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Fulltext Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Malaysian neonatal unit

Lim VKE, Zulkifli HI

Singapore Med J, 1987 Apr;28(2):176-9.
PMID: 3629274

Methicillin resistant Siaphylococcus aureus Is a common isolate from clinical specimens obtained from babies at the special care nursery of the Kuala Lumpur Maternity Hospital. Major Infections due to this organism were, however uncommon and the organism had in the majority of cases been present as a coloniser or as a cause of superficial infection. Netilmicin is a valuable antibiotic in the treatment of the severe infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology*
Staphylococcal infection in Malaysian hospitals

Lim VK

J Hosp Infect, 1988 Feb;11 Suppl A:103-8.
PMID: 2896692

Staphylococcal infection is common in Malaysian hospitals. A recent survey of 22 Malaysian hospitals revealed that staphylococci were isolated from almost 40% of positive blood cultures. A more detailed analysis of such cases in our own hospital showed that almost 70% of Staphylococcus aureus and about 16% of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates were associated with clinically-significant disease. Staphylococcal bacteraemia was seen mainly in neonatal sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and postoperative sepsis. Multiply-resistant S. aureus were encountered in all the hospitals surveyed. Resistance rates to penicillin ranged from 40% to almost 100% while methicillin resistance rates of up to 25% were reported from several hospitals.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology
Galloylated flavonol rhamnosides from the leaves of Calliandra tergemina with antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Chan EW, Gray AI, Igoli JO, Lee SM, Goh JK

Phytochemistry, 2014 Nov;107:148-54.
PMID: 25174555 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.07.028

Galloylated flavonol rhamnosides identified as kaempferol-3-O-(2″,3″,4″-tri-O-galloyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-(3″,4″-di-O-galloyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-(2″,3″,4″-tri-O-galloyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, together with five known galloylated and non-galloylated flavonol rhamnosides, were isolated from leaves of Calliandra tergemina (L.) Benth. Their structures were established using spectroscopic methods and their antibacterial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were evaluated by a microdilution method.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology*
Comparative evaluation of five culture media with triplex PCR assay for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Al-Talib H, Yean CY, Al-khateeb A, Singh KK, Hasan H, Al-Jashamy K, et al.

Curr Microbiol, 2010 Jul;61(1):1-6.
PMID: 20033170 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9567-8

The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Hence, rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis of MRSA is a vital constituent of control measures. The present study evaluated five different methods for the identification of MRSA. A total of 207 S. aureus clinical isolates that consisted of 89 MRSA and 118 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains confirmed by PCR were tested. MRSA strains were evaluated by five different methods: chromogenic MRSA agar (CMRSA), oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB), mannitol salt oxacillin agar (MSO), mannitol salt cefoxitin agar with two different concentrations of cefoxitin [4 microg/ml (MSC-4) and 6 microg/ml (MSC-6)]. The results of the different methods were compared to mecA PCR as the gold standard. MSC-6 showed only six false-positive MRSA in comparison with PCR. The sensitivities and specificities of MSC-6, MSC-4, MSO-4, ORSAB, and CMRSA were as follows: 98.9/94.9%, 100/83.1%, 89.9/87.3%, 97.8/96.6%, and 95.5/94.9%, respectively. In comparison with PCR, it was found that both MSC-6 and ORSAB were relatively the least expensive screening tests ($0.70 and $1.00, respectively). In conclusion, all methods were comparable, but MSC-6 was the least expensive medium for MRSA screening.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology
Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among healthy adults

Choi CS, Yin CS, Bakar AA, Sakewi Z, Naing NN, Jamal F, et al.

