This study is based on a LANDSAT imagery of 1989, topographic maps and aerial photographs. Several stages of the delta's development have been identified based on the shape and the position of the former delta lobes and channels. The older delta complex shows a cuspate shape and a series of beach ridges in the south marks the position of the former shore lines. There is a clear distinction between the former delta complex and the present day complex. The former lobe shows a characteristic of a wave dominated delta system whilst the present complex is more of a fluvival-dominated type. The change in the delta type is believed to have been caused by the change of physiographic processes in the delta area as well as in the inland area. In the inland area, the Kelantan River has changed its course several times that were followed by delta-lobe switching. At the same time the river mouths migrate progressively towards the northwest. The Kemasin River mouth is the oldest river mouth detected from satellite's imagery and aerial photographs. The rivermouth then migrated to the north and forms the present day Kuala Pak Amat before it migrated further northwest to Pengkalan Datu. The migration of river mouth has led to the change of the deltaic processes. Earlier when the river mouth and the delta complex were located in the south they were subjected to direct wave action. At present most of the delta complex is subjected to the northwesterly longshore currents which have produced a series of sand spits. The presence of the sandspits which are sheltering the river mouth from wave action has led to more current and stream domination on the delta. Some older river channels which form dried up channels and dying streams can be clearly observed in the satellite imagery. There are also some remnant river channels which form elongated lakes and ox-bow lakes. Shapes and locations of the older river systems reveal that the main stream has changed its behavior from a meandering stream to a straight channel river system several times in its history. In the coastal areas, we have traced several older shorelines which had prograded progressively towards the sea. The progradation of shorelines is marked by a series of beach ridges which are parallel to the present day shoreline. The beach ridge can be traced up to 10 km inland from the present day beach line. Several topographic highs (Gunung Panchor and Bukit Marak) are believed to represent small hills or near shore islands during the beginning of the progradation.
Kajian ini dilakukan berdasarkan imej LANDSAT TM tahun 1989, dan dibantu oleh peta topografi serta gambar udara. Beberapa peringkat pembentukan dan perkembangan Delta Kelantan ditafsirkan daripada bentuk dan kedudukan alur-alur dan permatang pantai kuno. Delta lebih tua berbentuk juring ("cuspate") dan beting-beting pasir di bahagian selatannya menandakan arah garis pantai terdahulu. Delta yang lebih tua ini lebih mencirikan delta kuasaan ombak, berbeza dengan delta yang sedang terbentuk sekarang. Perubahan daripada delta kuasaan ombak kepada delta kuasaan sungai terjadi akibat perubahan-perubahan di bahagian daratan dan pesisir pantai. Di bahagian daratan, imej LANDSAT TM menunjukkan Sungai Kelantan telah menukar arah aliran beberapa kali dan ini mengakibatkan perubahan kedudukan muara. Imej yang diperolehi juga menunjukkan terdapat banyak alur-alur sungai tua yang luas tetapi mempunyai aliran yang kecil, ataupun alur-alur yang kering. Selain itu terdapat juga beberapa tasik memanjang dan tasik ladam, hasil tinggalan sungai lampau. Daripada bentuk dan kedudukan alur-alur sungai tua ini, dapat ditafsirkan sungai utama telah berubah berbentuk dari berliku menjadi lurus beberapa kali. Di bahagian pantai pula telah dikesan garis pantai telah berkembang secara progressif ke arah laut (progradasi). Perkembangan garis pantai ditandai oleh permatang pantai yang berkedudukan hampir selari dengan garis pantai sekarang. Permatang pasir ini boleh dikesan hingga 10 km daripada garis pantai sekarang. Pada peringkat awal pembentukan Delta Kelantan, bukit Gunung Panchor (pekan Gunung) dan Bukit Marak merupakan sebuah pulau atau bukit di pesisir pantai sementara kedudukan bandar Kota Bharu masih terletak di laut. Pada masa yang sama muara sungai berhijrah secara berperingkat-peringkat ke arah baratlaut. Muara terawal yang dapat dikesan merupakan muara Sungai Kemasin dan kemudian menghijrah ke muara Pengkalan Datu. Sebelum berubah kepada kedudukan sekarang, muara Sungai Kelantan telah berhijrah daripada Pengkalan Datu ke Kuala Pak Amat. Perubahan kedudukan muara menyebabkan tindakan proses fizikal (rambatan ombak, angin dan arus pantai) berbeza daripada sebelumnya. Pada masa ini sebahagian besar daripada bahagian luar kompleks delta dipengaruhi oleh aliran pesisir pantai yang menghasilkan pembentukan anak tanjung pasir (sand spit) di bahagian pinggir delta. Kehadiran anak tanjung pasir secara langsung melindung kompleks delta daripada tindakan ombak dan menyebabkan pengaruh luahan sungai dan pasang surut lebih dominan di bahagian dalam kompleks.
