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A brief note on a hitherto undescribed form of dermatitis, probably trophic in origin

Sheppard WS

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1904.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis
Tinea imbricata in Malaya

POLUNIN I

Br J Dermatol, 1952 Oct;64(10):378-84.
PMID: 12987563
Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis*
Fulltext Hand eczema in Malaysians

Ting HC

Med J Malaysia, 1983 Dec;38(4):304-7.
PMID: 6599987

One-hundred-and-four patients unth. hand eczema were studied. The female to male ratio was 1.9:1 and peak incidence was in young adulthood. In females, housewives constituted the biggest group while in males, mechanics/engineers was the biggest group. 30% of the patients had contact sensitivity on patch testing to a standard series. Balsams, medicaments, rubber ingredients, nickel and formaldehyde were the common allergens. The contact sensitivity was considered relevant in 65% of cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Atopic/etiology; Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology; Dermatitis, Contact/etiology; Dermatitis, Contact/epidemiology
Some interesting dermatoses recently observed in Singapore

Tay CH

Med J Malaya, 1970 Dec;25(2):113-9.
PMID: 4251131
Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis/etiology; Dermatitis/epidemiology*
Plant dermatitis

Ridley HN

J Trop Med Hyg, 1922;25:225-7.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis
The life cycle of Trichobilharzia brevis, n. sp., an avian schistosome from Malaya

Basch PF

Z Parasitenkd, 1966;27(3):242-51.
PMID: 5990057
Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis/etiology
Prevalence, comorbidities and mortality of generalized pustular psoriasis: A literature review

Prinz JC, Choon SE, Griffiths CEM, Merola JF, Morita A, Ashcroft DM, et al.

J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2023 Feb;37(2):256-273.
PMID: 36331364 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18720

Generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP) is a rare auto-inflammatory skin disease characterised by acute episodes of sterile pustule formation. Diagnosis and treatment of the disease have historically been complicated by a lack of awareness, and no consistent global definition or clinical coding standards. Now acknowledged as a distinct clinical entity with a recognised genetic component, GPP can take a serious and life-threatening course due to systemic inflammatory complications and its association with various comorbidities. As with other rare diseases, there are significant challenges to understanding the epidemiology of GPP, notably a small patient population, non-standardised study methodologies and ethnic differences in its presentation. A clearer understanding of GPP is therefore required for clinicians to better manage patients with this rare condition. In this review article, we present an overview of the available data on GPP prevalence estimates in key demographics and report the frequency of genetic mutations associated with the disease. We detail the incidence of known comorbidities and summarise the data on mortality and assigned causes of death. Lastly, we discuss the various factors that impact the collection, interpretation and comparison of these data.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis*
Fulltext An outbreak of dermatitis among stevodores

Phoon WH, Lee HS, Ho SF, Ngui SJ

Med J Malaysia, 1985 Sep;40(3):220-4.
PMID: 2948100

Cement is a common cause of dermatitis. Workers affected are usually those in cement factories and at building construction sites. Cement dermatitis among port-workers is not so commonly reported. This paper describes an outbreak of dermatitis among stevodores at a port handling cement. The cement was imported in bags, and because of breakage, there was much spillage. It was also hot and dusty inside the hatch of the ship, and some of the stevodores worked bare-bodied. Cases of dermatitis began to appear in January 1983 and reached a peak in April 1983, gradually subsiding over the next few months to August 1983. This coincided with the increased tonnage of cement handled at the port. A total of 33 stevodores were reported as having dermatitis over this period. Of the 15 cases examined, 13 had eczema, and in 19 the hands and wrists were affected. However, most of the cases had multiple site involvement, including the arms, legs and abdomen.
Samples of cement showed the presence of water-soluble chromium, varying from 9.9 to 17.8pg/g. As the stevodores were reluctant to go for skin patch-testing, only four were tested, but two did not return for the reading of the results. The other two were found to have a positive reaction to dichromates. The outbreak of dermatitis was probably due to several factors which are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Contact/etiology*; Dermatitis, Occupational/etiology*
Dermatitis venenata from a common Malayan plant

Landor JV

Journal of the Malaya Branch of the British Medical Association, 1940;3:384-6.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis
Brief Report: First Identification of Intrafamilial Recurrence of Blau Syndrome due to Gonosomal NOD2 Mosaicism

Mensa-Vilaro A, Tarng Cham W, Ping Tang S, Chin Lim S, González-Roca E, Ruiz-Ortiz E, et al.

