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  1. Shear wave elastography in chronic kidney disease - the physics and clinical application
    Ng KH, Wong JHD, Leong SS
    Phys Eng Sci Med, 2024 Mar;47(1):17-29.
    PMID: 38078996 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-023-01358-w
    Chronic kidney disease is a leading public health problem worldwide. The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease is nearly five hundred million people, with almost one million deaths worldwide. Estimated glomerular filtration rate, imaging such as conventional ultrasound, and histopathological findings are necessary as each technique provides specific information which, when taken together, may help to detect and arrest the development of chronic kidney disease, besides managing its adverse outcomes. However, estimated glomerular filtration rate measurements are hampered by substantial error margins while conventional ultrasound involves subjective assessment. Although histopathological assessment is the best tool for evaluating the severity of the renal pathology, it may lead to renal insufficiency and haemorrhage if complications occurred. Ultrasound shear wave elastography, an emerging imaging that quantifies tissue stiffness non-invasively has gained interest recently. This method applies acoustic force pulses to generate shear wave within the tissue that propagate perpendicular to the main ultrasound beam. By measuring the speed of shear wave propagation, the tissue stiffness is estimated. This paper reviews the literature and presents our combined experience and knowledge in renal shear wave elastography research. It discusses and highlights the confounding factors on shear wave elastography, current and future possibilities in ultrasound renal imaging and is not limited to new sophisticated techniques.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  2. Fulltext An unusual presentation of renal parenchymal malacoplakia
    Teh GC, Chong WL, Manorammah L, Mah PKK, Abdullah K
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Jun;55(2):263-4.
    PMID: 19839157
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology*
  3. The protective effect of nano calcium produced from freshwater clam shells on the histopathological overview of the liver and kidneys of mice exposed to mercury toxins
    Srie Rahayu SY, Aminingsih T, Fudholi A
    J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2022 May;71:126963.
    PMID: 35231878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126963
    BACKGROUND AND AIM: Freshwater clam shells nanoparticles powder is one of the uses of freshwater clams that can manufacture instant granular mineral supplements. This product can be used as a supplement to detoxify heavy metal toxins, such as Mercury. Mercury is an element that is detectable in all environmental media. Adults and children receive the most Mercury from food, air, and water intake. The majority of Mercury in the environment comes from the waste from mining activities and the metal industry. Mercury was found widely in the biosphere and is known as a dangerous hepatotoxicant. This study aimed to describe the hepatoprotective role of nano minerals (Ca, Mg, and Zn) produced from freshwater clam shells against mercury acetate poisoning in mice.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: The mice were divided randomly into a control group (aqua bidest and mercury acetate) and an experimental group for this purpose. The experimental mice group was given orally nano Ca supplementation in three dose groups (9 mg, 18 mg, and 27 mg/200 g animal body weight) once a day for 21 consecutive days. The mice are then given mercury acetate (1300 µg/200 g animal body weight intraperitoneally) on the 21st day. One hour after giving the nano Ca supplement, the mice's blood was taken. Liver and kidney were autopsied two days later to check quantitative and qualitative changes caused by mercury concentrations in liver and kidney histopathologies.

    RESULTS: The results demonstrated the importance of nano Ca supplementation before mercury acetate induction, which has been shown to reduce necrotic depletion and hepatocyte degeneration.

    CONCLUSION: Nano Ca supplementation has decreased the concentration of Hg in the blood of mice so that it can be used as a potential health supplement to detoxify mercury toxins.

    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  4. Fulltext Renal cell carcinoma with duplication of inferior vena cava
    Yusof MR, Fahmey O, Lee C, Azli MS, Arunasalam AP, Khairul-Asri MG
    Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2022 Mar;104(3):e64-e66.
    PMID: 34812656 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0110
    Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been shown to cause venous migration in the inferior vena cava (IVC). It is very important for preoperative imaging to be carried out, which will decide the surgical approach for the patient. Duplication of IVC is an uncommon anomaly. We report a case of RCC with duplication of IVC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  5. Fulltext Prevalence and Pattern of Glomerulonephritis: An Experience of Two Tertiary Centers in Malaysia
    Maifata S, Hod R, Ghani FA, Zakaria F
    Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2023 Mar 01;34(2):167-177.
