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  1. Suleiman AB
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1987 Apr;16(2):238-9.
    PMID: 3688799
    Haematuria is always a significant finding that requires proper evaluation, and investigations may need to be initiated based on an adequate history. A careful urine microscopy of the urine using phase contrast microscopy is essential, and may predict the source of the haematuria based on red cell morphology, and point the direction that appropriate investigation should take. Infection tumours, obstruction; and calculi account for most cases of gross haematuria in adults. In paediatric patients, the causes of gross haematuria are readily apparent in half of the cases, but further investigations are necessary in the other half. All cases of haematuria require prompt evaluation and appropriate investigations to ensure correct and early treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  2. Yeap SS, Chow SK, Manivasagar M, Veerapen K, Wang F
    Med J Malaysia, 2001 Sep;56(3):308-12.
    PMID: 11732075
    A retrospective analysis of the case records of 494 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients under follow-up at University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur during 1976-1990 was performed. Overall mortality was 20.2% (100 patients). The causes of death were infection (30%), renal (15%), respiratory (14%), neurological (5%), cardiovascular (7%), other causes (2%) and unknown (27%). Active SLE was a contributing factor in 19% of the deaths. The patients who died had significantly more renal disease, neurological disease, serositis or thrombocytopenia by the end of the first year of disease compared to the survivors. As in other series, infection and active SLE remain important causes of death.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  3. Looi LM
    Malays J Pathol, 1994 Jun;16(1):11-3.
    PMID: 16329569
    Congo red screening of routine biopsies at the University Hospital Kuala Lumpur revealed the following categories of amyloidosis: systemic AL (5.9%); systemic AA (3.2%); isolated atrial (14%); primary localized cutaneous (7.5%); other primary localized deposits (3.2%); localized intratumour (58%); and dystrophic (8.6%). Unlike in the West, AA amyloidosis in this population was usually secondary to leprosy or tuberculosis. Liver involvement in AL amyloidosis was shown to exhibit a sinusoidal pattern and differed from the vascular pattern of AA amyloidosis. Within the category of AA amyloidosis, there were two patterns of renal involvement--glomerular and vascular, with the glomerular pattern carrying a more ominous clinical picture. Notable among the localized amyloidoses were isolated atrial amyloidosis complicating chronic rheumatic heart disease, intratumour amyloidosis within nasopharyngeal carcinomas and dystrophic amyloidosis which occurred in fibrotic tissues.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  4. Kamaliah MD, Sanjay LD
    Singapore Med J, 2001 Aug;42(8):368-72.
    PMID: 11764054
    Drug induced myopathy has been reported with the use of fibric acid derivatives, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors and nicotinic acid. Over the last three decades, hypolipemiants like fibric acid derivatives and statins have been increasingly recognised as causes of rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure especially during combination therapy and in the presence of underlying renal impairment. We report two cases of bezafibrate-induced rhabdomyolysis in patients with underlying coronary artery disease and pre-existing renal impairment. Both patients developed rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal failure soon after their hyperlipidaemia treatment was changed from gemfibrozil to bezafibrate. There were no intercurrent illnesses or co-administration of other lipid lowering drugs in both patients. Even though both drugs belong to the same fibric acid derivatives group, these patients developed the complication only after a switchover of therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  5. Thumboo J, Fong KY, Chng HH, Koh ET, Chia HP, Leong KH, et al.
    J Rheumatol, 1998 Jul;25(7):1299-304.
    PMID: 9676760
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of ethnicity on disease manifestations in Oriental patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to describe the risk of developing renal or central nervous system (CNS) involvement with time.
    METHODS: A retrospective study of 472 patients with SLE seen at the only Rheumatology Unit in Singapore. The effect of ethnicity on selected disease manifestations at diagnosis was assessed after adjusting for demographic variables using multiple logistic regression. The probability of developing selected disease manifestations with time was determined using the Kaplan-Meier product limit method.
    RESULTS: At diagnosis, Malays had a higher risk of renal or CNS involvement than Chinese (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.21 to 4.21, and OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 9.34, respectively), and Indians a lower risk of malar rash and a higher risk of oral ulcers than Chinese (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.68, and OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.45 to 7.34, respectively). The prevalence of renal or CNS involvement in the entire cohort increased with time, reaching 75.6% (95% CI 66.1% to 85.0%) and 16.7% (95% CI 11.7% to 21.6%), respectively, after 18 years of disease.
    CONCLUSION: Ethnicity influenced disease manifestations at diagnosis in this cohort of Oriental patients with SLE. Renal or CNS involvement developed in previously unaffected patients up to 18 years after diagnosis, highlighting the need for continued vigilance in patients with lupus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  6. Amir O, Hassan Y, Sarriff A, Awaisu A, Abd Aziz N, Ismail O
    Pharm World Sci, 2009 Jun;31(3):387-93.
    PMID: 19255869 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-009-9288-x
    STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of and the risk factors associated with hyperkalemia, induced by ACEI-drug interactions among cardiac patients.

