MyMedR

Parasite infestation of the testicular tunica and spermatic cord by filariae are rarely reported and may present with few clinical signs, depending upon the stage. Occasionally, it may mimic a testicular tumor. We present a case of a 29-year-old man who presented with left testicular swelling and discomfort for 4 months. Clinical examination and imaging suggested an intrascrotal cystic lesion with a normal left testis. However, the intraoperative findings revealed a tumor-like mass; hence, a left orchidectomy was performed. However, histopathology reported a diagnosis of a cystic testicular tunica and spermatic cord with parasite infection. Here, we review the literature of scrotal and testicular parasite disease and discuss the course of the appropriate management involved.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Recent advances in diagnostic techniques in filariasis

Lim PK

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993;24 Suppl 2:45-50.

PMID: 7973946

Accurate diagnosis of human filarial infections still remains a problem for clinicians and co-ordinators of filariasis control programs. Diagnosis of filariasis is based on parasitological, histopathological, clinical and immunological approaches. No significant advances have been made for the first three approaches although some refinements in their use and interpretation of results have occurred. For the immunological approach, intradermal tests and antibody detection assays using crude parasite extracts generally lack specificity and/or sensitivity to discriminate between past and present filarial infections in humans. Antigen detection assays would therefore provide a more accurate indication of active filarial infections. Several monoclonal antibodies to various stages of lymphatic filarial parasites have been developed and appear potentially useful for filarial antigen detection.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Armigeres subalbatus incriminated as an important vector of the dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis and the bird Cardiofilaria in urban Kuala Lumpur

Cheong WH, Mak JW, Naidu S, Mahadevan S

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1981 Dec;12(4):611-2.

PMID: 6124044

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Parasitological and entomological studies on filariasis in seven villages, Serian District, Sarawak, East Malaysia

Rubis P, Chang MS, Nagum AJ, Jau JL

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1981 Mar;12(1):30-5.

PMID: 6114566

A total of 82 persons have been found to be positive for microfilaria a sub-periodic Brugia malayi out of 1,613 examined in seven villages in Serian District. This represents an average microfilaria infection rate of 5.1% with a range of zero to 10.7%. It is found that males are more predominantly affected than females with a ratio of 3:1. It is also confirmed that Mansonia dives and M. bonneae are possible vectors for the transmission of the disease although Anopheles species cannot be ruled out owing to the small number of specimens examined. The study is confined to areas where indoor DDT spraying has been done since 1960 and only in two of the areas it has been terminated in 1966. Yet to be published data shows higher filaria infection rate than any of these villages.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Filariasis blood survey in Kelantan

Dondero TJ, Sivanandam S

Med J Malaysia, 1973 Jun;27(4):306-9.

PMID: 4270791

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Filariasis in Sabah, East Malaysia

Barclay R

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1969 Dec;63(4):473-88.

PMID: 4393668

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification

Distribution and ecological consideration of Breinlia booliati infecting wild rodents in Malaysia

Liat LB, Wah MJ, Singh M, Ho BC, Hian YE

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Jun;6(2):241-6.

PMID: 1166352

Seven of the 18 species of lowland forest terrestrial and semi-arboreal murids were found naturally infected with Breinlia booliati. Of these, two species, Rattus sabanus and R. cremoriventer, were found to be the most preferred hosts. None of the murids from the highland, field or human-inhabited areas was infected. This could have been due more to the greater scarcity of the vectors in these habitats than to the susceptibility of the hosts. The absence of this parasite in the squirrels examined may be attributed either to host specificity or to the normal activity cycles or vertical stratification of the vectors, separating them in space and/or time from the squirrels. The pattern of dispersion of the parasite is influenced by the wide distribution of suitable hosts, and the hypothesis that the parasite is of forest origin is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification

A parasitological study of Pulau Pinang and Pulau Perhentian Kechil, off Trengganu, West Malaysia. I. Malaria and filariasis

Yap LF, Ramachandran CP, Balasingam E

Med J Malaya, 1968 Dec;23(2):118-22.

PMID: 4240821

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Stephanofilaria kaeli Buckley 1937 as the cause of chronic dermatitis on the foot of a goat and on the ears and teats of cattle in West Malaysia

Fadzil M, Cheah TS, Subramaniam P

Vet Rec, 1973 Mar 24;49(12):316-8.