    PMID: 38146727 DOI: 10.4103/1319-2442.391896
    The prevalence of glomerulonephritis (GN), especially membranous GN (MGN), changes from time to time. This change may be due to genetic predisposition, environmental factors race, age, and indications for a renal biopsy. This study was conducted to evaluate the distribution and changing patterns of GN by further assessing the prevalence of MGN. A 1000, 123 biopsies were performed from January 2012 to October 2019 in Hospital Serdang and Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and clinical presentations were used to differentiate primary and secondary MGN, from which 611 and 457 primary and secondary subjects were diagnosed with primary and secondary GN, respectively. Primary MGN accounts for 13% of all the primary GN, while lupus nephritis (LN) accounts for 44.2% of all secondary GN followed by diabetes mellitus (25.6%). The proportions of primary and secondary MGN were 64.8% and 35.2%, respectively, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.1 in favor of females. The renal biopsy obtained from the registry of two prominent hospitals in Malaysia provided valuable prevalence and demonstrated changes in the prevalence of GN in Malaysia. Notwithstanding, immunoglobulin A nephropathy and LN remain the most common causes of primary and secondary GN in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  6. Abnormal peritoneal fold connecting the greater omentum with the liver, gallbladder, right kidney and lesser omentum
    Nayak SB
    Bratisl Lek Listy, 2009;110(11):736-7.
    PMID: 20120448
    Abnormal peritoneal folds near the liver are very rare. This case report presents an observation of an abnormal fold of peritoneum that extended from the upper right part of the greater omentum and stomach to the fossa for gallbladder. This fold merged with the lesser omentum on the left and extended to the right kidney when traced posteriorly. The epiploic foramen was entirely absent due to the presence of this fold. However, the lesser sac was there behind the liver, lesser omentum and stomach. The knowledge of abnormal folds like this may be important for surgeons (Fig. 3, Ref. 7). Full Text (Free, PDF) www.bmj.sk.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  7. Fulltext Long term outcome of renal allografts in patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy
    Ng YS, Vathsala A, Chew ST, Chiang GS, Woo KT
    Med J Malaysia, 2007 Jun;62(2):109-13.
    PMID: 18705440 MyJurnal
    Recurrent glomerular disease is an important cause of late allograft loss in renal transplant recipients. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide and its recurrence has been reported in allografts. The present study examined outcomes following renal transplantation (RTX) in 101 patients with ESRD due to biopsy-proven IgAN, in comparison to non-IgA patients, and evaluated the incidence of recurrence. The study population (mean age 34.8 +/- 7.7 years; males 62.2%; Chinese 88.3%) underwent RTX under CsA immunosuppression between November 1984 and December 2004; as two patients underwent retransplantation during the study period, 103 allografts (56.3% cadaveric) were included for retrospective analysis. At time of analysis on 1 January 2005, 78 (75.7%) renal allografts (IgAN RTX) were functioning, of which 51 (49.5%) had normal serum creatinine, 27 (26.2%) had chronic allograft dysfunction, while 25 had graft losses, either due to patient death with functioning grafts (5.8%) or withdrawal to dialysis (18.5%). Persistent microscopic haematuria, not attributable to other causes or proteinuria > 1 g/day occurred in 42.7% and 13.6% of allografts respectively. Of 29 allografts biopsied for evaluation of proteinuria and/or renal dysfunction post-RTX, 8 (27.6%) had IgAN (overall histological recurrence, 7.8%). Of these, three had graft loss due to recurrent IgAN, three had elevated serum creatinine, while two had normal serum creatinine. Overall five and ten year patient survivals for IgAN RTX were 95.3% and 82.2%, and five and ten year actuarial graft survivals were 82.3% and 67.8% respectively. Five and ten year patient and graft survivals for IgAN RTX were not significantly different from that for non-IgAN RTX. In summary, RTX patients with IgAN have a low incidence of documented histological recurrence and recurrence contributing to graft loss occurs in only 2.9%. These results suggest that RTX is an excellent modality of renal replacement therapy in this population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  8. Emphysematous pyelonephritis: drainage or nephrectomy?