Arthritis Rheumatol, 2016 Apr;68(4):1039-44.
PMID: 26606664 DOI: 10.1002/art.39519

Blau syndrome is characterized by noncaseating granulomatous arthritis, dermatitis, and uveitis, and results from gain-of-function NOD2 mutations. This study was undertaken to identify the genetic cause of the disease in a family with 3 members with Blau syndrome.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis
Infantile seborrheic dermatitis: a pediatric Siddha medicine treatise

Thambyayah M, Amuthan A

Clin Dermatol, 2015 May-Jun;33(3):355-61.
PMID: 25889138 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.12.013

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest (5000 years old) well-documented Indian traditional medicines, compared with Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine, by way of keen observation and experimentation. It mentions 108 diseases that occur in childhood, which are further classified and described into various subtypes based on the clinical features and different stages of a particular disease. The authors translate the elegant and detailed description of one neonatal disorder, infantile seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap), called kabaala kuttam (KK), described in 17 stanzas of four lines for each stanza from Tamil language script into English. There are five different types of cradle cap, including white type, dark black type, red type, weeping type, and toxic type. Four polyherbal formulations are described for external and oral administration, in which there is mention of 39 herbals and pure sulfur as ingredients. The safety and efficacy of these herbal products varies and has not been fully explored in infants, but may represent options for clinical development.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Seborrheic/therapy*
Clinical efficacy of a gentle anti-dandruff itch-relieving shampoo formulation

Lim DZJ, Lim FC, Tey HL

Int J Cosmet Sci, 2023 Dec;45(6):769-774.
PMID: 37539788 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12885

Dandruff is a common scalp condition affecting almost half of the world's population. Despite its high prevalence, the exact pathophysiology is not well established and is understood to be multifactorial, with factors such as fungal colonization, sebaceous gland activity and individual factors being implicated. There is a need for an effective and safe shampoo that can target the above factors. Hence, we have developed a shampoo formulation with properties of oil control, moisturizing, non-irritative, anti-fungal, anti-microbial and itch-relieving. In this interventional, open-label study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of this shampoo in reducing the clinical signs of dandruff and pruritus in patients with pre-existing mild-to-moderate dandruff over a course of 21-day treatment duration through self-assessment and objective clinical evaluations. After continued use of the shampoo, there was a significant decrease in the adherent and loose scalp flaking scores. Mean pruritus scores also decreased significantly across the 21-day time points. There were also no adverse events or skin intolerances reported. This study showed that our shampoo formulation has led to a significant reduction in both adherent and loose scalp flaking and pruritus when used in individuals suffering from mild to moderate dandruff. As such, it is an ideal shampoo, which can be used to effectively control dandruff.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Seborrheic*
Fulltext Dermatologic reactions to disinfectant use during the COVID-19 pandemic

Goh CF, Ming LC, Wong LC

Clin Dermatol, 2021;39(2):314-322.
PMID: 34272029 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.09.005

Infection preventive practice of using disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 has become the new normal due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although disinfectants may not be applied directly to the human body, it remains at high risk of exposure including close skin contact on disinfected surfaces or during handling. This dermal contact, on a regular basis, can induce hazardous skin reactions like irritation, inflammation, and burning in severe conditions. Disinfectants are germicide chemicals that can penetrate the skin and create skin reactions that are usually regarded as irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. More importantly, disinfectants can react with skin components (proteins and lipids) to facilitate their skin penetration and disrupt the skin barrier function. Whereas the antimicrobial actions of disinfectants are well understood, much less is known regarding their dermatologic reactions, including but not limited to irritation and hypersensitivity. We reviewed the skin reactions created by those disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 approved by the European Chemical Agency and the US Environmental Protection Agency.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology*
Atopic Dermatitis: Racial and Ethnic Differences

Mei-Yen Yong A, Tay YK

Dermatol Clin, 2017 Jul;35(3):395-402.
PMID: 28577807 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2017.02.012

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting up to 20% of children and 3% of adults worldwide. There is wide variation in the prevalence of AD among different countries. Although the frequency of AD is increasing in developing countries, it seems to have stabilized in developed countries, affecting approximately 1 in 5 schoolchildren. Adult-onset AD is not uncommon and is significantly higher, affecting between 11% and 13% of adults in some countries, for example, Singapore, Malaysia, and Sweden. AD is thus associated with significant health care economic burden in all age groups.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Atopic/diagnosis; Dermatitis, Atopic/ethnology*; Dermatitis, Atopic/genetics; Dermatitis, Atopic/pathology
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by latex gloves in a dental undergraduate student

