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  1. Overexpression of gamma glutamyl hydrolase predicts extranodal extension in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
    Burhanudin NA, Zaini ZM, Rahman ZAA, Ismail SM, Gopinath D, Abraham MT, et al.
    Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol, 2022 Dec;134(6):725-732.
    PMID: 36229363 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.07.014
    OBJECTIVE: Extranodal extension (ENE) is an important prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, ENE is only confirmed postoperatively by histologic assessment of the lymph nodes after neck dissection. Accurate identification of ENE preoperatively would help in management of OSCC.

    STUDY DESIGN: We determined the expression of molecular markers gamma glutamyl hydrolase (GGH), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-3 (CDKN3), and chromobox homolog-7 (CBX7) using immunohistochemistry in OSCC clinical samples (n = 35). The intensity of staining was scored using a semiquantitative index (HSCORE). The association between clinicopathologic parameters and expression of molecular markers with ENE status was analyzed using chi-square test.

    RESULTS: The number of positive nodes and the highest anatomic level of nodal involvement significantly correlated with ENE (P < .05). High GGH expression was significantly associated with ENE (P < .05), with an increased risk for ENE (odds ratio [OR] 9.9, 95% CI 1.08-91.47, P = .04), whereas no significant association was seen for CDKN3 and CBX7 expression with ENE. However, a trend toward significance was observed with a high level of CDKN3 and a low level of CBX7 expression with ENE.

    CONCLUSIONS: Gamma glutamyl hydrolase offers potential as a predictor for ENE in OSCC, whereas the role of CDKN3 and CBX7 need to be validated in a larger sample.

    Matched MeSH terms: gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase
  2. Fulltext Expression of gamma glutamyl hydrolase and carbonic anhydrase 9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma and their association with extracapsular spread
    Nor Aszlitah Burhanudin, Thomas George Kallarakkal
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2017;16(21):17-17.
    MyJurnal
    Extracapsular spread (ECS) is one of the most important prognostic factors in oral
    squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Gamma Glutamyl Hydrolase (GGH) is a lysosomal enzyme which is involved in folate homeostasis. It is overexpressed in several human malignancies but its role in
    OSCC has never been reported. Carbonic Anhydrase 9 (CA9) is a transmembrane glycoprotein and is
    related to hypoxia. High expression of CA9 has been associated with poor prognosis in several
    tumours including OSCC. This study was aimed to investigate the expression of GGH and CA9 in
    OSCC and their potential use as biomarkers to predict ECS. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase
  3. Fulltext Determination of folate content in commonly consumed Malaysian foods
    Chew, S.C., Loh, S.P., Khor, G.L.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(1):189-197.
    MyJurnal
    Currently, data concerning the content of naturally occurring dietary folate in Malaysian foods is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the folate content of vegetables, fruits, legumes and cereals that were commonly consumed among Malaysians. The total folate content of 156 samples (51 vegetables, 33 fruits, 22 legumes and legume products, and 50 cereals and cereal products) available in Malaysia was determined by microbiological assay using Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) after trienzyme treatment with protease, α-amylase and folate conjugase (from rat serum). An internal quality control system was used throughout the study by analyzing CRM 121 (wholemeal flour) and CRM 485 (lyophilized mixed vegetables); percent recovery (as mean ± SD) of 97 ± 2.0 and 101 ± 4.0 was obtained. The range of folate content in vegetables, fruits, legumes and cereals were 1-11 μg/100 g and 1-31on the basis of fresh weight and 1-31 µg/100 g and 2-156 µg/100 g on the basis of dry weight, respectively. This study has shown that some of these underutilized vegetables and fruits are good sources of folate and could fulfill the recommended dietary intake of total folate.
    Matched MeSH terms: gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase
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