J Microbiol Immunol Infect, 2006 Dec;39(6):458-64.
PMID: 17164947

Data on the carriage rate and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus strains prevalent in the community are not available for many developing countries including Malaysia. To estimate the extent of community S. aureus transmission, in particular methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), the prevalence of S. aureus nasal colonization in a population of healthy adults was determined. Factors associated with S. aureus nasal carriage and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the isolates were also analyzed.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology
Detection of methicillin- and aminoglycoside-resistant genes and simultaneous identification of S. aureus using triplex real-time PCR Taqman assay

Sabet NS, Subramaniam G, Navaratnam P, Sekaran SD

J Microbiol Methods, 2007 Jan;68(1):157-62.
PMID: 16935372

In this study we describe a triplex real-time PCR assay that enables the identification of S. aureus and detection of two important antibiotic resistant genes simultaneously using real-time PCR technology in a single assay. In this triplex real-time PCR assay, the mecA (methicillin resistant), femA (species specific S. aureus) and aacA-aphD (aminoglycoside resistant) genes were detected in a single test using dual-labeled Taqman probes. The assay gives simultaneous information for the identification of S. aureus and detection of methicillin and aminoglycoside resistance in staphylococcal isolates. 152 clinical isolates were subjected to this triplex real-time PCR assay. The results of the triplex real-time PCR assay correlated with the results of the phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing. The results obtained from triplex real-time PCR assay shows that the primer and probe sets were specific for the identification of S. aureus and were able to detect methicillin- and aminoglycoside-resistant genes. The entire assay can be performed within 3 h which is a very rapid method that can give simultaneous information for the identification of S. aureus and antibiotic resistance pattern of a staphylococcal isolate. The application of this rapid method in microbiology laboratories would be a valuable tool for the rapid identification of the S. aureus isolates and determination of their antibiotic resistance pattern with regards to methicillin and aminoglycosides.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology*
Fulltext Inhibition of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by combination of ampicillin and a bioactive fraction from Duabanga grandiflora

Santiago C, Pang EL, Lim KH, Loh HS, Ting KN

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2015;15:178.
PMID: 26060128 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0699-z

The inhibition of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) is a promising solution in overcoming resistance of methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A potential approach in achieving this is by combining natural product with currently available antibiotics to restore the activity as well as to amplify the therapeutic ability of the drugs. We studied inhibition effects of a bioactive fraction, F-10 (isolated from the leaves of Duabanga grandiflora) alone and in combination with a beta-lactam drug, ampicillin on MRSA growth and expression of PBP2a. Additionally, phytochemical analysis was conducted on F-10 to identify the classes of phytochemicals present.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology
Fulltext Prevention of cell-surface attachment and reduction of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) level in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms by Acalypha wilkesiana

Santiago C, Lim KH, Loh HS, Ting KN

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2015;15:79.
PMID: 25880167 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0615-6

Formation of biofilm is known to enhance the virulence of methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is associated with persistent infections in hospital settings. The biofilm layer essentially forms a protective barrier encapsulating the bacterial colony and thus reduces the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics. We have isolated 9EA-FC-B bioactive fraction from Acalypha wilkesiana Müll. Arg. that reverses ampicillin resistant in MRSA through inhibition of the antibiotic resistant protein, penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of 9EA-FC-B on MRSA biofilm forming capacity.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology
Fatal necrotizing pneumonia caused by Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus: a case report

Al-Talib H, Hasan H, Yean CY, Al-Ashwal SM, Ravichandran M

Jpn J Infect Dis, 2011;64(1):58-60.
PMID: 21266757

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a cytotoxin which causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis. Although it is produced by fewer than 5% of Staphylococcus aureus strains, PVL-producing S. aureus is emerging as a serious problem worldwide. There has been a marked increase in the incidence of necrotizing lung infections with a very high mortality associated with these strains. This report describes a fatal case of hospital-acquired necrotizing pneumonia caused by PVL-positive methicillin-susceptible S. aureus in a patient with a brain tumor.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology
Fulltext In vitro transfer of methicillin resistance determinants mecA from methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)

Bitrus AA, Zunita Z, Bejo SK, Othman S, Nadzir NA

BMC Microbiol, 2017 04 04;17(1):83.
PMID: 28376716 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0994-6