    SETTING: Five medical and cardiology wards of a tertiary care center in Malaysia.

    SUBJECTS: Five hundred cardiac inpatients, who received ACEIs concomitantly with other interacting drugs.

    METHOD: This was a prospective cohort study of 500 patients with cardiovascular diseases admitted to Penang Hospital between January to August 2006, who received ACEIs concomitantly with other interacting drugs. ACEI-drug interactions of clinical significance were identified using available drug information resources. Drug Interaction Probability Scale (DIPS) was used to assess the causality of association between ACEI-drug interactions and the adverse outcome (hyperkalemia).

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Hyperkalemia as an adverse clinical outcome of the interaction was identified from laboratory investigations.

    RESULTS: Of the 489 patients included in the analysis, 48 (9.8%) had hyperkalemia thought to be associated with ACEI-drug interactions. Univariate analysis using binary logistic regression revealed that advanced age (60 years or more), and taking more than 15 medications were independent risk factors significantly associated with hyperkalemia. However, current and previous smoking history appeared to be a protective factor. Risk factors identified as predictors of hyperkalemia secondary to ACEI-drug interactions by multi-logistic regression were: advanced age (adjusted OR 2.3, CI 1.07-5.01); renal disease (adjusted OR 4.7, CI 2.37-9.39); hepatic disease (adjusted OR 5.2, CI 1.08-25.03); taking 15-20 medications (adjusted OR 4.4, CI 2.08-9.19); and taking 21-26 medications (adjusted OR 9.0, CI 1.64-49.74).

    CONCLUSION: Cardiac patients receiving ACEIs concomitantly with potentially interacting drugs are at high risk of experiencing hyperkalemia. Old age, renal disease, hepatic disease, and receiving large number of medications are factors that may significantly increase their vulnerability towards this adverse outcome; thus, frequent monitoring is advocated.

    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  7. Ooi JS, Abdul Rahman MR, Shah SA, Dimon MZ
    Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, 2008 Dec;16(6):468-72.
    PMID: 18984756
    A prospective study was carried out to compare the outcomes of patients with preexisting non-dialysis-dependent renal dysfunction who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with or without cardiopulmonary bypass. Elective off-pump coronary artery bypass was performed in 29 patients with renal dysfunction. Their results were compared with those of a similar group of 35 patients who underwent the conventional on-pump coronary artery grafting. There was a significant deterioration in creatinine clearance in the on-pump group on days 1, 2, and 4 after surgery, while creatinine clearance in the off-pump group remained close to the baseline level. Both groups had improved to the preoperative creatinine clearance values on follow-up at 4 weeks. It was concluded that off-pump surgery provided better renal protection than the conventional on-pump technique in patients with preexisting non-dialysis-dependent renal dysfunction.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications*
  8. Sagliker Y, Acharya V, Golea O, Sabry A, Bali M, Eyupoglu K, et al.
    J Nephrol, 2008 Mar-Apr;21 Suppl 13:S134-8.
    PMID: 18446747
    It is known that secondary hyperparathyroidism (SH) and particularly skeletal changes is a severe condition in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Sagliker syndrome (SS) is a very prominent feature in CKD including uglifying human face appearances, short stature, extremely severe maxillary and mandibulary changes, soft tissues in the mouth, teeth-dental abnormalities, finger tip changes and severe psychological problems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications*
  9. Bajaj HN, Choong LT
    Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53 Suppl A:95-8.
    PMID: 10968189
    The presentation and management of psoas abscess was studied prospectively in 5 patients and retrospectively in 4. 3 patients had bilateral abscesses. All patients had back pain and a mass in loin or iliac fossa. 7 patients had no hip findings. One patient had a perinephric abscess and another had radiological features of tuberculosis of the spine. In the other seven no cause for the abscess could be identified. Ultrasonography demonstrated the abscess in all patients; CT scanning done in 5 patients was confirmatory. Drainage was done by an extraperitoneal route. Biopsy of the abscess wall in 2 patients demonstrated tuberculosis. They, the patient with TB spine and 3 others put empirically on anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy responded well. The perinephric abscess grew Pseudomonas sensitive to gentamycin, but she and two other patients died due to multiorgan failure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  10. Davies AM
    Isr. J. Med. Sci., 1971 Jun;7(6):751-821.
    PMID: 5560013
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  11. Tan JH, Tan HC, Loke SC, Arulanantham SA
    Nephrology (Carlton), 2017 Apr;22(4):308-315.
    PMID: 26952689 DOI: 10.1111/nep.12761
    AIM: Calcium infusion is used after parathyroid surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism to treat postoperative hypocalcaemia. We compared a new infusion regimen to one commonly used in Malaysia based on 2003 K/DOQI guidelines.

