods, the Lagrange time delay estimation interpolator is found to be more efficient, more robust and easier to execute.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca/ultrastructure
Role of Stem Cells in the Pathogenesis and Malignant Transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis

Kizhakkoottu S, Ramani P, Tilakaratne WM

Stem Cell Rev Rep, 2024 Aug;20(6):1512-1520.
PMID: 38837114 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10744-0

BACKGROUND: Pathogenesis and malignant potential of Oral submucous fibrosis(OSMF) have always been a topic of interest among the researchers. Despite OSMF being a collagen metabolic disorder, the alterations occurring in the connective tissue stroma affects the atrophic surface epithelium in later stages and progresses to malignant phenotypes. The present review aims to summarize the role of stem cells in the pathogenesis and malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was carried out using data banks like Medline and Embase, google scholar and manual method with no time frame, pertinent to the role of mucosal stem cells in OSMF and its malignisation. The relevant literature was reviewed, critically appraised by all the authors and compiled in this narrative review.
RESULTS: Critical appraisal and evaluation of the data extracted from the selected articles were compiled in this review. The collated results highlighted the upregulation and downregulation of various stem cell markers during the progression and malignisation of OSMF were depicted in a descriptive and detail manner in the present review.
CONCLUSION: We highlight the potential of mucosal stem cells in the regulation and malignisation of OSMF. However, future large-scale clinical studies will be needed to support whether manipulation of this stem cells at molecular level will be sufficient for the treatment and preventing the malignant transformation of OSMF.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca/chemistry
Fulltext Termite infestation associated with type of soil in pulau pinang, malaysia (isoptera: rhinotermitidae)

Majid AH, Ahmad AH

Trop Life Sci Res, 2013 Dec;24(2):91-5.
PMID: 24575252 MyJurnal

Nine soil samples from nine buildings infested with Coptotermes gestroi in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, were tested for the type of soil texture. The soil texture analysis procedures used the hydrometer method. Four of nine buildings (44%) yielded loamy sand-type soil, whereas five of nine buildings (56%) contained sandy loam-type soil.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Fulltext Fusarium species isolated from mangrove soil in kampung pantai acheh, balik pulau, pulau pinang, malaysia

Latiffah Z, Mah Kok F, Heng Mei H, Maziah Z, Baharuddin S

Trop Life Sci Res, 2010 Aug;21(1):21-9.
PMID: 24575187 MyJurnal

A total of 33 isolates of Fusarium sp. were isolated from soil samples collected from a mangrove forest in an area in Kampung Pantai Acheh, Balik Pulau, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. The isolates were isolated using soil dilution, direct isolation and debris isolation techniques. The debris isolation technique yielded the most isolates, with a total of 22 Fusarium isolates. Based on identification using morphological characteristics, three Fusarium species were identified: F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. verticillioides. F. solani (91%) was the most common species recovered from the mangrove soil samples, followed by F. oxysporum (6%) and F. verticillioides (3%).

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Fulltext Five New Records of Terrestrial and Lithophytic Orchids (Orchidaceae) from Penang Hill, Malaysia

Yeu NS, Nordin FA, Othman AS

Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):103-9.
PMID: 27688854 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.8

Five new records of terrestrial and lithophytic orchid species were gathered from Penang Hill, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia namely Bulbophyllum depressum, Goodyera pusilla, Peristylus monticola, Podochilus microphyllus, and Zeuxine gracilis. Checklist of each species is provided and their distribution in Penang Hill is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Fulltext The effects of light and height of building in attracting Paederus fuscipes curtis to disperse towards human residential areas

Sufian Maryam, Nik Fadzly, Wan Fatma Zuharah

Trop Life Sci Res, 2016;27(11):95-101.
MyJurnal

Paederus fuscipes Curtis is a nocturnal insect. The attractiveness of artificial
light sources from residential premises eventually causes the risk of severe dermatitis
effect, once Paederus is in contact with human skin. The objective of this study is to
investigate whether the light and height factors of residential buildings and its’ association
to rice cultivation phases are primary reasons for P. fuscipes’s mass dispersal into human
residential areas. The study site was located in residential premises that were built
adjacent to rice field areas (≈ 32–60 m and 164 m) north of the rice field located in Teluk
Air Tawar, mainland of Pulau Pinang. Overall, both light sources and rice cultivation
phases caused a significant effect for P. fuscipes beetles dispersal flight to invade human
settlements. More P. fuscipes were captured near the bright light source with the highest
number of beetles found during harvesting stage. Whereas, significantly higher number of
P. fuscipes were captured at level 2 and 3 compared to ground and level 1 of the
apartment building and P. fuscipes was also found significantly affected by the rice
cultivation phases at different elevation levels. This indicates that bright light sources and
higher elevation levels are the main factors in attracting P. fuscipes beetles to disperse
and causes infestations in residential areas. This finding could create awareness among
the public on P. fuscipes dispersal pattern.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Fulltext The Betel Quid Chewing Habit: Why It Should Be Stopped And What Can Be Done To Stop This Habit?

