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  1. Lalitha V, Eswaran C
    J Med Syst, 2007 Dec;31(6):445-52.
    PMID: 18041276
    Monitoring the depth of anesthesia (DOA) during surgery is very important in order to avoid patients' interoperative awareness. Since the traditional methods of assessing DOA which involve monitoring the heart rate, pupil size, sweating etc, may vary from patient to patient depending on the type of surgery and the type of drug administered, modern methods based on electroencephalogram (EEG) are preferred. EEG being a nonlinear signal, it is appropriate to use nonlinear chaotic parameters to identify the anesthetic depth levels. This paper discusses an automated detection method of anesthetic depth levels based on EEG recordings using non-linear chaotic features and neural network classifiers. Three nonlinear parameters, namely, correlation dimension (CD), Lyapunov exponent (LE) and Hurst exponent (HE) are used as features and two neural network models, namely, multi-layer perceptron network (feed forward model) and Elman network (feedback model) are used for classification. The neural network models are trained and tested with single and multiple features derived from chaotic parameters and the performances are evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy. It is found from the experimental results that the Lyapunov exponent feature with Elman network yields an overall accuracy of 99% in detecting the anesthetic depth levels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative/methods*
  2. Lim SK, Loh SP
    Med J Malaysia, 1997 Mar;52(1):64-9.
    PMID: 10968055
    Blood glucose concentration was measured in 100 children immediately before and during surgery. These children were randomly assigned to receive either lactated Ringer's (LR) solution or 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's (5%D/LR) intraoperatively as maintenance and replacement fluids. Blood samples were taken immediately after induction of anaesthesia and at 1/2, 1, 1.5, 2 and subsequent hours. Blood glucose concentration was assayed by a reflectance meter. None of the patients was noted to be hypoglycaemic pre- and intraoperatively. Intraoperative blood glucose concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05) from preoperative levels for both groups of children but the increase in those that received 5%D/LR was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those who received LR. The number of children who were hyperglycaemic during surgery was also greater in those who received 5% dextrose in lactated Ringer's as their intraoperative fluid. These data suggest that lactated Ringer's alone is a safe and appropriate fluid for intraoperative fluid therapy in children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative*
  3. Lim TA, Wong WH, Lim KY
    J Anesth, 2006;20(2):153-5.
    PMID: 16633780
    The effect-compartment concentration (C(e)) of a drug at a specific pharmacodynamic endpoint should be independent of the rate of drug injection. We used this assumption to derive an effect-compartment equilibrium rate constant (k(eo)) for propofol during induction of anesthesia, using a target controlled infusion device (Diprifusor). Eighteen unpremedicated patients were induced with a target blood propofol concentration of 5 microg x ml(-1) (group 1), while another 18 were induced with a target concentration of 6 microg x ml(-1) (group 2). The time at loss of the eyelash reflex was recorded. Computer simulation was used to derive the rate constant (k(eo)) that resulted in the mean C(e) at loss of the eyelash reflex in group 1 being equal to that in group 2. Using this population technique, we found the k(eo) to be 0.57 min(-1). The mean (SD) effect compartment concentration at loss of the eyelash reflex was 2.39 (0.70) microg x ml(-1). This means that to achieve a desired C(e) within 3 min of induction, the initial target blood concentration should be set at 1.67 times that of the desired C(e) for 1 min, after which it should revert to the desired concentration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  4. Kumar CM, Van Zundert AAJ
    Can J Anaesth, 2018 05;65(5):578-585.
    PMID: 29368315 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-018-1074-6
    The Valsalva maneuver (VM) involves expiratory effort against a closed mouth and/or glottis in the sitting or supine position with the increased intraoral and intrathoracic pressure raised to 40 mmHg for 15-20 sec after which the pressure is suddenly released and the breathing restored to normal. Complex cardiovascular and other physiologic changes occur during the VM. The VM has been used for diagnostic and therapeutic reasons as well as intraoperatively during specific surgical procedures. Although the VM is usually safe, rare complications have been reported. This review examines the published literature surrounding the VM and explores the physiologic changes that occur during its performance. Attempts have been made to understand its intraoperative uses and complications and how these can be prevented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  5. Hwang CF, Chen Y, Lin HC, Narayanan P, Oh SH, Truy E
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:683967.
    PMID: 26240825 DOI: 10.1155/2015/683967
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative/trends*
  6. Koh W, Chakravarthy M, Simon E, Rasiah R, Charuluxananan S, Kim TY, et al.
    BMC Anesthesiol, 2021 08 16;21(1):205.
    PMID: 34399681 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-021-01414-6
    BACKGROUND: Anesthesia leads to impairments in central and peripheral thermoregulatory responses. Inadvertent perioperative hypothermia is hence a common perioperative complication, and is associated with coagulopathy, increased surgical site infection, delayed drug metabolism, prolonged recovery, and shivering. However, surveys across the world have shown poor compliance to perioperative temperature management guidelines. Therefore, we evaluated the prevalent practices and attitudes to perioperative temperature management in the Asia-Pacific region, and determined the individual and institutional factors that lead to noncompliance.

