Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 390 in total

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  1. The size of lymphocytes in stained blood films
    Wadsworth GR
    Med J Malaya, 1951;5.
    In the staining of leucocytes successful use has be en made in this Department of the method described by Field (1941) in the demonstration of malarial parasites in thick films. The methylene blue solution is made up according to the formula of Hitch (quoted by Field). In the staining of these films the procedure of Field is modified so that the red cells are left intact and stained. The method as carried out is as follows. The two solutions of stain are mixed as required in the proportion of 6 drops of the methylene blue solution to 2 drops of the eosin solution and with the addition of 10 drops of buffered water at about pH 6.4. The mixture is then thoroughly shaken. The blood film is fixed with pure, acetone free, methyl alcohol for 10 seconds. The alcohol is then run off and the stain mixture applied to the slide with a pipette. Staining is continued for 10 minutes after which time the film is washed by waving about in a beaker of the buffered water at pH 6.4 for a few seconds. This method stains the leukocytes very clearly and is not subject to the several difficulties in using alcoholic solutions especially in the tropics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Lymphocytes
  2. Antigen-Specific Stimulation and Expansion of CAR-T Cells Using Membrane Vesicles as Target Cell Surrogates
    Ukrainskaya V, Rubtsov Y, Pershin D, Podoplelova N, Terekhov S, Yaroshevich I, et al.
    Small, 2021 11;17(45):e2102643.
    PMID: 34605165 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102643
    Development of CAR-T therapy led to immediate success in the treatment of B cell leukemia. Manufacturing of therapy-competent functional CAR-T cells needs robust protocols for ex vivo/in vitro expansion of modified T-cells. This step is challenging, especially if non-viral low-efficiency delivery protocols are used to generate CAR-T cells. Modern protocols for CAR-T cell expansion are imperfect since non-specific stimulation results in rapid outgrowth of CAR-negative T cells, and removal of feeder cells from mixed cultures necessitates additional purification steps. To develop a specific and improved protocol for CAR-T cell expansion, cell-derived membrane vesicles are taken advantage of, and the simple structural demands of the CAR-antigen interaction. This novel approach is to make antigenic microcytospheres from common cell lines stably expressing surface-bound CAR antigens, and then use them for stimulation and expansion of CAR-T cells. The data presented in this article clearly demonstrate that this protocol produced antigen-specific vesicles with the capacity to induce stronger stimulation, proliferation, and functional activity of CAR-T cells than is possible with existing protocols. It is predicted that this new methodology will significantly advance the ability to obtain improved populations of functional CAR-T cells for therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: T-Lymphocytes*
  3. B-cell development: one problem, multiple solutions
    Alitheen NB, McClure S, McCullagh P
    Immunol Cell Biol, 2010 01 19;88(4):445-50.
    PMID: 20084079 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.119
    Interspecies variations in the processes of B-cell development and repertoire generation contrast with the greater consistency of T-cell development. B-cell development in mice and humans, with postnatal B-cell generation of new repertoire in the bone marrow throughout life, is regarded as the 'standard' pattern. In contrast, accounts of B cells in birds, sheep, cattle, rabbits and pigs (the 'other' species) describe cessation of gene diversification in the perinatal period, with the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) functioning as the primary lymphoid organ thereafter. It has become customary to regard the developmental pathways of T and B cells within any individual species as being as dissimilar as the functions of the two mature cell types. Reinterpretation of B-cell development patterns in different species is overdue in response to two types of reports. The first of these describe T-B 'crossover', specifically the intrathymic production of B cells and the extrathymic production of T cells. The second attests to the extent of sharing of B-cell developmental features across the two groups of species. We propose that, as is a feature of other haematopoietic cells, a menu of alternative B- and T-cell pathways has been retained and shared across species. A single pathway usually predominates in any species, masking alternatives. The observed predominance of any pathway is determined by factors such as placental permeability, extent of maturation of the immune system by birth and the feasibility of direct experimental intervention in development.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/cytology*; B-Lymphocytes/immunology; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
  4. Human T- and B-lymphocyte populations in blood: local population studies
    Pang T, Parasakthi N, Yap SF
    Med J Malaysia, 1979 Mar;33(3):243-6.
    PMID: 316496
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes*; T-Lymphocytes*
  5. Lectin extracts of champedak seeds demonstrate selective stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation
    Hashim OH, Gendeh GS, Jaafar MI
    Biochem. Int., 1992 Jun;27(1):139-43.