Saub, R.

Ann Dent, 2001;8(1):-.
MyJurnal

The habit of chewing betel quid has been practised since ancient times. Although the world has gone through modernization, a significant proportion of people still practices this habit. Substantial evidence has shown that betel quid chewing is associated with the occurrence of oral cancer and precancerous lesions, which has a tremendous psychosocial impact on an individual's life. Thus it becomes significantly important to dentistry to look into this matter. Since betel quid chewing is one of the causes of oral cancer, effort in cha~ging this habit is essential. This article addresses this issue.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Fulltext Effect of CO₂ flow rate on the Pinang frond-based activated carbon for methylene blue removal

Herawan SG, Ahmad MA, Putra A, Yusof AA

ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:545948.
PMID: 24027443 DOI: 10.1155/2013/545948

Activated carbons are regularly used the treatment of dye wastewater. They can be produced from various organics materials having high level of carbon content. In this study, a novel Pinang frond activated carbon (PFAC) was produced at various CO₂ flow rates in the range of 150-600 mL/min at activation temperature of 800°C for 3 hours. The optimum PFAC sample is found on CO₂ flow rate of 300 mL/min which gives the highest BET surface area and pore volume of 958 m²/g and 0.5469 mL/g, respectively. This sample shows well-developed pore structure with high fixed carbon content of 79.74%. The removal of methylene blue (MB) by 95.8% for initial MB concentration of 50 mg/L and 72.6% for 500 mg/L is achieved via this sample. The PFAC is thus identified to be a suitable adsorbent for removing MB from aqueous solution.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca*
Fulltext Correlation of Betel Quid with Oral Cancer from 1998 to 2017: A Study Based on Bibliometric Analysis

Wang M, Xiao C, Ni P, Yu JJ, Wang XW, Sun H

Chin Med J (Engl), 2018 Aug 20;131(16):1975-1982.
PMID: 30082530 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.238140

Background: Betel quid chewing has been a major risk factor for oral cancer (OC) in southern China. This study aimed to analyze the scientific publications on the relationship between betel quid chewing and OC and construct a model to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate pertinent publications from 1998 to 2017.
Methods: The publications from 1998 to 2017 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Microsoft Excel, Thomson Data Analyzer, VOSviewer, and CiteSpace software were used to analyze the publication outcomes, journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors, research areas, and research frontiers.
Results: A total of 788 publications on the relationship between betel quid chewing and OC published until October 25, 2017, were identified. The top 4 related journals were Journal of Oral Pathology Medicine, Oral Oncology, Plos One, and International Journal of Cancer. The top five countries engaged in related research included China, India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Malaysia. The corresponding disciplines, such as oncology, oral surgery, pathology, environmental and occupational health, and toxicology, were mainly concentrated in three disciplines. The subject terms squamous cell carcinoma, OC, betel quid, expression, oral submucous fibrosis, India, and p53 ranked first among research hotspots. The burst terms squamous cell carcinoma, OC, betel quid, and expression ranked first in research frontiers.
Conclusions: Research in this area emphasized hotspots such as squamous cell carcinoma, OC, oral submucosal fibrosis, betel quid, and tobacco. The annual number of publications steadily decreased from 1998 to 2017, with a lack of a systematic study from interdisciplinary perspectives, inadequate pertinent journals, limited regions with the practice of betel quid chewing, and insufficient participation of researchers, which indicate that as the prevalence of OC increases, particularly in China, research in this area warrants further expansion.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca/adverse effects*
An Overview on Betel Quid and Areca Nut Practice and Control in Selected Asian and South East Asian Countries

Gunjal S, Pateel DGS, Yang YH, Doss JG, Bilal S, Maling TH, et al.

Subst Use Misuse, 2020;55(9):1533-1544.
PMID: 32569533 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1657149

Background: Areca nut (AN) and betel quid (BQ) chewing are ancient practices followed by an extensive proportion of the world's population. These practices are endemic in larger parts of South and Southeast Asia and selected Western Pacific countries. The prevalence of these habits varies across regions, age, gender, cultural practice, and socioeconomic status groups. Considerable variations exist between countries with respect to prevention/intervention programs, and policy guidelines of BQ usage. Objectives: (1) To provide an overview of the BQ chewing prevalence, practices, preventive interventions and policies in selected Asian and Western Pacific countries. (2) To explore the different terminologies associated with BQ use. Method: A narrative review of the current literature related to BQ, AN, and oral cancer was conducted by searching PUBMED, CINAHL, and GOOGLE databases. Results: The literature review revealed that the prevalence of BQ was found to be highest in Papua New Guinea, followed by Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. While, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Taiwan had comparatively lower prevalence. Smokeless tobacco, BQ with tobacco, BQ without tobacco, AN were some of the terminologies used for BQ in various studies. Conclusions: The prevalence, and the interventional policies related to BQ and AN chewing habits varies widely among the selected countries. With the increasing awareness and association of BQ with oral cancer, there is a need to have better awareness, prevention and interventional strategies in place. We also found considerable variation in the use of terminologies associated with BQ.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca*
Oral precancerous conditions frequency in 1648 Malaysians with correlation to oral habits