    Koh KB, Lam HS, Lee SH
    Br J Urol, 1993 May;71(5):609-11.
    PMID: 8518872
    Four cases of emphysematous pyelonephritis are reported and the pathogenesis, surgical implications and preferred mode of management are discussed. We have not found percutaneous drainage to be useful, but feel there is an important place for surgical drainage alone because of the potential for renal recovery and the risks of emergency nephrectomy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  9. Fulltext Renal vein thrombosis and the nephrotic syndrome
    Segasothy M, Kamal A, Pang KS
    Med J Malaysia, 1983 Jun;38(2):114-7.
    PMID: 6621439
    A 31 year old Chinese man developed the nephrotic syndrome, and wasfound to have some of the clinical features of renal vein thrombosis such as a rapid deterioration in renal function and great variability in proteinuria. Radiological studies confirmed the diagnosis of bilateral renal vein thrombosis. The clinical features and pathogenesis of renal vein thrombosis are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  10. Fulltext Pattern of glomerular disease in Malaysia
    Cheong IK, Chong SM, Suleiman AB
    Med J Malaysia, 1981 Mar;36(1):3-7.
    PMID: 7321935
    This paper reviews the pattern of glomeruler disease from 163 renal biopsies performed at the Institute of Urology and Nephrology. Nephrotic syndrome formed the largest group of patients. There is a high prevalence of SLE nephritis in our community. The histopathologic findings in our series were comparable to those from Western countries except for the lower incidence of membranous and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  11. Extrarenal Wilms Tumor With Skeletal and Glial Differentiation
    Tan GC, Prasad V
    Int. J. Surg. Pathol., 2018 Feb;26(1):34.
    PMID: 28508688 DOI: 10.1177/1066896917709946
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology*
  12. Renal ischemic injury affects renal hemodynamics and excretory functions in Sprague Dawley rats: involvement of renal sympathetic tone
    Salman IM, Sattar MA, Abdullah NA, Ameer OZ, Yam MF, Kaur G, et al.
    Ren Fail, 2010 Jan;32(1):96-102.
    PMID: 20113274 DOI: 10.3109/08860220903389196
    The role of renal sympathetic nerves in the pathogenesis of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) and the immediate changes in the renal excretory functions following renal ischemia were investigated. Two groups of male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were anesthetized (pentobarbitone sodium, 60 mg kg(-1) i.p.) and subjected to unilateral renal ischemia by clamping the left renal artery for 30 min followed by reperfusion. In group 1, the renal nerves were electrically stimulated and the responses in the renal blood flow (RBF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) were recorded, while group 2 was used to study the early changes in the renal functions following renal ischemia. In post-ischemic animals, basal RBF and the renal vasoconstrictor reperfusion to renal nerve stimulation (RNS) were significantly lower (all p < 0.05 vs. control). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), basal RVR, urine flow rate (UFR), absolute and fractional excretions of sodium (U(Na)V and FE(Na)), and potassium (U(K)V and FE(K)) were higher in ARF rats (all p < 0.05 vs. control). Post-ischemic animals showed markedly lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (p < 0.05 vs. control). No appreciable differences were observed in urinary sodium to potassium ratio (U(Na)/U(K)) during the early reperfusion phase of renal ischemia (p > 0.05 vs. control). The data suggest an immediate involvement of renal sympathetic nerve action in the pathogenesis of ischemic ARF primarily through altered renal hemodynamics. Diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis due to impaired renal tubular functions are typical responses to renal ischemia and of comparable magnitudes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  13. Fulltext Diagnostic yield of kidney biopsies performed in a suburban, satellite hospital
    Draman CR, Seman MR, Mohd Noor FS, Kelsom WM
    Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl, 2013 Jan;24(1):178-83.