    PMID: 1627170
    The effect of extracts of champedak (Artocarpus integer) seed lectin on the proliferation of normal human lymphocyte was investigated. The IgA1 binding lectin was demonstrated to stimulate the proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Action of the lectin on enriched T and B cell populations demonstrated T lymphocyte specificity. The lectin was not mitogenic to B lymphocytes. Optimal stimulation of proliferative response was achieved when cells were subjected to 5 days exposure to the crude lectin at 20 micrograms/ml.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/drug effects; B-Lymphocytes/immunology; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects; T-Lymphocytes/immunology*
  6. Fulltext Long non-coding RNA expression in primary human monocytes
    Mirsafian H, Manda SS, Mitchell CJ, Sreenivasamurthy S, Ripen AM, Mohamad SB, et al.
    Genomics, 2016 07;108(1):37-45.
    PMID: 26778813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.01.002
    Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to possess a wide range of functions in both cellular and developmental processes including cancers. Although some of the lncRNAs have been implicated in the regulation of the immune response, the exact function of the large majority of lncRNAs still remains unknown. In this study, we characterized the lncRNAs in human primary monocytes, an essential component of the innate immune system. We performed RNA sequencing of monocytes from four individuals and combined our data with eleven other publicly available datasets. Our analysis led to identification of ~8000 lncRNAs of which >1000 have not been previously reported in monocytes. PCR-based validation of a subset of the identified novel long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) revealed distinct expression patterns. Our study provides a landscape of lncRNAs in monocytes, which could facilitate future experimental studies to characterize the functions of these molecules in the innate immune system.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/metabolism; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
  7. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a promising anticancer therapy
    Singh S, Hassan D, Aldawsari HM, Molugulu N, Shukla R, Kesharwani P
    Drug Discov Today, 2020 01;25(1):223-229.
    PMID: 31738877 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.11.003
    Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are revolutionizing the treatment of many cancers and have demonstrated their potential as 'cancer terminators'. However, ICI treatment also has constraints, such as its immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and therapeutic resistance. These drawbacks are gradually being overcome through better knowledge of the immune system, history of disease, duration of treatment, combinational drug regimes, adequate biomarkers, and effective patient response monitoring. In this review, we discuss the present ICI therapy landscape and its therapeutic outcomes for various diseases. We also highlight biomarkers related to the ICI response.
    Matched MeSH terms: T-Lymphocytes/drug effects; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
  8. Fulltext T-Cell Exhaustion in Chronic Infections: Reversing the State of Exhaustion and Reinvigorating Optimal Protective Immune Responses
    Saeidi A, Zandi K, Cheok YY, Saeidi H, Wong WF, Lee CYQ, et al.
    Front Immunol, 2018;9:2569.
    PMID: 30473697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02569
    T-cell exhaustion is a phenomenon of dysfunction or physical elimination of antigen-specific T cells reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections as well as cancer. Exhaustion appears to be often restricted to CD8+ T cells responses in the literature, although CD4+ T cells have also been reported to be functionally exhausted in certain chronic infections. Although our understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the transcriptional regulation of T-cell exhaustion is advancing, it is imperative to also explore the central mechanisms that control the altered expression patterns. Targeting metabolic dysfunctions with mitochondrion-targeted antioxidants are also expected to improve the antiviral functions of exhausted virus-specific CD8+ T cells. In addition, it is crucial to consider the contributions of mitochondrial biogenesis on T-cell exhaustion and how mitochondrial metabolism of T cells could be targeted whilst treating chronic viral infections. Here, we review the current understanding of cardinal features of T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections, and have attempted to focus on recent discoveries, potential strategies to reverse exhaustion and reinvigorate optimal protective immune responses in the host.
    Matched MeSH terms: CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology*; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
  9. The Extended Polydimensional Immunome Characterization (EPIC) web-based reference and discovery tool for cytometry data
    Yeo JG, Wasser M, Kumar P, Pan L, Poh SL, Ally F, et al.
    Nat Biotechnol, 2020 06;38(6):679-684.
    PMID: 32440006 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0532-1
    Matched MeSH terms: T-Lymphocytes/cytology; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
  10. Carica papaya increases regulatory T cells and reduces IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells in healthy human subjects
    Abdullah M, Chai PS, Loh CY, Chong MY, Quay HW, Vidyadaran S, et al.