Ramanathan K, Keat TC, Retnanesan A, Canaganayagam A

Dent J Malaysia Singapore, 1973 May;13(1):11-21.
PMID: 4521124
Matched MeSH terms: Areca
The history, composition, chemistry & pharmacology of the betel-tobacco chew (QUID.)

Lee HT

Dent J Malaysia Singapore, 1973 May;13(1):63-9.
PMID: 4521127
Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Redescription of Chironomus javanus and Chironomus kiiensis (Diptera: Chironomidae) Larvae and Adults Collected from a Rice Field in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Al-Shami SA, Rawi CS, Ahmad AH, Nor SA

Trop Life Sci Res, 2012 May;23(1):77-86.
PMID: 24575227

Chironomus javanus (Kieffer) and Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga were redescribed from materials collected from a rice field in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. The larvae can only be distinguished after careful preparation and examination using a compound microscope, but the pupae were not useful to differentiate C. javanus from C. kiiensis. The adult specimens showed clear body and wing characteristics for rapid and accurate identification.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
The Distribution and Conservation Status of Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) and Olive Ridley Turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) on Pulau Pinang beaches (Malaysia), 1995-2009

Salleh SM, Yobe M, Sah SA

Trop Life Sci Res, 2012 May;23(1):63-76.
PMID: 24575226

The Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) and Olive Ridley Turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) are the only sea turtles with recorded landings in the Pulau Pinang coastal area. The Green Turtle has been the most abundant and widely distributed sea turtle in this area since it was first surveyed in 1995. Statistical analysis by the Pulau Pinang Department of Fisheries on the distribution of sea turtles from 2001 through 2009 has identified Pantai Kerachut and Telok Kampi as the most strongly preferred beaches for Green Turtle landings, with records for almost every month in every year. Green Turtle tracks and nests have also been found along the coast of Pulau Pinang at Batu Ferringhi, Tanjong Bungah, Pantai Medan, Pantai Belanda, Telok Kumbar, Gertak Sanggul, Moonlight Beach, Telok Duyung, Telok Aling, Telok Bahang and Telok Katapang. The Olive Ridley Turtle is present in smaller numbers; landing and nesting have only been recorded on a few beaches. There are no previous records of Olive Ridley landings at Pantai Kerachut and Telok Kampi, but tracks and nests have been found at Telok Kumbar, Tanjong Bungah, Pantai Medan, Telok Duyung and Gertak Sanggul. A Turtle Conservation Centre has been established at Pantai Kerachut to protect these species from extinction in Pulau Pinang. This paper presents details of the records and distribution of sea turtles in Pulau Pinang from 1995 through 2009.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Fulltext Redescription of Chironomus javanus and Chironomus kiiensis (diptera: chironomidae) larvae and adults collected from a rice field in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Salman A Al-Shami, Che Salmah Md Rawi, Abu Hassan Ahmad, Siti Azizah Mohd Nor

Trop Life Sci Res, 2012;23(1):77-86.
MyJurnal

Chironomus javanus (Kieffer) and Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga were redescribed from materials collected from a rice field in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. The larvae can only be distinguished after careful preparation and examination using a compound microscope, but the pupae were not useful to differentiate C. javanus from C. kiiensis. The adult specimens showed clear body and wing characteristics for rapid and accurate identification.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Tissue-specific and maturity-dependent distribution of pyridine alkaloids in Areca triandra

Wu J, Zhang H, Wang S, Yuan L, Grünhofer P, Schreiber L, et al.

