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Enzymatic production of a solvent-free menthyl butyrate via response surface methodology catalyzed by a novel thermostable lipase from Geobacillus zalihae

Wahab RA, Basri M, Rahman RN, Salleh AB, Rahman MB, Chaibakhsh N, et al.

Biotechnology, biotechnological equipment, 2014 Nov 02;28(6):1065-1072.
PMID: 26740782

Most substrate for esterification has the inherent problem of low miscibility which requires addition of solvents into the reaction media. In this contribution, we would like to present an alternative and feasible option for an efficient solvent-free synthesis of menthyl butyrate using a novel thermostable crude T1 lipase. We investigated the effects of incubation time, temperature, enzyme loading and substrate molar ratio and determined the optimum conditions. The high conversion of menthyl butyrate catalyzed by crude T1 lipase in a solvent-free system is greatly affected by temperature and time of the reaction media. The highest yield of menthyl butyrate was 99.3% under optimized conditions of 60 °C, incubation time of 13.15 h, 2.53 mg, 0.43% (w/w) enzyme to substrate ratio and at molar ratio of butyric anhydride/menthol 2.7:1. Hence, the investigation revealed that the thermostable crude T1 lipase successfully catalyzed the high-yield production of menthyl butyrate in a solvent-free system. The finding suggests that the crude T1 lipase was a promising alternative to overcome shortcomings associated with solvent-assisted enzymatic reactions.

Matched MeSH terms: Menthol
Evaluation of convolutional neural network for non-destructive detection of imidacloprid and acetamiprid residues in chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) based on visible near-infrared spectroscopy

Ong P, Yeh CW, Tsai IL, Lee WJ, Wang YJ, Chuang YK

Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2023 Dec 15;303:123214.
PMID: 37531681 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123214

Consumption of agricultural products with pesticide residue is risky and can negatively affect health. This study proposed a nondestructive method of detecting pesticide residues in chili pepper based on the combination of visible and near-infrared (VIS/NIR) spectroscopy (400-2498 nm) and deep learning modeling. The obtained spectra of chili peppers with two types of pesticide residues (acetamiprid and imidacloprid) were analyzed using a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN). Compared with the commonly used partial least squares regression model, the 1D-CNN approach yielded higher prediction accuracy, with a root mean square error of calibration of 0.23 and 0.28 mg/kg and a root mean square error of prediction of 0.55 and 0.49 mg/kg for the acetamiprid and imidacloprid data sets, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of the 1D-CNN model and VIS/NIR spectroscopy is a promising nondestructive method of identifying pesticide residues in chili pepper.

Matched MeSH terms: Menthol
Fulltext Malaysian and Thai smokers' beliefs about the harmfulness of 'light' and menthol cigarettes

King B, Yong HH, Borland R, Omar M, Ahmad AA, Sirirassamee B, et al.

Tob Control, 2010 Dec;19(6):444-50.
PMID: 20852322 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2009.034256

This study explored the extent to which Malaysian and Thai smokers believe "light" and menthol cigarettes are less harmful than "regular" cigarettes and the correlates of these beliefs.

Matched MeSH terms: Menthol*
Fulltext A phase 3, randomised, placebo-controlled study of erenumab for the prevention of chronic migraine in patients from Asia: the DRAGON study

Yu S, Kim BK, Wang H, Zhou J, Wan Q, Yu T, et al.

J Headache Pain, 2022 Nov 21;23(1):146.
PMID: 36404301 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-022-01514-9

ABSTACT: BACKGROUND: DRAGON was a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study which evaluated the efficacy and safety of erenumab in patients with chronic migraine (CM) from Asia not adequately represented in the global pivotal CM study.
METHODS: DRAGON study was conducted across 9 Asian countries or regions including mainland China, India, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Patients (N = 557) with CM (aged 18-65 years) were randomised (1:1) to receive once-monthly subcutaneous erenumab 70 mg or matching placebo for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in monthly migraine days (MMD) from baseline to the last 4 weeks of the 12-week double-blind treatment phase (DBTP). Secondary endpoints included achievement of ≥ 50% reduction in MMD, change in monthly acute headache medication days, modified migraine disability assessment (mMIDAS), and safety. Study was powered for the primary endpoint of change from baseline in MMD.
RESULTS: At baseline, the mean (SD) age was 41.7 (± 10.9) years, and 81.5% (n = 454) patients were women. The mean migraine duration was 18.0 (± 11.6) years, and the mean MMD was 19.2 (± 5.4). 97.8% (n = 545) randomised patients completed the DBTP. Overall, demographics and baseline characteristics were balanced between the erenumab and placebo groups except for a slightly higher proportion of women in the placebo group. At Week 12, the adjusted mean change from baseline in MMD was - 8.2 days for erenumab and - 6.6 days for placebo, with a statistically significant difference for erenumab versus placebo (adjusted mean difference vs placebo: - 1.57 [95%CI: - 2.83, - 0.30]; P = 0.015). A greater proportion of patients treated with erenumab achieved ≥ 50% reduction in MMD versus placebo (47.0% vs 36.7%, P = 0.014). At Week 12, greater reductions in monthly acute headache medication days (- 5.34 vs - 4.66) and mMIDAS scores (- 14.67 vs - 12.93) were observed in patients treated with erenumab versus placebo. Safety and tolerability profile of erenumab was comparable to placebo, except the incidence of constipation (8.6% for erenumab vs 3.2% for placebo).
CONCLUSION: DRAGON study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of erenumab 70 mg in patients with CM from Asia. No new safety signals were observed during the DBTP compared with the previous trials.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03867201.