    Mol Nutr Food Res, 2011 May;55(5):803-6.
    PMID: 21520494 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100087
    Fruit and vegetables have therapeutic potential as they dampen inflammation, have no known side-effects and as whole foods have prospective additive and synergistic benefits. Th1 (IFN-γ(+) CD4(+))/Th2 (IL-4(+)CD4(+)) T cells play a vital role in mediating inflammatory responses and may be regulated by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Effects of Carica papaya on cells of healthy individuals were determined using flow cytometry methods. Significant down-regulation of IFN-γ(+) CD4(+) (p=0.03, n=13), up-regulation of IL-4(+) CD4(+) (p=0.04, n=13) T cells and up-regulation of CD3(+) CD4(+) CD25(+) CD127(-) (p=0.001, n=15) Tregs were observed after papaya consumption. In vitro cultures showed up-regulation of Tregs in male subjects and was significantly associated with levels of IL-1β in culture supernatants (R(2) =0.608, p=0.04, n=12). Other inflammatory cytokines were significantly suppressed. Papaya consumption may exert an anti-inflammatory response mediated through Tregs and have potential in alleviating inflammatory conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects*; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects*; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
  11. Inhaled endotoxin in healthy human subjects: a dose-related study on systemic effects and peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
    Loh LC, Vyas B, Kanabar V, Kemeny DM, O'Connor BJ
    Respir Med, 2006 Mar;100(3):519-28.
    PMID: 16039108
    Inhaled endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. We investigated the inhalation effects of two different doses of LPS in healthy human subjects.
    Matched MeSH terms: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects*; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects*; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
  12. Lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, antigen-driven after all?
    Poppema S
    J Pathol, 2021 01;253(1):1-10.
    PMID: 33044742 DOI: 10.1002/path.5567
    Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) was suggested as an entity separate from other types of Hodgkin lymphoma 40 years ago and recognized in the WHO classification in 2001. Based on its relatively benign course with late distant relapses, relation with lymph node hyperplasia with progressively transformed germinal centers, presence of clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangements with somatic hypermutations and ongoing mutations, and relation with a number of inherited defects affecting the immune system, it has been suspected that NLPHL might be antigen-driven. Recent evidence has shown that cases of IgD-positive NLPHL are associated with infection by Moraxella catarrhalis, a common bacterium in the upper respiratory tract and in lymph nodes. This review summarizes the evidence for NLPHL as a B-cell lymphoma involving follicular T-lymphocytes normally found in germinal centers, its molecular features and relation to inherited immune defects, and its relation and differential diagnosis from similar entities. Finally, it discusses the evidence that in many cases a watch and wait policy might be a viable initial management strategy. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/immunology*; B-Lymphocytes/microbiology; T-Lymphocytes/immunology*; T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
  13. Effect of the mannose-binding Artocarpus integer lectin on the cellular proliferation of murine lymphocytes
    Lim SB, Kanthimathi MS, Hashim OH
    Immunol Invest, 1998 Dec;27(6):395-404.
    PMID: 9845424
    The effect of the mannose-binding champedak (Artocarpus integer) lectin-M on the cellular proliferation of murine lymphocytes was investigated in this study. Our data demonstrated that the lectin was the main mitogenic component in the crude extract of the champedak seeds. It stimulated the proliferation of murine T cells at an optimal concentration of 2.5 microg/ml in a 3 day culture. Lectin-M appeared to be a T-cell mitogen as it does not induce significant DNA synthesis when cultured with spleen cells from the nude mouse. In the absence of T cells, the lectin was incapable of inducing resting B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/drug effects; B-Lymphocytes/immunology; T-Lymphocytes/drug effects*; T-Lymphocytes/immunology*
  14. Evaluating in-house anti-serum against B cells with flow cytometry
    Chin SF, Cheong SK, Lim YC, Mok KL, Hamidah HN
    Malays J Pathol, 1993 Dec;15(2):125-30.