Optical fibre has been used in this study to guide a light from the light source to the probe. A disposable type probe developed in this study consist of a reagent Chrome Azurol S (CAS) immobilised on a polymeric support (XAD-2) which has been coupled to a fibre end using nylon mesh. This sensor was regenerable using fluoride solution with a limit of detection of 1.0 ´ 10-5 M, high reproducibility (relative error of < 5.0%) and can be used for Al(III) determination in water at concentration range of 1.3 ´ 10-5 M - 7.0 ´ 10-4 M. The results obtained using this sensor is comparable to the well established method such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry using graphite furnace. EDTA, phosphate, oxalate, tartrate, Cu(II), Fe(III), Be(II) and Ca(III) were found to interfere during Al(III) determination in water.
Gentian optik telah digunakan di dalam kajilidikan ini sebagai pemandu cahaya daripada sumber cahaya kepada prob. Prob jenis bolehbuang yang dibina dalam kajian ini terdiri daripada reagen Chrome Azurol S (CAS) yang telah dipegunkan di atas penyokong polimer (XAD-2) dan dipegang olehjaring nilon. Penderia ini boleh dijanakan semula menggunakan larutan fluorida, mempunyai had pengesaran 1.0 ´ 10-5 M, kebolehulangan yang tinggi (ralat relatif < 5.0%) dan boleh digunakan untuk penentuan Al(III) dalam air pada julat kepekatan 1.3 ´ 10-5 M - 7.0 ´ 10-4 M. Keputusan analisis yang diperolehi menggunakan penderia ini adalah bolehbanding dengan kaedah yang telah diterima umum seperti spektrofotometri serapan atom mertggunakan relau grafit. EDTA, fosfat, oksalat, tartrat, Cu(II), Fe(III), Be(II) dan Ca(III) didapati menganggu semasa penentuan Al(III) di dalam air.
Several triphenylphosphinosilver (I) complexes, viz. bis [acetatotriphenylphosphineargentum (I)], I, lactatotris (triphenylphosphine) argentum (I), II, N, N-diethanoldithiocarbamatobis (triphenylphosphine) silver (I), III, and NÂethanol, N-methyldithiocarbamatobis (triphenylphosphine) silver (I), IV, have been prepared. Apart from characterization by spectroscopic methods, the structures of I-III, have been characterised by single-crystal x-ray diffraction methods. I crystallized as a dimer with a 4-coordinate geometry around the silver atom, while the lactate complex is a monomer with a five-coordinate silver atom. In the four-coordinate complex III, the Ag - S bond distances are 2.6822 (13) and 2.5991 (12) Ã… indicating different modes of bonding to the dithiocarbamate ligands.