    METHODS: A 40-question anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to anesthesiologists and anesthesia trainees in six countries in the Asia-Pacific (Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, India and South Korea). Participants were polled about their current practices in patient warming and temperature measurement across the preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative periods. Questions were also asked regarding various individual and environmental barriers to compliance.

    RESULTS: In total, 1154 valid survey responses were obtained and analyzed. 279 (24.2%) of respondents prewarm, 508 (44.0%) perform intraoperative active warming, and 486 (42.1%) perform postoperative active warming in the majority of patients. Additionally, 531 (46.0%) measure temperature preoperatively, 767 (67.5%) measure temperature intraoperatively during general anesthesia, and 953 (82.6%) measure temperature postoperatively in the majority of patients. The availability of active warming devices in the operating room (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative*
  7. Choy YC
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61(5):577-85.
    PMID: 17623959
    Critical incident monitoring in anaesthesia is an important tool for quality improvement and maintenance of high safety standards in anaesthetic services. It is now widely accepted as a useful quality improvement technique for reducing morbidity and mortality in anaesthesia and has become part of the many quality assurance programmes of many general hospitals under the Ministry of Health. Despite wide-spread reservations about its value, critical incident monitoring is a classical qualitative research technique which is particularly useful where problems are complex, contextual and influenced by the interaction of physical, psychological and social factors. Thus, it is well suited to be used in probing the complex factors behind human error and system failure. Human error has significant contributions to morbidities and mortalities in anaesthesia. Understanding the relationships between, errors, incidents and accidents is important for prevention and risk management to reduce harm to patients. Cardiac arrests in the operating theatre (OT) and prolonged stay in recovery, constituted the bulk of reported incidents. Cardiac arrests in OT resulted in significant mortality and involved mostly de-compensated patients and those with unstable cardiovascular functions, presenting for emergency operations. Prolonged-stay in the recovery extended period of observation for ill patients. Prolonged stay in recovery was justifiable in some cases, as these patients needed a longer period of post-operative observation until they were stable enough to return to the ward. The advantages of the relatively low cost, and the ability to provide a comprehensive body of detailed qualitative information, which can be used to develop strategies to prevent and manage existing problems and to plan further initiatives for patient safety makes critical incident monitoring a valuable tool in ensuring patient safety. The contribution of critical incident reporting to the issue of patient safety is far from clear and very difficult to study. Efforts to do so have tended to rely on incident reporting, the only practical approach when funding is limited. The heterogeneity of critically ill patients as a group means that huge study populations would be required if other research techniques were to be used. In the era of evidence-based medicine, anaesthetists are looking for alternative evidence-based solutions to problems that we have accepted traditionally when we cannot quantify for good practical reasons. In the quest for patient safety, investment should be made in reliable audit, detection and reporting systems. The growing recognition that human error usually result from a failure of a system rather than an individual should be fostered to allow more lessons to be learnt, an approach that has been successful in other, safety-critical industries. New technology has a great deal to offer and investment is warranted in novel fail-safe drug administration systems. Last but not the least the importance of simple and sensible changes and better education should be remembered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative*
  8. Khaled AO, Irfan M, Baharudin A, Shahid H
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Jun;67(3):289-92.
    PMID: 23082419 MyJurnal
    To describe and determine the possibility of surgical trauma to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and to assess the role of intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative*
  9. Husaini J, Choy YC
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Dec;63(5):384-7.
    PMID: 19803296 MyJurnal
    This study to evaluate the relationship between end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (ETCO2) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) included 35 patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years, ASA grade 1 and 2, who had elective craniotomies. Measurements of PaCO2 and ETCO2 were taken simultaneously: 1) 10 minutes after induction of general anaesthesia, 2) after cranium opening prior to dural incision, 3) start of dural closure. There was significant correlation between ETCO2 and PaCO2 (correlation coefficient: 0.571, 0.559 and 0.629 respectively). The mean (SD) difference for PaCO2 and ETCO2 were: 3.84 (2.13), 4.85 (5.78) and 3.91 (2.33) mmHg respectively. Although there was agreement, the bias is of significant clinical importance. In conclusion, we find that ETCO2 consistently underestimated the value of PaCO2 during craniotomy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative/methods*
  10. Jung HJ, Kwon WK, Lee SJ, Mohamed N, Shin BM, Lee J, et al.
    BMC Anesthesiol, 2016 10 04;16(1):83.
    PMID: 27716083
    BACKGROUND: This study reports the efficacy of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for evaluation of high take-off coronary ostia and proximal coronary arterial flows as an alternative to preoperative coronary angiography.