    PMID: 8065173
    The applications of antibodies, be it monoclonal or polyclonal, in the diagnostic and research fields are well established. The disadvantage is the high cost of commercially available antibodies. In a diagnostic establishment like ours which also functions as a training ground for laboratory related personnel, it is beneficial to be able to produce in-house reagents. Therefore, we have undertaken this project to produce a rabbit polyclonal antibody against B lymphocytes. We found that the rabbit was a good choice because the titre of antibody produced was high and positive reactions were still detected at a dilution of 1:38400. The antibody showed significant positive reaction only with the lymphocyte subpopulation. A positive reaction was observed between the immunized rabbit serum and B lymphocytes but not T lymphocytes. This shows that the antibody was B lymphocyte specific. There was a positive correlation between the percentage of B lymphocytes labelled using the commercial anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody and the in-house polyclonal antibody (n = 13, r = 0.7, p = 0.02). However, the percentage of cells labelled by the in-house polyclonal anti-B was lower than that by the commercial monoclonal anti-CD19. The fluorescence intensity of the polyclonal antibody was lower than that of the monoclonal. In general, the performance of the in-house polyclonal antibody can be considered as satisfactory. The rabbit serum was stored at -20 degrees C and no significant loss of activity was detected for over a period of 19 months.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/immunology*
  15. Fulltext Increase in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes with regulatory T cell immunophenotypes and reduced zeta-chain expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
    Yip WK, Abdullah MA, Yusoff SM, Seow HF
    Clin Exp Immunol, 2009 Mar;155(3):412-22.
    PMID: 19220831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03793.x
    The pathological significance of the mechanisms of tumour immune-evasion and/or immunosuppression, such as loss of T cell signalling and increase in regulatory T cells (T(regs)), has not been well established in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) microenvironment. To evaluate the T(reg) immunophenotypes in tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), we performed a double-enzymatic immunostaining for detection of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) and other markers including CD4, CD8, and CD25 on 64 NPC and 36 non-malignant nasopharyngeal (NP) paraffin-embedded tissues. Expression of CD3 zeta and CD3 epsilon was also determined. The prevalence of CD4(+)FoxP3(+) cells in CD4(+) T cells and the ratio of FoxP3(+)/CD8(+) were increased significantly in NPC compared with those in NP tissues (P < 0.001 and P = 0.025 respectively). Moreover, the ratio of FoxP3(+)/CD25(+)FoxP3(-) in NPC was significantly lower than that in NP tissues (P = 0.005), suggesting an imbalance favouring activated phenotype of T cells in NPC. A significant negative correlation between the abundance of FoxP3(+) and CD25(+)FoxP3(-) cells (P < 0.001) was also identified. When histological types of NPC were considered, a lower ratio of FoxP3(+)/CD25(+)FoxP3(-) was found in non-keratinizing and undifferentiated carcinomas. Increased CD4(+)FoxP3(+)/CD4(+) proportion and FoxP3(+)/CD8(+) ratio were associated with keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma. A reduced expression of CD3 zeta in TILs was found in 20.6% of the NPC tissues but none of the NP tissues. These data provide evidence for the imbalances of T(reg) and effector T cell phenotypes and down-regulation of signal-transducing molecules in TILs, supporting their role in suppression of immune response and immune evasion of NPC.
    Matched MeSH terms: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology*; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology*
  16. Fulltext Phenotypic, transcriptomic and functional profiling reveal reduced activation thresholds of CD8+ T cells in giant cell arteritis
    Reitsema RD, van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Jiemy WF, Graver JC, Abdulahad WH, et al.
    Rheumatology (Oxford), 2022 Dec 23;62(1):417-427.
    PMID: 35460236 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac250
    OBJECTIVES: Evidence from temporal artery tissue and blood suggests involvement of CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of GCA, but their exact role is poorly understood. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive analysis of circulating and lesional CD8+ T cells in GCA patients.

    METHODS: Circulating CD8+ T cells were analysed for differentiation status (CD45RO, CCR7), markers of activation (CD69 and CD25) and proliferation (Ki-67) in 14 newly diagnosed GCA patients and 18 healthy controls by flow cytometry. Proliferative capacity of CD8+ T cells upon anti-CD3 and anti-CD3/28 in vitro stimulation was assessed. Single-cell RNA sequencing of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients and controls (n = 3 each) was performed for mechanistic insight. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect CD3, CD8, Ki-67, TNF-α and IFN-γ in GCA-affected tissues.

    RESULTS: GCA patients had decreased numbers of circulating effector memory CD8+ T cells but the percentage of Ki-67-expressing effector memory CD8+ T cells was increased. Circulating CD8+ T cells from GCA patients demonstrated reduced T cell receptor activation thresholds and displayed a gene expression profile that is concurrent with increased proliferation. CD8+ T cells were detected in GCA temporal arteries and aorta. These vascular CD8+ T cells expressed IFN-γ but not Ki-67.