Beberapa kompleks trifenilfosfinoargentum telah disintesis, iaitu bis [asetatotrifenilfosfinargentum (I)], I, laktatotris (trifenilfosfin) argentum (I), II dietanolditiokarbamatobis (trifenilfosfin) argentum (I), III dan metiletanolditiokarbamatobis (trifenilfosfin) argentum (I), IV. Selain daripada pencirian dengan kaedqh spektroskopi, struktur kompleks I-III telah ditentukan dengan kaedah pembelauan sinar-X hablur tunggal. Kompleks asetat terhablur sebagai dimer dengan argentum menunjukkan geomertri 4-koordinat, sementara kompleks laktat adalah monomer dengan argentum berkoordinatan lima. Dalam kompleks dietanolditiokarbamat argentum berkoordinatan empat dengan panjang ikatan Ag - S, 2.6822 (13) dan 2.5991 (12) Ã… menunjukkan dua mod pengikatan yang berbeza dengan ditiokarbamat.
Two important parameters for utilizing Ko-standardization method namely, absolute peak efficiency at reference position and peak-to-total ratio at different geometrical positions using standard point sources and HPGe were experimentally determined. Coincidence correction factor, C, for reference position and certain nuclides were also calculated and all almost equal to one. The importance and implication of this work to the K0-standardization method are presented. Other essential nuclear parameters which have to be experimentally determined or obtained from literature are also presented.
Dua parameter untuk kegunaan kaedah pemiawaian K0 iaitu kecekapan puncak absolut pada kedudukan rujukan dan nisbah jumlah-ke-puncak pada berbagai kedudukan geometri telah ditentukan secara eksperimen. Punca titik piawai dan HPGe digunakan. Faktor pembetulan koinsiden, C, yang digunakan untuk kedudukan piawai dan beberapa nuklid telah dihitung dan semuanya mempunyai nilai hampir sama dengan satu. Kepentingan dan implikasi kerja ini kepada kaedah pemiawaian K0 dikemukakan. Parameter nuklear lain yang ditentukan secara eksperimen atau yang diperolehi daripada pustaka juga dibentangkan.
Introducing the notion of generalised relative defect we compare it with the Nevanlinna defect of a meromorphic function.
Kecacatan relatif teritlak diperkenalkan dan dibandingkan dengan kecacatan Nevanlinna bagi suatu fungsi meromorfi.
This paper presents the accuracy of age statistics in the 1991 census. The quality of age statistics were evaluated using Myers index and United Nations index. The indices obtained were compared to the indices of 1970 and 1980. This study found that age statistics for 1991 census are better than the previous censuses and in general the statistics are having high quality.
Dalam kertas ini dibentangkan ketepatan statistik umur pada banci 1991. Kualiti statistik umur dinilai dengan menggunakan indeks Myers dan United Nations. Indeks yang diperoleh dibandingkan dengan indeks pada banci 1970 dan 1980. Kajian ini mendapati statistik umur banci 1991 lebih baik daripada hasil banci sebelumnya dan pada keseluruhannya ia mempunyai kualiti yang baik.
By using sequences of linear maps on C*-algebras, we consider sets known as Korovkin sets, i.e. sets of the form
{a ε Asd/фn(a) → фo(a), фn(a2)→ фo (a2) = фo (a)2} In this paper we prove that if {фn} is a sequence of weak Kadison maps and '→' means norm, strong or weak convergence, then the Korovkin sets are JC-algebras. Furthermore if we assume that {фn} is a sequence of Schwarz maps or anti-Schwarz maps respectively, then the Korovkin sets become reversible JC-algebras.
Dengan menggunakan beberapa jenis jujukan pemetaan linear {фn} atas aljabar-C*, kita pertimbangkan set yang dikenali sebagai set Korovkin, i.i. set berbentuk {a ε Asd/фn(a) → фo(a), фn(a2)→ фo (a2) = фo (a)2} Dalam kertas ini ditunjukkan bahawa jika {фn} adalah jujukan pemetaan Kadison lemah dan penumpuan '→' menandakan penumpuan norma, kuat atau lemah, maka set Korovkin adalah aljabar-JC. Dengan andaian yang lebih kuat, i.i. {фn} masing-masing jujukan Schwarz atau anti-Schwarz, ditunjukkan bahawa set Korovkin merupakan aljabar-JC berbalik.