    PMID: 23354221
    Kidney biopsy is indicated to confirm the clinical diagnosis or to evaluate prognosis of a renal problem. It is a reliable and safe procedure, especially with real-time ultrasound guidance. This is a single-center, retrospective review of the biopsies performed in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang from 2000 to 2010. The demographic data, clinical parameters, and histological reports were extracted from clinic records and analyzed to determine the diagnostic adequacy of biopsy samples for both lupus and non-lupus patients. A total of 219 biopsies were performed throughout the period and only 74 were included in this review. Their mean age was 22.5 ± 10.5 years. 59.5% of the biopsies were performed on female patients. Malays comprised 79.7% (n = 59) of them, followed by Chinese (18.9%, n=14) and Indian (1.4%, n=1). About one-third of the biopsies(n = 25) were performed on patients with lupus nephritis and two-thirds (n = 49) on non-lupus nephritis patients. At the time of biopsy, their serum creatinine values were normal, serum albumin 28.4 ± 10 g/L and total cholesterol 8.9 ± 4.6 mmol/L (mean ± SD). The urine dipstick was 3+ for both proteinuria and hematuria and daily protein excretion was 3.6 ± 3.2 g. Sixty-seven specimens were considered adequate and only six (8%) were inadequate for histological interpretations. The mean number of glomeruli in the biopsy specimens was 16 ± 9.9 (range: 0-47 glomeruli). In non-lupus patients, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was the commonest histological diagnosis (n = 15, 30.6%), followed by minimal change disease (n = 13, 26.5%) and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (n = 7, 14.3%). Membranous nephropathy was diagnosed in four (8.2%) and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in two (4.1%) specimens. Both post-infectious glomerulonephritis and advanced glomerulosclerosis were found in one specimen each. Among the lupus nephritis patients (n = 25), 88% of them were females (P <0.05) and lupus nephritis WHO class IV was the commonest variant (n = 12, 48%) followed by WHO class III (n = 7, 28%). Membranous glomerulopathy or lupus nephritis WHO class V was found in three (12%), and two (8%) had lupus nephritis WHO class II. Serum albumin, urinalysis findings, and daily urinary protein excretion were comparable for both lupus and non-lupus patients. In conclusion, renal biopsy in our center is adequate and sufficient for histological interpretations and management of patients with renal problems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology*
  14. Effect of griseofulvin on the toxicity of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) in sheep
    Haisah AH, Elsheikh HA, Khairi HM, Salam Abdullah A, Rajion MA
    Vet Hum Toxicol, 2003 Mar;45(2):68-71.
    PMID: 12678289
    The effect of griseofulvin treatment on signal grass (Brachlaria decumbens) toxicity was studied in 27 male Wiltshire Indigenous Malaysian crossbred sheep. Grazing on signal grass generally decreased the activity of the drug metabolizing enzymes in livers and kidneys. Griseofulvin oral administration of 5 mg/kg body weight for 5 consecutive days every other week for 10 w increased the hepatic concentration of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of phase II drug metabolizing enzymes (UDP-glucuronyltransferase and glutathione-S-transferase) while it decreased the hepatic and increased the renal activity of phase I enzymes aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline-4-hydroxylase. Griseofulvin did not protect sheep against B decumbens toxicity as 5/7 animals treated with griseofulvin and grazed on B decumbens showed signs of the plant toxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  15. Fulltext Renal biopsies in Johor: a 7-year study
    Khoo JJ
    Malays J Pathol, 2001 Dec;23(2):101-4.
    PMID: 12166589
    Consecutive renal biopsies received from 1994 to 2000 in Johor Bahru were reviewed. There were 441 cases, of which 407 were adequate biopsies (92.3%). Lupus nephritis formed the largest diagnostic entity (126 cases, 31.0%). This reflected the high prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients in Malaysia. The most common histological pattern of lupus nephritis was diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis: WHO Class IV (96 cases, 76.2%). Other diagnostic entities were minimal change disease (28.5%), proliferative glomerulonephritis (10.6%), IgA nephropathy (9.8%), focal glomerulosclerosis (4.9%), membranous glomerulonephritis (4.4%), transplant rejection (3.9%), end stage nephropathy (3.4%) and others (3.4%). The morphological pattern of renal biopsies in Johor was similar to that reported in the University Hospital Kuala Lumpur.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology*
  16. Dapsone-induced liver necrosis
    Jayalakshmi P, Ting HC
    Histopathology, 1990 Jul;17(1):89-91.