    CASE PRESENTATION: In a 65-year old male undergoing the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) repair and the extensive remodeling of dilated sinus and tubular junction, and preoperative coronary angiography were unsuccessfully completed due to an allergic reaction to the contrast medium. Intraoperative TEE by employing various 3-dimensional volume images of coronary ostia and Doppler tracings of the coronary arterial flows enabled a thorough pre-procedural evaluation of the high take-off coronary arteries and post-procedural evaluation by confirming the absence of any compromise in coronary arterial flow.

    CONCLUSION: In the present case, intraoperative application of various TEE imaging modalities enabled comprehensive evaluation of high-taking off coronary artery, as an alternative to preoperative coronary angiography, in a patient undergoing an extensive aortic valve and aortic root repair procedure.

    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative/methods
  11. Lai LL, See MH, Rampal S, Ng KS, Chan L
    J Clin Monit Comput, 2019 Dec;33(6):1105-1112.
    PMID: 30915603 DOI: 10.1007/s10877-019-00259-2
    Thermal imbalances are very common during surgery. Hypothermia exposes the patient to post-operative shivering, cardiac dysfunction, coagulopathy, bleeding, wound infection, delayed anesthesia recovery, prolonged hospital stay and increased hospitalization cost. There are many factors contributing to intraoperative hypothermia. This is a prospective cohort study conducted through observation and measurement of pediatric surgical patients' temperature. Convenience sampling methods were used in this study. Initial skin temperature and core temperature at 10 min, 30 min,1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h and at the end of surgery were recorded. Body temperature was monitored from time of transfer to the operating table until recovery and discharge to the respective pediatric ward. The overall incidence of intraoperative hypothermia was still very high at about 46.6% even though active and passive temperature management were carried out during surgery. Patient's age, body weight, duration of surgery, type of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, type of anesthesia and operating room temperature were factors that contributed to intraoperative hypothermia. Hypothermia is common in surgery, especially in major and long duration surgery. Intraoperative hypothermia can be life threatening if it is not handled carefully. Various methods are used before, during and after surgery to maintain a patient's body temperature within the normothermia range. The use of an active warming device like the Bair Hugger® air-forced warming system seems to be a good method for reducing the risk of intraoperative hypothermia and effectively maintaining body temperature for all major and minor surgeries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative/methods
  12. Haron A, Hisham AN, Samad SA
    Med J Malaysia, 1994 Mar;49(1):86-9.
    PMID: 8057997
    A case of symptomatic polycystic liver disease treated by fenestration and segmental liver resection is reported. The intraoperative use of ultrasound to define the plane of liver resection is emphasised. No significant post-operative complication was encountered. The clinical presentation, management and treatment are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  13. Kumar Sinasamy T, Nazaruddin Wan Hassan WM, Hardy Mohamad Zaini R, Seevaunnamtum P, Ab Mukmin L
    Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther, 2020;52(5):383-388.
    PMID: 33327696 DOI: 10.5114/ait.2020.101407
    INTRODUCTION: The Baska mask and i-gel are two new types of second-generation supraglottic airway devices. The aim of this study was to compare these two devices in terms of quality of insertion, quality of ventilation and post-insertion complications.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 80 adult patients who were scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia were randomised to two groups: Group BM: Baska mask (n = 40) and Group IG: i-gel (n = 40). The assessment focused on ease of insertion, number of attempts, insertion time, number of corrective manoeuvres, oropharyngeal leak pressure, tidal volume, peak airway pressure (PAP) and post-insertion complications.