A retrospective study of the incidence of Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis (GPC) seen in the Optometry clinic in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia from 1989 to 1994 was carried out. In the period of the 6 years, 37 contact wearers were diagnosed to have GPC. Of the 37 patients, 21 were Malays (57%), 12 were Chinese (32%) and the remaining 4 patients were Indians (11%). 18 or 48% of those with GPC were soft lens wearers, 46% of the wearers (17 patients) were rigid gas permeable lens wearers and 1 of the patients seen was a hard (PMMA) wearer (3%) and the other one was a disposable lens wearer (3%). Thirty patients were female (81%) and 7 (19%) were male. The age range of those with GPC were between 9 to 60 years old.
Study site: Optometry clinic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The effect of testosteron on Ascaris suum worm load and larval growth were studied. The results revealed that the effect of testosterone on A. suum infection was dose dependent. Administration of 0.5 mg testosterone propionate (TP) for 18 days significantly increased the mice susceptibility to A. suum infection (66.2 ± 11.15 larvae) (mean ± S.E.) when compared to the control. Higher dosage of testosterone (1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 mg TP) did not show any significant effect. The present experiment also showed that administration of testosterone (0.5 mg TP) for 7 days increased the host susceptibility (86.1 ± 5.86 larvae) to A. suum infection compared to the control (14.6 ± 1.71 larvae) (P < 0.001). Similar results were found when the hormone was administered for 14 and 28 days. On the contrary, when gonadectomised mice were given 0.5 mg TP, the level of susceptibility increased (P < 0.001). It is believed that testosterone indirectly influence the parasitic infection through its effect on the lymphoid organs.
Kesan testosteron terhadap bebanan dan pertumbuhan larva Ascaris suum telah dikaji. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengaruh testosteron terhadap infeksi A. suum adalah bergantung kepada takaran hormon yang diberikan. Didapati hanya takaran 0.5 mg testosteron propionat (TP) yang diberikan selama 18 hari meninggikan kerentanan mencit (66.2 ± 11.15 larva) (min ± S.E.) terhadap infeksi parasit jika dibandingkan dengan kawalan (38.0 ± 7.13 larva) (P>0.05). Takaran testosteron yang lebih tinggi (1.0, 2.5 atau 5.0 mg TP) tidak menunjukkan kesan yang jelas. Hasil percubaan juga menunjukkan bahawa pemberian hormon (0.5 mg TP) selama 7 hari boleh meningkatkan kerentanan perumah (86.1 ± 5.86 larva) terhadap infeksi A. Summ. Perbandingan dengan kawalan (14.6 ± 1.71 larva) dan menunjukkan perbezaan yang nyata pada P < 0.001. Begitujuga dengan pemberian hormon selama 14 dan 28 hari. Sebaliknya gonadektomi telah mengurangkan kerentanan mencit terhadap infeksi A. suum. Walau bagaimanapun, kesan sebaliknya didapati apabila mencit yang gonadektomi itu diberi suntikan 0.5 mg TP (P < 0.001). Hormon testosteron dipercayai mempengaruhi corak infeksi parasit secara tidak langsung dengan mempengaruhi perkembangan organ-organ limfoid.
The hot springs of Peninsular Malaysia were studied to gather information on their associated geology, temperature, flow rate and water quality as well as to assess their potential development for tourism industry. The geological study indicated that most of the hot springs are located within or close to the granite rock and associated with fault zones. The temperature of the hot springs range from 27°C to 103°C with individual flow rate between 0.1 to 27.0 L/S. Chemical analysis indicated that all of the hot spring waters are relatively low in dissolved salts and metals.