    METHODS: Retrospective data on serum calcium and infusion rates was collected from 2011-2015. The relationship between peak calcium efflux (PER) and time was determined using a scatterplot and linear regression. A comparison between regimens was made based on treatment efficacy (hypocalcaemia duration, total infusion amount and time) and calcium excursions (outside target range, peak and trough calcium) using bar charts and an unpaired t-test.

    RESULTS: Fifty-one and 34 patients on the original and new regimens respectively were included. Mean PER was lower (2.16 vs 2.56 mmol/h; P = 0.03) and occurred earlier (17.6 vs 23.2 h; P = 0.13) for the new regimen. Both scatterplot and regression showed a large correlation between PER and time (R-square 0.64, SE 1.53, P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications*
  12. Sahathevan S, Se CH, Ng S, Khor BH, Chinna K, Goh BL, et al.
    Clin Nutr ESPEN, 2018 06;25:68-77.
    PMID: 29779821 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.04.002
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Poor dietary intake is commonly associated with malnutrition in the dialysis population and oral nutritional supplementation is strategized to redress dietary inadequacy. Knowledge on clinical efficacy of whey protein supplementation (WPS) as an option to treat malnutrition in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients is limited.

    METHODS: This multicenter, parallel, open-label, randomized controlled trial investigated the clinical efficacy of WPS in 126 malnourished CAPD patients with serum albumin <40 g/L and body mass index (BMI) <24 kg/m2. Patients randomized to the intervention group (IG, n = 65) received protein powder (27.4 g) for 6 months plus dietary counseling (DC) while the control group (CG, n = 61) received DC only. Anthropometry, biochemistry, malnutrition-inflammation-score (MIS), dietary intake inclusive of dialysate calories, handgrip strength (HGS) and quality of life (QOL) were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed by effect size (Cohen's d) comparisons within and between groups.

    RESULTS: Seventy-four patients (n = 37 per group) completed the study. Significantly more IG patients (59.5%) achieved dietary protein intake (DPI) adequacy of 1.2 g/kg per ideal body weight (p  0.05). A higher DPI paralleled significant increases in serum urea (mean Δ: IG = +2.39 ± 4.36 mmol/L, p = 0.002, d = 0.57 vs CG = -0.39 ± 4.59 mmol/L, p > 0.05, d = 0.07) and normalized protein catabolic rate, nPCR (mean Δ: IG = +0.11 ± 0.14 g/kg/day, p  0.05, d = 0.09) for IG compared to CG patients. Although not significant, comparison for changes in post-dialysis weight (mean Δ: +0.64 ± 1.16 kg vs +0.02 ± 1.36 kg, p = 0.076, d = 0.58) and mid-arm circumference (mean Δ: +0.29 ± 0.93 cm vs -0.12 ± 0.71 cm, p = 0.079, d = 0.24) indicated trends favoring IG vs CG. Other parameters remained unaffected by treatment comparisons. CG patients had a significant decline in QOL physical component (mean Δ = -6.62 ± 16.63, p = 0.020, d = 0.47). Using changes in nPCR level as a marker of WPS intake within IG, 'positive responders' achieved significant improvement in weight, BMI, skinfold measures and serum urea (all p  0.05).

    CONCLUSION: A single macronutrient approach with WPS in malnourished CAPD patients was shown to achieve DPI adequacy and improvements in weight, BMI, skin fold measures, serum urea and nPCR level. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03367000).

    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
  13. Hassan Y, Aziz NA, Al-Jabi SW, Looi I, Zyoud SH
    J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 2010 Sep;15(3):274-81.
    PMID: 20624923 DOI: 10.1177/1074248410373751
    Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have shown promising results in decreasing the incidence and the severity of ischemic stroke in populations at risk and in improving ischemic stroke outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Kidney Diseases/complications
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