    CONCLUSION: In GCA, circulating effector memory CD8+ T cells demonstrate a proliferation-prone phenotype. The presence of CD8+ T cells in inflamed arteries seems to reflect recruitment of circulating cells rather than local expansion. CD8+ T cells in inflamed tissues produce IFN-γ, which is an important mediator of local inflammatory responses in GCA.

    Matched MeSH terms: CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
  17. Significantly increased activated T cells are associated with declining CD4 cells in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients
    Dhaliwal JS, Balasubramaniam T, Quek CK, Arumainnathan S, Nasuruddin BA
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1995 Nov;24(6):785-8.
    PMID: 8838981
    A cross-sectional study on the expression of 6 lymphocyte markers was carried out on 481 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 79 normals after stratification based on absolute CD4 counts. The data were stratified according to the following groups: (I) 1201 to 1600, (II) 801 to 1200, (III) 401 to 800 and (IV) 0 to 400 (x 10(6) CD4 cells per mm3). The mean percentages of the subsets before stratification showed that HIV patients had increased percentages of CD3+ (75.7 against 66.9), CD3+CD8+ (52.2 against 32.3) and CD3+HLA-DR+ (36.1 against 14.4) cells and lower percentages of CD19 (10.3 against 13.3) and natural killer cells (13.7 against 20.4) when compared to controls in the same group. A definite trend, however, was only seen in CD3+CD8+ (47.4, 50.0, 54.0, 57.5 for groups I, II, III and IV respectively) and CD3+HLA-DR+ (29.1, 32.9, 38.4, 43.9 for groups I, II, III and IV respectively).
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/pathology; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology; T-Lymphocytes/immunology*; T-Lymphocytes/pathology; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology*; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
  18. Use of prednisolone to aid propagation of Toxoplasma gondii in mice
    Puvanesuaran VR, Nowroji K, Sreenivasan S, Noordin R, Balakrishnan V
    Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2012 Aug;16(8):1028-32.
    PMID: 22913152
    AIM: To determine the usefulness of prednisolone in increasing the number of Toxoplasma (T.) gondii tachyzoites and bradyzoites in mice.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mice were water-fasted prior to being immunosuppressed with oral inoculation of prednisolone. Tachyzoites of 7T gondii RH strain were inoculated into mice and the number of the parasites in the intraperitoneal fluids was then determined at 96 hs post-infection. In addition, tachyzoites of T. gondii ME49 strains were orally introduced into mice and the number of brain cysts formed was observed by microscopic observation at 45 days post-infection.
    RESULTS: T. gondii propagation was found to be significantly improved by introduction of the prednisolone (p = 0.0004); and the number of parasite showed positive correlation with the increment in dosage of prednisolone (r = 0.9051).
    CONCLUSIONS: The use of prednisolone greatly improved the number of parasite formed in mice: both tachyzoite and cyst forms.
    Matched MeSH terms: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
  19. Fulltext Depletion of regulatory T-cells leads to moderate B-cell antigenicity in respiratory syncytial virus infection
    Shao HY, Huang JY, Lin YW, Yu SL, Chitra E, Chang CK, et al.
    Int J Infect Dis, 2015 Dec;41:56-64.
    PMID: 26555647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.10.026
    The regulation of the immunopathology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by regulatory T-cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+); Tregs) is not understood.
    Matched MeSH terms: T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory
  20. Fulltext Biomarkers of severe dengue disease - a review
    John DV, Lin YS, Perng GC
    J Biomed Sci, 2015;22:83.
    PMID: 26462910 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0191-6
    Dengue virus infection presents a wide spectrum of manifestations including asymptomatic condition, dengue fever (DF), or severe forms, such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) in affected individuals. The early prediction of severe dengue in patients without any warning signs who may later develop severe DHF is very important to choose appropriate intensive supportive therapy since available vaccines for immunization are yet to be approved. Severe dengue responses include T and B cell activation and apoptosis, cytokine storm, hematologic disorders and complement activation. Cytokines, complement and other unidentified factors may transiently act on the endothelium and alter normal fluid barrier function of the endothelial cells and cause plasma leakage. In this review, the host factors such as activated immune and endothelial cells and their products which can be utilized as biomarkers for severe dengue disease are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: B-Lymphocytes/metabolism*; T-Lymphocytes/metabolism*
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