Kajian menyeluruh ke atas mata air panas di Semenanjung Malaysia telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan maklumat geologi, suhu, kadar aliran dan kualiti air panas serta potensi untuk dibangunkan bagi industri pelancongan. Kajian geologi menunjukkan kebanyakan mata air panas ini terletak di dalam atau berhampiran kawasan batuan granit dan berasosiasi dengan zon sesar. Air panas ini mempunyai julat suhu daripada 27°C hingga 103°C dan kadar aliran daripada 0.1 hingga 27.0 L/S. Analisis kimia menunjukkan kesemua air panas ini mengandungi kandungan garam dan logam terlarut yang rendah.
Some 20 basalt soil samples from the Kuantan area were analysed for their physico-chemical properties. The physical properties of the soils analysed are: relative density, water content, the Atterberg Limits, grain size distribution, and compaction properties. The chemical properties analysed involved the pore fluids chemistry, whereby the pore fluids of the soils were first extracted using the "Saturation Extract" method and then subsequently analysed for pH, conductivity, cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+)concentrations, and anions (SO42-, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-) concentrations. The results show the following characteristics for the basalt soils: relative density is high with most values> 2.7; water content is generally high with Wo > 30% indicating high adsorption of water; liquid limits can attain high values in excess of 50%; grain size comprises the whole range from G (grave) to C (clay), but is predominantly fine-grained (M/C); the fines fractions of the soils are classified under ML-MH soils, ie silts with low-high plasticity. Surprisingly, the compacted maximum dry densities show rather low values ranging from 1.22-160 g/cm3 in spite of the fact that basalt soils generally make good embankment fill materials. The low gdmak values could be atrributed to the rather high optimum moisture contents of the soils (Wopt = 29.0-47.5%). Results for the pore fluids chemistry indicate the following: pH is on the acidic side « 7); conductivity is low, reflecting the low cations contents of the pore fluids; cations Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ are generally low in concentrations, with K+, Ca2+ & Mg2+ all having values of < 5ppm. Interestingly enough, there appears to be a distinct predominance of Na+ concentrations. As such, the ratios of monovalent cations (Na+ + K+) versus divalent cations (Ca2+ + Mg2+) show high values ranging from 3-17, with a few values being in excess of 100, thus indicating the high dispersivity of the basalt soils. Anions Cl-, CO32- and HCO3- were not detected, while SO42- shows considerable values of 35-122 NTU. Although in the field the soil profile shows 3 distinct layer or horizonations having colours ranging from (top to bottom) dark brown, red, to purple, it would appear from the test results obtained that the physico-chemical properties of the soil samples taken from these 3 horizons do not show any siginificant differences or variations from one another, contrary to expectations. Moreover, some of the physicoÂchemical properties of the basalt soils taken from the same layer/horizon also appear to plot in 2 distinct clusters - the reasons for this are not entirely clear.