Chaubal TV, Bapat RA, Patil PG, Shetty A

Contact Derm., 2016 Oct;75(4):256-7.
PMID: 27620128 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12625
Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Occupational/diagnosis; Dermatitis, Occupational/etiology*; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/diagnosis; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact/etiology*
Paederus Outbreaks in Human Settings: A Review of Current Knowledge

Bong LJ, Neoh KB, Jaal Z, Lee CY

J Med Entomol, 2015 Jul;52(4):517-26.
PMID: 26335457 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv041

Although rove beetles (Paederus spp.) play a beneficial role as biological control agents to manage crop pests in agro-ecosystems, their high prevalence in human settings has elevated them to pest status in urban areas. Rove beetles neither bite nor sting, but accidental crushing on human skin causes them to release the toxin paederin, which causes dermatitis linearis. This review integrates currently available knowledge about the issues pertaining to Paederus infestation. For instance, the results of life history studies conducted under different food and temperature regimes are summarized, as they indicate how large a population can be in a habitat to cause massive and widespread infestation and illustrate the physiological traits required to maintain the population at the maximum level even under adverse conditions. In contrast to what is generally reported, we speculate that climatic factors do not necessarily result in Paederus dispersal in temperate regions; instead, habitat disturbance and site unsuitability may be the main factors that lead to massive dispersal to human settings. Factors such as whether dispersers are adaptable to xeric conditions in human settings, the probability that dispersed Paederus mate with the opposite sex, and whether dispersers have adequate nutrient intake to reproduce are considered to evaluate their potential to reproduce in human settings. Finally, the effectiveness of current commercial insecticides, challenges faced in managing infestations, and sustainable management practices are discussed to provide information for long-term control programs.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis*
Fulltext Paederus dermatitis amongst medical students in USM, Kelantan

Mokhtar N, Singh R, Ghazali W

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Dec;48(4):403-6.
PMID: 8183163

We report a retrospective review of 12 medical students with a peculiar erythemato-vesicular dermatitis entomologically caused by an endemic beetle Paederus fuscipes. The clinical features, outcome in these cases and treatment are discussed. The students were residents of hostels in the USM campus in Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. The causative agent in all these cases were found to be Paederus fuscipes (rove beetle). The most common site of involvement in all these cases was the face, followed by the neck. The average duration of symptoms was two days and pruritus was a common symptom. About 83% of the patients made a complete recovery. However two patients (16%) had residual pigmentation.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis/etiology*
Fulltext Evaluating the effect of chlorpheniramine on patch test reactions amongst eczema patients sensitised to nickel

Shafinaz, S., Chan, L.C., Adawiyah, J., Norazirah, M.N.

Medicine & Health, 2018;13(1):71-76.
MyJurnal

Discontinuing antihistamines for patch testing (PT) in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is more conventional than evidence based. Data suggests that non-sedating antihistamines do not interfere with PT. Investigating the effects of sedating antihistamines are more relevant as these are recommended for eczema. We aimed to evaluate the effect of chlorpheniramine on PT, to determine the prevalence of nickel sensitization and common sensitizing allergens. An open labeled cohort study was conducted at two dermatology clinics. Patients indicated for PT underwent standard protocol where antihistamines were discontinued. Patients sensitised to nickel were subjected to a second nickel PT while taking chlorpheniramine. Results were evaluated using the North American Contact Dermatitis Research Group (NACDRG) score, a Mexameter measured erythema and pruritus was assessed using a visual analogue score. A total 82 patients were recruited, 28 (34.1%) were sensitised to nickel. The mean age was 40 ± 17.7 years with 22(26.8%) males and 60 (73.2%) females. Indications for PT included suspected ACD (57.3%), hand and feet eczema (34.1%) and severe eczema with suspected superimposed ACD (6.1%). The commonest sensitizing allergens were methyldibromoglutaronitrile (40.2%) nickel sulphate (34.1%), potassium dichromate (29.3%) and formaldehyde (24.4%). A second PT was performed on 23 patients. There was no difference in the NACDRG score with chlorpheniramine or without chlorpheniramine (p=0.968). Pruritus score was reduced by 1.39 ± 2.9, p=0.031 with chlorpheniramine. The degree of erythema was 611.46 ± 21.59 with chlorpheniramine versus 613.87 ± 27.5 without chlorpheniramine, p=0.671. Chlorpheniramine did not affect PT based on clinical and objective scorings. It has the additional benefit of reducing test-induced itch.
Study site: Dermatology clinics, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM), Kuala Lumpur and Hospital Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Allergic Contact*
Fulltext Global variation in skin injures and skincare practices in extremely preterm infants