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus more than any other human pathogen is a better model for the study of the adaptive evolution of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, as it has demonstrated a remarkable ability in its response to new antibiotics. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro transfer of mecA gene from methicillin resistant S. aureus to methicillin susceptible S. aureus.
RESULT: The recipient transconjugants were resistant to erythromycin, cefpodoxime and were mecA positive. PCR amplification of mecA after mix culture plating on Luria Bertani agar containing 100 μg/mL showed that 75% of the donor and 58.3% of the recipient transconjugants were mecA positive. Additionally, 61.5% of both the donor cells and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive, while 46.2% and 41.75% of both donor and recipient transconjugants were mecA positive on LB agar containing 50 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL respectively.
CONCLUSION: In this study, the direction of transfer of phenotypic resistance as well as mecA was observed to have occurred from the donor to the recipient strains. This study affirmed the importance of horizontal transfer events in the dissemination of antibiotics resistance among different strains of MRSA.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology*
Fulltext Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates as a potential source for the emergence of USA 300 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Malaysia

Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, Neela V, Goering R, Mariana NS

Trop Biomed, 2012 Sep;29(3):429-33.
PMID: 23018506

We investigated the potential of USA300 MRSA emergence in Malaysia by examining 268 MSSA isolates from both community (110) and healthcare (158) settings. Nine isolates from both the environments were similar to the USA300 MRSA background based on MLST, spa and PFGE type. These results underscore the importance of continued surveillance to monitor the emergence of USA300 MRSA in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology*
Fulltext Changing antibiotic resistance profile of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from HIV patients (2012-2017) in Southern India

Chinnambedu RS, Marimuthu RR, Sunil SS, Amrose P, Ramachandran V, Pachamuthu B

J Infect Public Health, 2020 Jan;13(1):75-79.
PMID: 31402312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.06.015

PURPOSE: Emergence of multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in HIV patients limit the treatment options and challenge the clinical management of infections. The periodic monitoring of S. aureus infections and its drug resistance profile in HIV patients are of paramount importance in clinical management.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 7204 clinical specimens from HIV patients from 2012 to 2017 were processed for the isolation of S. aureus strains using conventional culture techniques and cultures were identified using standard biochemical test. Antibiotic susceptibility of S. aureus strains was tested by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
RESULTS: A total of 380 (5.3%) S. aureus strains were isolated from HIV patients in the study period. High percentage of S. aureus strains were isolates from urine (69.5%) specimen and 58.4% of S. aureus infections were noted among hospitalized patients. Antibiotic susceptibility profile reveals S. aureus was highly resistant to penicillin (95.2%) followed by cephalexin (84.6%). Methicillin resistance was highly observed in the year 2017 (86%) and the rate of MRSA steadily increasing from 51.8% in 2012 to 86% in 2017. Significant increase of S. aureus infections (35%; p<0.001) and MRSA (76%; p=0.0007) were observed in the year 2016.
CONCLUSIONS: This study reports the increasing trends of S. aureus infections and MRSA among HIV patients from Southern India. Multidrug-resistance profile of S. aureus could complicate the selection of proper antibiotic regimens and time cure of HIV patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology
Transcriptome analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in response to stigmasterol and lupeol

Adnan SN, Ibrahim N, Yaacob WA

J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2017 03;8:48-54.
PMID: 27992774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2016.10.006

OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen with multiple antibiotic resistance that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) MRSA with increased resistance to currently available antibiotics has challenged the world to develop new therapeutic agents. Stigmasterol and lupeol, from the plant Phyllanthus columnaris, exhibit antibacterial activities against MRSA. The aim of this study was to utilise next-generation sequencing (NGS) to provide further insight into the novel transcriptional response of MRSA exposed to stigmasterol and lupeol.
METHODS: Time-kill analysis of one MRSA reference strain (ATCC 43300) and three clinical isolates (WM3, BM1 and KJ7) for both compounds was first performed to provide the bacteriostatic/bactericidal profile. Then, MRSA ATCC 43300 strain treated with both compounds was interrogated by NGS.
RESULTS: Both stigmasterol and lupeol possessed bacteriostatic properties against all MRSA tested; however, lupeol exhibited both bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties within the same minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values against BM1 (12.5mg/mL). Transcriptome profiling of MRSA ATCC 43300 revealed significant modulation of gene expression with multiple desirable targets by both compounds, which caused a reduction in the translation processes leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and prevention of bacterial growth.
CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the potential of both stigmasterol and lupeol as new promising anti-MRSA agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Methicillin/pharmacology