Sebanyak 20 sampel tanah basalt dari kawasan Kuantan telah diuji sifat fiziko-kimia tanah tersebut. Sifat fizik tanah yang diuji ialah: ketumpatan relatif, kandungan air. Had Atterberg, taburan saiz butiran, dan sifat pemadatan. Sifat kimia yang diuji pula melibatkan kimia air liang. Air liang tanah diekstrak dahulu dengan kaedah "Ekstrak Tepuan" dan kemudiannya diuji pH, kekonduksian, konsentrasi kation (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) dan anion (SO42-, Cl-, CO32-, HCO3-). Hasil kajian menunjukkan ciri-ciri tanah basalt sepertimana yang berikut: ketumpatan relatif tinggi, dengan kebanyakan nilai > 2.7; kandungan air secara umumnya tinggi dengan Wo > 30%, ini menunjukkan penjerapan air yang tinggi; had cecair boleh mencapai nilai yang tinggi yang melebihi 50%; saiz butiran tertabur luas an tara saiz kelikir (G) hingga saiz lempung (C), namun demikian saiz dominan adalah halus (M/C); fraksi tanah halus dikelaskan sebagai tanah ML-MH, iaitu lodak dengan keplastikan rendah-tinggi. Yang agak mengejutkan ialah nilai ketumpatan kering maksimum tanah terpadat yang agak rendah, bersela antara 1.22-1.60g/cm3, walaupun tanah basalt diketahui umum sebagai bahan tambakan yang baik. Nilai gdmak yang rendah itu boleh disebabkan kandungan air optimum yang tinggi (Wopt = 29.0-47.5%). Keputusan untuk kimia air liang menunjukkan perkara yang berikut: PH terletak pada sebelah asid (< 7); kekonduksian rendah, membayangkan kandungan kation yang rendah; kepekatan kation Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, secara umumnya adalah rendah, dengan K+, Ca2+ dan Mg2+ mempamerkan nilai < 5bpj. Seperkara yang agak menarik ialah kedominanan kepekatan Na+ yang jelas. Dengan itu, nisbah kation monovalensi (Na+ + K+) lawan dwivalensi (Ca2+ + Mg2+) menunjukkan nilai yang tinggi yang berjulat antara 3-17, dengan beberapa nilai yang melebihi 100, maka ia menunjukkan potensi penyerakan tanah basalt yang tinggi. Anion Cl-, CO32- dan HCO3- tidak dikesan, manakala SO42- memaparkan nilai yang agak tinggi, iaitu 35-122 NTU. Walaupun di lapangan prolil tanah basalt memperlihatkan 3 lapisan atau horizon yang jelas, dengan warna yang berubah (atas ke bawah) daripada coklat tua, merah hingga ungu, hasil kajian sifat fiziko-kimia sampel tanah yang telah diambil dari 3 horizon itu tidak menunjukkan perbezaan atau variasi yang penting, iaitu lain daripada jangkaan. Tambahan pula, beberapa sifat fizikoÂkimia tanah basalt yang telah diambil dari lapisan yang sama terplot pada dua kelompok yang jelas - penerangan untuk perkara ini tidak begitu jelas.
Chemical compositions, and radiolarian content of several Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic chert samples have been studied. The occurrence of radiolaria in the chert permits dating of the rock more accurate. The age of the Kubang Pasu chert is Early Carboniferous. The age of the Kodiang chert is CarnianÂNorian, Late Triassic. The age of the Semanggol chert ranges from Late Permian to Middle Triassic. The cherts from Ulu Kelantan and Jengka area I are dated as Early Permian and late Permian respectively. Three lithologic I associations are recognised; 1) chert-limestone association represents a subsidence association which is found at the Kodiang Formation, 2) chertclastic association represents continental margin chert association which is very common in Peninsular Malaysia. It is found in the Semanggol Formation, Kubang Pasu Formation, and the chert from Ulu Kelantan, and 3) chertpyroclastic association which represents island-arc association is found in the chert at the Jengka area, Pahang.
Beberapa contoh rijang berusia Paleozoic Akhir dan Mesozoik telah dikaji kandungan kimia, dan radiolaria. Kewujudan radiolaria dalam bantuan rijang telah membolehkan penentuan usia yang lebih jitu terhadap lapisan rijang di beberapa formasi batuan di Semenanjung Malaysia. Rijang Formasi Kubang Pasu berusia Karbon Awal. Rijang Formasi Kodiang berusia Karnian Norian, Trias Akhir. Rijang Formasi Semanggol berusia Perm Akhir hingga Trias Tengah. Rijang di kawasan Ulu Kelantan berusia Perm Bawah. Rijang di kawasan Jengka, Pahang berusia Perm Akhir. Tiga sekutuan batuan rijang telah dikenalpasti; 1) sekutuan rijang-batu kapur atau dikenali sebagai sekutuan ambelesan yang didapati di Formasi Kodiang, 2) sekutuan rijangÂbatuan klastik atau dikenali sebagai sekutuan rijang pinggir benua, sekutuan ini banyak ditemui di Semenanjung Malaysia terutama dalam Formasi Semanggol, Formasi Kubang Pasu dan rijang di Ulu Kelantan dan 3) sekutuan rijang-piroklastik atau dikenali sebagai sekutuan arka-kepulauan didapati pada batuan rijang di kawasan Jengka, Pahang.