Jani P, Mishra U, Buchmayer J, Maheshwari R, D'Çruz D, Walker K, et al.

World J Pediatr, 2023 Feb;19(2):139-157.
PMID: 36372868 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00625-2

BACKGROUND: Globally, are skincare practices and skin injuries in extremely preterm infants comparable? This study describes skin injuries, variation in skincare practices and investigates any association between them.
METHODS: A web-based survey was conducted between February 2019 and August 2021. Quantifying skin injuries and describing skincare practices in extremely preterm infants were the main outcomes. The association between skin injuries and skincare practices was established using binary multivariable logistic regression adjusted for regions.
RESULTS: Responses from 848 neonatal intensive care units, representing all geographic regions and income status groups were received. Diaper dermatitis (331/840, 39%) and medical adhesive-related skin injuries (319/838, 38%) were the most common injuries. Following a local skincare guideline reduced skin injuries [medical adhesive-related injuries: adjusted odds ratios (aOR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.45-0.88; perineal injuries: aOR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.45-0.96; local skin infections: OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.26-0.65; chemical burns: OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.26-0.83; thermal burns: OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.27-0.96]. Performing skin assessments at least every four hours reduced skin injuries (abrasion: aOR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.33-0.67; pressure: aOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.34-0.78; diaper dermatitis: aOR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.51-0.99; perineal: aOR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.36-0.75). Regional and resource settings-based variations in skin injuries and skincare practices were observed.
CONCLUSIONS: Skin injuries were common in extremely preterm infants. Consistency in practice and improved surveillance appears to reduce the occurrence of these injuries. Better evidence regarding optimal practices is needed to reduce skin injuries and minimize practice variations.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis*
Regulatory T-cell dysfunction and cutaneous exposure to Staphylococcus aureus underlie eczema in DOCK8 deficiency

Wilkie H, Das M, Pelovitz T, Bainter W, Woods B, Alasharee M, et al.

J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2024 Jul;154(1):143-156.
PMID: 38185418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.020

BACKGROUND: Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8)-deficient patients have severe eczema, elevated IgE, and eosinophilia, features of atopic dermatitis (AD).
OBJECTIVE: We sought to understand the mechanisms of eczema in DOCK8 deficiency.
METHODS: Skin biopsy samples were characterized by histology, immunofluorescence microscopy, and gene expression. Skin barrier function was measured by transepidermal water loss. Allergic skin inflammation was elicited in mice by epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA) or cutaneous application of Staphylococcus aureus.
RESULTS: Skin lesions of DOCK8-deficient patients exhibited type 2 inflammation, and the patients' skin was colonized by Saureus, as in AD. Unlike in AD, DOCK8-deficient patients had a reduced FOXP3:CD4 ratio in their skin lesions, and their skin barrier function was intrinsically intact. Dock8-/- mice exhibited reduced numbers of cutaneous T regulatory (Treg) cells and a normal skin barrier. Dock8-/- and mice with an inducible Dock8 deletion in Treg cells exhibited increased allergic skin inflammation after epicutaneous sensitization with OVA. DOCK8 was shown to be important for Treg cell stability at sites of allergic inflammation and for the generation, survival, and suppressive activity of inducible Treg cells. Adoptive transfer of wild-type, but not DOCK8-deficient, OVA-specific, inducible Treg cells suppressed allergic inflammation in OVA-sensitized skin of Dock8-/- mice. These mice developed severe allergic skin inflammation and elevated serum IgE levels after topical exposure to Saureus. Both were attenuated after adoptive transfer of WT but not DOCK8-deficient Treg cells.
CONCLUSION: Treg cell dysfunction increases susceptibility to allergic skin inflammation in DOCK8 deficiency and synergizes with cutaneous exposure to Saureus to drive eczema in DOCK8 deficiency.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis, Atopic/immunology

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