    RESULTS: Group IG showed a significantly shorter median insertion time (13.3 [interquartile range, IQR 7.8] vs. 17.0 [IQR 9.6] s; P < 0.001), a higher percentage in the 'very easy' ease of insertion category (62.5% vs. 10.0%; P < 0.001), a higher percentage in the no corrective manoeuvre category (92.5% vs. 72.5%; P = 0.003) and a higher percentage in the no post-operative throat pain category (67.5% vs. 32.5%; P = 0.011) than Group BM. However, Group BM showed a significantly higher generated PAP than Group IG (12.7 [1.8] and 11.5 [2.2] cm H2O, respectively; P = 0.010). There were no significant differences in other parameters.

    CONCLUSIONS: The i-gel was better than the Baska mask in terms of ease of insertion, speed of insertion, fewer corrective manoeuvres and less post-operative throat pain. However, the Baska mask had a better cuff seal, as shown by a higher generated PAP.

    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  14. Narhari R, Nazaruddin Wan Hassan WM, Mohamad Zaini RH, Che Omar S, Abdullah Nik Mohamad N, Seevaunnamtum P
    Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther, 2020;52(5):377-382.
    PMID: 33327695 DOI: 10.5114/ait.2020.101387
    INTRODUCTION: The choice of endotracheal tube (ETT) is important for successful orotracheal fibreoptic intubation (OFI). The aim of this study was to compare the use of the Parker flex tip (PFT) with the unoflex reinforced (UFR) ETT during OFI.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 58 patients who underwent elective surgery under general anaesthesia were randomised to two ETT groups, the PFT group (n = 29) and the UFR group (n = 29), for OFI in simulated difficult intubation patients using a rigid cervical collar. After successful standardised induction and relaxation, OFI and railroading of selected ETT were subsequently performed by a similarly experienced practitioner. Ease of insertion, degree of manipulation, time to successful intubation, post-intubation complications and haemodynamic changes were recorded for both groups.

    RESULTS: he percentage of easy intubation was comparable between both groups with a slightly higher percentage in the UFR group than the PFT group (69.0% vs. 62.0%; P = 0.599). Degree of manipulation was also comparable between the two groups; the percentage of cases in which manipulation was not required was slightly higher in the UFR group than the PFT group (69.0% vs. 62.1%; P = 0.849). Time to successful intubation was also comparable between the groups, although the time was slightly shorter for the UFR group than the PFT group (56.9 s ± 39.7 s vs. 63.9 s ± 36.9 s; P = 0.488). There were also no significant differences in other parameters.

    CONCLUSIONS: The Parker flex tip ETT was comparable to the unoflex reinforced ETT for OFI in simulated difficult airway patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  15. Rajagopal N, Kawase T, Mohammad AA, Seng LB, Yamada Y, Kato Y
    Asian J Neurosurg, 2019 4 3;14(1):15-27.
    PMID: 30937003 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.AJNS_158_18
    Brainstem cavernomas (BSCs) are angiographically occult, benign low flow vascular malformations that pose a significant surgical challenge due to their eloquent location. The present study includes an extensive review of the literature and three illustrative cases of BSC with emphasis on the timing of surgery: surgical approaches, usage of intraoperative monitoring, and complication avoidance. A systematic search was performed using the PubMed database was from January 1, 1999, to June 2018. The relevant articles were reviewed with particular attention to hemorrhage rates, timing of surgery, indications for surgery, surgical approaches, and outcome. Along with this, a retrospective analysis of three cases of symptomatic BSC, who were operated for the same, during the year 2018 in our institute was conducted. All the three patients presented with at least 1 episode of hemorrhage before surgery. Of these, one patient was operated immediately due to altered sensorium whereas the other two were operated after at least 4 weeks of the hemorrhagic episode. The patients who were operated in the subacute phase of bleed were seen to have liquefaction of hematoma, thus providing a good surgical demarcation and thereby reduced surgery-related trauma to the surrounding eloquent structures. Two patients improved neurologically during the immediate postoperative period, whereas one had transient worsening of neurological deficits during the immediate postoperative period in the form of additional cranial nerve palsies which completely improved on follow-up after 2 months. Radical resection is recommended in all patients with symptomatic BSCs. Surgery should be considered after the first or the second episode of hemorrhage as multiple rebleeds can cause exacerbation of deficits and sometimes mortality as well. Considering surgical timing, anywhere between 4 and 6 weeks or the subacute phase of the hemorrhage is considered appropriate. The aims of surgical intervention must be to improve preoperative function, minimize surgical morbidity and to reduce hemorrhagic rates. In spite of the significant surgical morbidity associated with BSCs, appropriate patient selection, meticulous surgical planning with adjuncts such as intraoperative monitoring and neuronavigation will go a long way in avoidance of major postoperative complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  16. Waran V, Vairavan N, Sia SF, Abdullah B
    J. Neurosurg., 2009 Dec;111(6):1127-30.
    PMID: 19408977 DOI: 10.3171/2009.4.JNS081506
    The authors describe a newly developed expandable cannula to enable a more efficient use of an endoscope in removing intraparenchymal spontaneous hypertensive intracerebral hematomas. The cannula is introduced like a conventional brain cannula, using neuronavigation techniques to reach the targeted hematoma accurately, and, once deployed, conventional microsurgical techniques are used under direct endoscopic visualization. This method was used in 6 patients, and, based on the results of intraoperative intracranial pressure monitoring and postoperative CT scanning, the authors were able to achieve good hematoma removal. They found that by using the expandable cannula, efficient endoscopic surgery in the brain parenchyma was possible.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  17. Hasan MS, Tan JK, Chan CYW, Kwan MK, Karim FSA, Goh KJ
    J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2018 7 31;26(3):2309499018789529.
    PMID: 30058437 DOI: 10.1177/2309499018789529
    BACKGROUND: Drugs used in anesthesia can affect somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring, which is used routinely for intraoperative monitoring of spinal cord integrity during spinal surgery.

    OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether combined total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) technique with propofol/remifentanil is associated with less SSEP suppression when compared to combined volatile agent desflurane/remifentanil anesthesia during corrective scoliosis surgery at a comparable depth of anesthesia.

    DESIGN: It is a randomized controlled trial.

    SETTING: The study was conducted at the Single tertiary University Hospital during October 2014 to June 2015.

    PATIENTS: Patients who required SSEP and had no neurological deficits, and were of American Society of Anesthesiologist I and II physical status, were included. Patients who had sensory or motor deficits preoperatively and significant cardiovascular and respiratory disease were excluded. A total of 72 patients were screened, and 67 patients were randomized and allocated to two groups: 34 in desflurane/remifentanil group and 33 in TIVA group. Four patients from desflurane/remifentanil group and three from TIVA group were withdrawn due to decrease in SSEP amplitude to <0.3 µV after induction of anesthesia. Thirty patients from each group were analyzed.

    INTERVENTIONS: Sixty-seven patients were randomized to receive TIVA or desflurane/remifentanil anesthesia.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The measurements taken were the amplitude and latency of SSEP monitoring at five different time points during surgery: before and after the induction of anesthesia, at skin incision, at pedicle screw insertion, and at rod insertion.

    RESULTS: Both anesthesia techniques, TIVA and desflurane/remifentanil, resulted in decreased amplitude and increased latencies of both cervical and cortical peaks. The desflurane/remifentanil group had a significantly greater reduction in the amplitude ( p = 0.004) and an increase in latency ( p = 0.002) of P40 compared with the TIVA group. However, there were no differences in both amplitude ( p = 0.214) and latency ( p = 0.16) in cervical SSEP between the two groups.

    CONCLUSIONS: Compared with TIVA technique, desflurane/remifentanil anesthesia caused more suppression in cortical SSEP, but not in cervical SSEP, at a comparable depth of anesthesia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  18. Lew YS
    Singapore Med J, 2000 Aug;41(8):398-400.
    PMID: 11256348
    One lung anaesthesia in paediatric patients may not always be achievable by bronchial blockade or double lumen tube intubation due to inadequate experiences or facilities. We attempted to isolate right lung by selectively intubating the left bronchus with single lumen tube on a 10 kg child. Optimal surgical condition and satisfactory oxygenation achieved but complicated with severe respiratory acidosis. The possible causes for hypercapnea in this child were discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
  19. Chiu CL, Chan YK, Ong GS, Delilkan AE
    Singapore Med J, 2000 Nov;41(11):530-3.
    PMID: 11284610
    To compare the maintenance and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia in Malaysian patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Monitoring, Intraoperative
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