    PMID: 2146206
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  17. Fulltext Prenatal diagnosis of infantile polycystic kidneys: a case report
    Raman S, Rachagan SP, Boopalan P, Jeyarani S
    Med J Malaysia, 1986 Dec;41(4):361-4.
    PMID: 3312976
    A case of infantile polycystic kidneys diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound is presented here. This condition was confirmed at post-mortem following delivery of the child. The clinical and pathological features of this inheritable disease is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  18. Fulltext Pattern of lupus nephritis in Malaysia
    Kong NCT, Cheong IKS, Chong SM, Suleiman AB, Morad Z, Lajin I, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 1988 Sep;43(3):200-5.
    PMID: 3241577
    Between 1980-1986, 219 renal biopsies were performed on patients with lupus nephritis (LN) presenting at the General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. There were 172 (78.5%) females and 47 (21.5%) males. The ethnic distribution of 48.4% Malays, 46.1% Chinese and 5.5% Indians reflected their proportional composition in the general population. Peak incidence (40.6%) of cases occurred in the third decade of life (20-29 group) followed by 26.5% and 20.1% in the second and fourth decades respectively. The median age was 24 for females and 27 for males. In both sexes, nephrotic syndrome was the commonest mode of presentation (62.2%) followed by proteinuria (20.5%). Acute oliguric renal failure occurred in 11 patients (5%) and 8 of these showed crescentic glomerulonephritis with more than 50% crescents. The commonest histological picture was diffuse proliferative LN (WHO Stage IV-44.7%) which included 70% (19/27) of those with crescentic disease. This was followed by membranous LN (28.8%) of which 6 (all males) had crescentic disease. 7 (12.3%) of our patients had crescentic nephritis with a female to male distribution of 14: 13, suggesting either more aggressive disease or delayed diagnosis in males.
    Key words - Renal biopsies, lupus nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, proteinuria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology*
  19. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
    Mohtarrudin N, Ghazali R, Md Roduan MR
    Malays J Pathol, 2018 Dec;40(3):313-318.
    PMID: 30580362
    INTRODUCTION: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promotes carcinogenesis by inducing proliferation and angiogenesis while decreasing apoptosis and immunosuppressive activity. It is overexpressed in many malignancies including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The aim of this study was to investigate COX-2 expression in clear cell RCC and its association with tumour grades and demographic parameters.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six clear cell RCC cases were selected. There were 21 (58.3%) men and 15 (41.7%) women with median age of 56.6 years (range: 16-74 years). Chinese constituted 16 (44.4%) of the cases; Malays 14 (38.9%) cases and Indian 6 (16.7%) cases. There were 6 (16.7%) grade 1, 20 (55.6%) grade 2, 10 (27.8%) grade 3 and none was grade 4. The paraffin embedded tissues were cut at 4 μm thick and stained with COX-2 monoclonal antibody.

    RESULTS: Eighteen (50%) of the RCC cases were immunopositive, of which all showed strong positivity. The immunopositive cases showed cytoplasmic membrane positivity.

    CONCLUSION: There was no significant association between COX-2 expression with grade, age, sex and ethnicity (p=0.457, p=0.054, p=0.389 and p=0.568 respectively). Strong positivity of COX-2 suggest that COX-2 may play a role in cell proliferation and in carcinogenesis.

    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
  20. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in Malaysians
    Yong SL, Prathap K
    Aust N Z J Surg, 1977 Apr;47(2):216-20.
    PMID: 267467
    Eight cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis occurring in an oriental population are reported. The patients were mostly middle-aged, and there was a female preponderence. Nephrectomy controlled the disease in all cases. Diagnosis on clinical and radiological grounds is difficult, and it is often only made on pathological examination of the kidney after nephrectomy. The nature of the disease remains obscure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney/pathology
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