J Plant Res, 2019 Jul;132(4):531-540.
PMID: 31127431 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01115-9

Areca nuts (seeds of Areca catechu L.) are a traditional and popular masticatory in India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, certain parts of China, and some other countries. Four related pyridine alkaloids (arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine) are considered being the main functional ingredients in areca nut. Until now, A. catechu is the only known species producing these alkaloids in the Arecaceae family. In the present study, we investigated alkaloid contents in 12 Arecaceae species and found that only Areca triandra Roxb. contained these pyridine alkaloids. We further analyzed in more detail tissue-specific and development-related distribution of these alkaloids in leaves, male and female flowers and fruits in different stages of maturity in A. triandra by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results revealed that the alkaloids were most abundant in young leaves, the pericarp of ripe fruits and the endosperm of unripe fruits in developmental stage 2. Abundance of the 4 different alkaloids in A. triandra fruits varied during maturation. Pericarps of ripe fruits had the highest arecaidine concentration (4.45 mg g-1) and the lowest guvacoline concentration (0.0175 mg g-1), whereas the endosperm of unripe fruits of developmental stage 2 contained the highest guvacoline concentration (3.39 mg g-1) and the lowest guvacine concentration (0.245 mg g-1). We conclude that A. triandra is useful in future as a further valuable source of Areca alkaloids.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca/growth & development; Areca/metabolism*
HPLC-Based Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Alkaloids in Chewable Areca Products from Different Geographic Regions

Cao M, Liu Y, Yuan H, Qiu Y, Xie Q, Yi P, et al.

J AOAC Int, 2020 Sep 01;103(5):1400-1405.
PMID: 33241395 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa048

BACKGROUND: Chewable areca products are popular in Asian countries, including India, Pakistan, Malaysia, and China. The major alkaloids present in areca products are guvacine, arecaidine, guvacoline, and arecoline which cause carcinogenicity and addiction.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was the quantitative analysis of the alkaloid content of areca chewable products from different countries and regions using HPLC-UV, as well as the benefit of their safety evaluation products.
METHOD: An HPLC-UV method was established for qualitative and quantitative analyses of 65 batches of areca chewable products from different countries and regions. Additionally, similarity evaluation of chromatographic fingerprints was applied for data analysis.
RESULTS: These results reveal a significant variation in the levels of areca alkaloids among tested products, specifically guvacoline (0.060-1.216 mg/g), arecoline (0.376-3.592 mg/g), guvacine (0.028-1.184 mg/g), and arecaidine (0.184-1.291 mg/g). There were significant differences in the alkaloid content of areca chewable products from different producing areas.
CONCLUSIONS: The method will be useful in the safety evaluation of different areca chewable products.
HIGHLIGHTS: The established HPLC-UV method can be adopted for safety evaluation of areca chewable products from different countries and regions due to its general applicability.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Adsorption of methylene blue onto betel nut husk-based activated carbon prepared by sodium hydroxide activation process

Bardhan M, Novera TM, Tabassum M, Islam MA, Jawad AH, Islam MA

Water Sci Technol, 2020 Nov;82(9):1932-1949.
PMID: 33201856 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.451

In this study, activated carbon (AC) was prepared from agro-waste betel nut husks (BNH) through the chemical activation method. Different characterization techniques described the physicochemical nature of betel nut husks activated carbon (BNH-AC) through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and pH point of zero charge. Later, the produced AC was used for methylene blue (MB) adsorption via numerous batch experimental parameters: initial concentrations of MB dye (25-250 mg/L), contact time (0.5-24 hours) and initial pH (2-12). Dye adsorption isotherms were also assessed at three temperatures where the maximum adsorption capacity (381.6 mg/g) was found at 30 °C. The adsorption equilibrium data were best suited to the non-linear form of the Freundlich isotherm model. Additionally, non-linear pseudo-second-order kinetic model was better fitted with the experimental value as well. Steady motion of solute particles from the boundary layer to the BNH-AC's surface was the possible reaction dynamics concerning MB adsorption. Thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Saline water emerged as an efficient eluent for the desorption of adsorbed dye on AC. Therefore, the BNH-AC is a very promising and cost-effective adsorbent for MB dye treatment and has high adsorption capacity.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca
Fulltext Friction Performance of Aged T-BFRP Composite for Bearing Applications

Nirmal U

Polymers (Basel), 2018 Sep 25;10(10).
PMID: 30960991 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101066

The current work is an attempt to reduce friction coefficient of the treated betelnut fibre reinforced polyester (T-BFRP) composites by aging them in twelve different solutions with different kinematic viscosities. The test will be performed on a pin on disc (POD) wear test rig using different applied loads (5⁻30 N), different sliding distances (0⁻6.72 km) at sliding speed of 2.8 m/s subjected to a smooth stainless steel counterface (AISI-304). Different orientations of the fibre mats such as anti-parallel (AP) and parallel (P) orientations subjected to the rotating counterface will be considered. The worn surfaces were examined through optical microscopy imaging and it was found that the aged specimens had significantly lower damages as compared to neat polyester (NP) and the unaged samples. Besides, P-O samples revealed lower friction coefficients as compared to AP-O, i.e., reduction was about 24.71%. Interestingly, aging solutions with lower kinematic viscosities revealed lower friction coefficients of the aged T-BFRP composites when compared to the ones aged in higher kinematic viscosities.

Matched MeSH terms: Areca

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