PMID: 4716635

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification

Fulltext Infective larvae of Cercopithifilaria spp. (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) from hard ticks (Ixodidae) recovered from the Japanese serow (Bovidae)

Uni S, Bain O, Fujita H, Matsubayashi M, Fukuda M, Takaoka H

Parasite, 2013;20:1.

PMID: 23340227 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012001

Hard ticks taken from the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus, in Yamagata Prefecture, Honshu, harboured infective larvae of onchocercid filariae after incubation from the 22nd to the 158th day. Haemaphysalis flava and H. japonica contained one to eight filarial larvae; females, males and a nymph of the ticks were infected. The 44 infective larvae recovered were 612-1,370 μm long, and 11 of them, 930-1,340 μm long, were studied in detail. The larvae possessed the morphologic characteristics of the larvae of the genus Cercopithifilaria, namely an oesophagus with a posterior glandular part, no buccal capsule and a long tail with three terminal lappets. Five types (A to E) of infective larvae were identified based on the morphologic characteristics. While to date five species of Cercopithifilaria have been described from the Japanese serow, a specific identification of the larvae found in this study was generally not possible. Only type E larvae could be tentatively assigned to Cercopithifilaria tumidicervicata, as they had a cervical swelling similar to that of the adults of this species. A key for the identification of the five larval types is presented. The study presents circumstantial evidences indicating that H. flava and H. japonica may transmit Cercopithifilaria spp. to Japanese serows. It also suggests the possibility that such filarial larvae will be found in hard ticks anywhere, because Cercopithifilaria is distributed worldwide, though this genus generally goes unnoticed, as its microfilariae occur in the skin, not in the blood, of host animals.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification*

Brugia infections in man and animals: long-term observations on microfilaraemia and estimates of the efficiency of transmission from mosquito vector to definitive host

Wilson T, Ramachandran CP

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1971 Dec;65(4):525-46.

PMID: 4401424

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification

Fulltext Morphological and molecular characteristics of Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Filarioidea) from the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia) in Peninsular Malaysia

Uni S, Mat Udin AS, Agatsuma T, Saijuntha W, Junker K, Ramli R, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2017 Apr 20;10(1):194.

PMID: 28427478 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2105-9

BACKGROUND: The filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti (Cobbold, 1877), Brugia malayi (Brug, 1927) and B. timori Partono, Purnomo, Dennis, Atmosoedjono, Oemijati & Cross, 1977 cause lymphatic diseases in humans in the tropics, while B. pahangi (Buckley & Edeson, 1956) infects carnivores and causes zoonotic diseases in humans in Malaysia. Wuchereria bancrofti, W. kalimantani Palmieri, Pulnomo, Dennis & Marwoto, 1980 and six out of ten Brugia spp. have been described from Australia, Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and India. However, the origin and evolution of the species in the Wuchereria-Brugia clade remain unclear. While investigating the diversity of filarial parasites in Malaysia, we discovered an undescribed species in the common treeshrew Tupaia glis Diard & Duvaucel (Mammalia: Scandentia).

METHODS: We examined 81 common treeshrews from 14 areas in nine states and the Federal Territory of Peninsular Malaysia for filarial parasites. Once any filariae that were found had been isolated, we examined their morphological characteristics and determined the partial sequences of their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and 12S rRNA genes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) region were then cloned into the pGEM-T vector, and the recombinant plasmids were used as templates for sequencing.

RESULTS: Malayfilaria sofiani Uni, Mat Udin & Takaoka, n. g., n. sp. is described based on the morphological characteristics of adults and microfilariae found in common treeshrews from Jeram Pasu, Kelantan, Malaysia. The Kimura 2-parameter distance between the cox1 gene sequences of the new species and W. bancrofti was 11.8%. Based on the three gene sequences, the new species forms a monophyletic clade with W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. The adult parasites were found in tissues surrounding the lymph nodes of the neck of common treeshrews.

CONCLUSIONS: The newly described species appears most closely related to Wuchereria spp. and Brugia spp., but differs from these in several morphological characteristics. Molecular analyses based on the cox1 and 12S rRNA genes and the ITS1 region indicated that this species differs from both W. bancrofti and Brugia spp. at the genus level. We thus propose a new genus, Malayfilaria, along with the new species M. sofiani.

Matched MeSH terms: Filarioidea/isolation & purification

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