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Madecassoside activates anti‑neuroinflammatory mechanisms by inhibiting lipopolysaccharide‑induced microglial inflammation

Sasmita AO, Ling APK, Voon KGL, Koh RY, Wong YP

Int J Mol Med, 2018 May;41(5):3033-3040.
PMID: 29436598 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3479

Neurodegeneration is typically preceded by neuroinflammation generated by the nervous system to protect itself from tissue damage, however, excess neuroinflammation may inadvertently cause more harm to the surrounding tissues. Attenuating neuroinflammation with non‑steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs can inhibit neurodegeneration. However, such treatments induce chronic side effects, including stomach ulcers. Madecassoside, a triterpene derived from Centella asiatica, is considered to be an alternative treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the anti‑neuroinflammatory properties of madecassoside were assessed in BV2 microglia cells, which were pre‑treated with madecassoside at a maximum non‑toxic dose (MNTD) of 9.50 µg/ml and a ½ MNTD of 4.75 µg/ml for 3 h and stimulated with 0.1 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The effect of madecassoside was assessed by determining reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in all groups. Furthermore, the expression of pro‑ and anti‑neuroinflammatory genes and proteins were analyzed using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. The results demonstrated that ROS levels in cells treated with the MNTD of madecassoside were significantly reduced compared with cells treated with LPS alone (P<0.05). The expression of pro‑neuroinflammatory genes, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase‑2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and nuclear factor‑κB, were significantly downregulated in a dose‑independent manner following treatment with madecassoside. Conversely, the anti‑neuroinflammatory component heme oxygenase 1 was significantly upregulated by 175.22% in the MNTD‑treated group, compared with cells treated with LPS alone (P<0.05). The gene expression profiles of pro‑ and anti‑inflammatory genes were also consistent with the results of western blotting. The results of the present study suggest that madecassoside may be a potent anti‑neuroinflammatory agent. The antioxidative properties of madecassoside, which serve a major role in anti‑neuroinflammation, indicate that this compound may be a functional natural anti‑neuroinflammatory agent, therefore, further in vivo or molecular studies are required.

Matched MeSH terms: Microglia/pathology
Neuroimmunomodulatory properties of DPSCs in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease

Gnanasegaran N, Govindasamy V, Mani V, Abu Kasim NH

IUBMB Life, 2017 09;69(9):689-699.
PMID: 28685937 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1655

In neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, microglial cell activation is thought to contribute to their degeneration by producing neurotoxic compounds. While dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been regarded as the next possible cell source for cell replacement therapy (CRT), their actual role when exposed in such harsh environment remains elusive. In this study, the immunomodulatory behavior of DPSCs from human subjects was investigated in a coculture system consisting of neuron and microglia which were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine, which mimics the inflammatory conditions and contribute to degeneration of dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neurons. Assessments were performed on their proliferation, extent of DNA damage, productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), as well as secretion of inflammatory mediators. Notably, DPSCs were shown to attenuate their proliferation, production of ROS, and NO significantly (P

Matched MeSH terms: Microglia/pathology
Ficus deltoidea: Potential inhibitor of pro-inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of microglial cells

Zolkiffly SZI, Stanslas J, Abdul Hamid H, Mehat MZ

J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Oct 28;279:114309.
PMID: 34119609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114309

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ficus deltoidea Jack (FD) is widely consumed in traditional medicine as a treatment for various diseases in Malaysia. Each part of the plant such as its leave, stem, fruit and root are used traditionally to treat different types of diseases. Vitexin and isovitexin are bioactive compounds abundantly found in the leaves of FD that possessed many pharmacological properties including neuroprotection. Nonetheless, its effects on key events in neuroinflammation are unknown.
AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the inhibitory properties of FD aqueous extract on pro-inflammatory mediators involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microglial cells.
METHODS: Vitexin and isovitexin in the extract were quantified via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The extract was evaluated for its cytotoxicity activity via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Pre-treatment with the extract on LPS-induced microglial cells was done to determine its antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory properties by measuring the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) via 2'-7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) assay, Griess assay and Western blot respectively.
RESULTS: The extract at all tested concentrations (0.1 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 10 μg/mL, 100 μg/mL) were not cytotoxic as the percentage viability of microglial cells were all above ~80%. At the highest concentration (100 μg/mL), the extract significantly reduced the formation of ROS, NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in microglial cells induced by LPS.
CONCLUSION: The extract showed neuroprotective effects by attenuating the levels of pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic factors in LPS-induced microglial cells, possibly by mediating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway.

Matched MeSH terms: Microglia/pathology

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