Matched MeSH terms: Menthol/therapeutic use
Carbopol 934, 940 and Ultrez 10 as viscosity modifiers of palm olein esters based nano-scaled emulsion containing ibuprofen

Abdullah GZ, Abdulkarim MF, Mallikarjun C, Mahdi ES, Basri M, Sattar MA, et al.

Pak J Pharm Sci, 2013 Jan;26(1):75-83.
PMID: 23261730

Micro-emulsions and sometimes nano-emulsions are well known candidates to deliver drugs locally. However, the poor rheological properties are marginally affecting their acceptance pharmaceutically. This work aimed to modify the poor flow properties of a nano-scaled emulsion comprising palm olein esters as the oil phase and ibuprofen as the active ingredient for topical delivery. Three Carbopol ® resins: 934, 940 and Ultrez 10, were utilized in various concentrations to achieve these goals. Moreover, phosphate buffer and triethanolamine solutions pH 7.4 were used as neutralizing agents to assess their effects on the gel-forming and swelling properties of Carbopol ® 940. The addition of these polymers caused the produced nano-scaled emulsion to show a dramatic droplets enlargement of the dispersed globules, increased intrinsic viscosity, consistent zeta potential and transparent-to-opaque change in appearance. These changes were relatively influenced by the type and the concentration of the resin used. Carbopol ® 940 and triethanolamine appeared to be superior in achieving the proposed tasks compared to other materials. The higher the pH of triethanolamine solution, the stronger the flow-modifying properties of Carbopol ® 940. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a well-arranged gel network of Carbopol ® 940, which was the major cause for all realized changes. Later in vitro permeation studies showed a significant decrease in the drug penetration, thus further modification using 10% w/w menthol or limonene as permeation promoters was performed. This resulted in in vitro and in vivo pharmacodynamics properties that are comparably higher than the reference chosen for this study.

Matched MeSH terms: Menthol/pharmacology; Menthol/chemistry
Fulltext What G6PD-deficient individuals should really avoid

Lee SW, Chaiyakunapruk N, Lai NM

Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2017 01;83(1):211-212.
PMID: 27650490 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13091
Matched MeSH terms: Menthol/adverse effects
Fulltext Factors affecting smoking Menthol brand cigarette among the adult population in Sarawak, Malaysia

Md Mizanur Rahman, Mohd Taha Arif, Mohd Fadzillah Abd Razak, Mohd Raili bin Suhaili, Zainab Tambi, Akoi, Cliffton, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2015;15(1):0-0.
MyJurnal

Menthol brand cigarette has been found to be linked with early initiation of smoking and addiction of nicotine. This study was designed to find out the factors associated with smoking menthol brand cigarettes among adult population in Sarawak. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among the adult population in Sarawak. Data were collected from ten villages in Kota Samarahan and Kuching Division by face to face interview using modified Global Adult Tobacco Survey questionnaire. Non-probability purposive sampling method was adopted to select the villages. All the households of the villages were visited, and an adult member was selected randomly from each household irrespective of sex. After missing value imputation, 1000 data sets were analysed using statistical software SPSS 19.0 version. Analysis showed that 28.8% of the respondents were current smokers, and 7.8% were past smokers. Among the smokers, 56.3% were habituated with menthol brand cigarette. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age at initiation of smoking before 15 years of age (OR=11. 68, 95% CI: 4.25, 32.10), smoking within five minutes of wake up from sleep (OR=3. 20, 95% CI: 1.35, 7.54), nature of job as business (OR=4. 81, 95% CI: 2.13, 10.86) and service holders (OR= 3.85, 95% CI: 2.07, 7.16) and family size 5 and above (OR=2. 22, 95% CI: 1.25, 3.94) appeared to be important determinants of smoking any menthol brand cigarette (p< 0.05). Menthol is a prominent design feature to attract and retain younger smokers. It does not necessarily make the transition from experimenting with cigarettes, but to encourage early smokers to become a confirmed smoker. So, anti-tobacco public health programme should focus on age-specific community approach.

Matched MeSH terms: Menthol