The concepts of fuzzy semi-open and semi-closed sets have been utilised to define four types of semi-separation of fuzzy sets corresponding to the notions of separation, Q-separation, weak separation, strong separation and eight types of semi-connectedness viz SiC, SCi-connectedness for i = 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 corresponding to the notions of O-connectedness, connectedness, Oq-connectedness and ci-connectedness of a fuzzy set. Interrelationship between these notions of semi-connectedness of a fuzzy set and their properties have been discussed.
Konsep set semi-terbuka dan semi-tertutup kabur digunakan untuk mentakrif empat jenis semi-pemisahan bagi set-set kabur sepadan dengan konsep pemisahan, Q-pemisahan, pemisahan lemah, pemisahan kuat dan lapan jenis keberkaitan, iaitu keberkaitan-SiC dan keberkaitan-SCi untuk i=1 ,2 ,3 ,4 sepadan dengan konsep keberkaitan, keberkaitan-Oq dan keberkaitan-Ci bagi set kabur. Hubung kait antara konsep-konsep semi-keberkaitan set kabur ini dan sifat-sifatnya dibincangkan.
In this paper a class of capital investment problem is considered within the context of mathematical programming. The usual and commonly used approach is presented upon the basis of the next present value criterion, and a branch and bound method is discussed for a model under extended assumptions.
Dalam kertas ini satu kelas masalah pelaburan kapital difikirkan di dalam konteks pengaturcaraan matematik. Pendekatan biasa dan selalu digunakan, dikemukakan berasaskan kriterium Nilai Semasa Berikut dan satu kaedah bercabang dan terbatas dibincangkan untuk satu model di bawah anggapan yang diperluaskan.
The technology of deductive database is now mature enough due to the considerable research efforts that have been made on the field for the last ten years. This achievement is demonstrated by the emergence of efficient and easy to use systems with their capability of supporting a declarative, rule based style of expressing queries and applications on databases. This paper describes an overview of architecture of a query evaluation system for deductive databases that has been developed.
Teknologi pangkalan data deduktif sudah matang hasil daripada penyelidikan yang telah banyak dilakukan dalam tempoh 10 tahun yang lepas. Pencapaian ini dibuktikan melalui kemunculan sistem yang cekap dan mudah guna serta mempunyai keupayaan untuk mengungkap pertanyaan dan penggunaan ke atas pangkalan data secara deklaratif menerusi penggunaan petua. Dalam kertas ini diterangkan suatu ringkasan mengenai senibina sistem penilaian pertanyaan untuk pangkalan data deduktif yang sudah dibangunkan.
This study was conducted to see if slow test presentations of 1 Hz was detected by the chromatic system and higher rates of flicker of 25 Hz, 33 Hz and 40 Hz were detected by the pure flicker system at lower and higher background luminances. Spectral sensitivity measurements were carried out using a 1.2 degree test spot presented at a rate of 1 Hz, 25 Hz, 33 Hz and 40 Hz on a white background. The background luminance used were 100 td, 250 td, 500 td, 750 td, 1000 td, 2500 td and 4000 td. The study showed that the detection of a 1 Hz test is possible by 2 mechanisms, the chromatic system at high background luminance and the achromatic and chromatic systems at low background luminance. In the case 25 Hz, it is not entirely detected by the 'pure flicker system' and the transient achromatic system might contribute in its detection. Flicker rates of 33 Hz and higher are detected by the pure flicker system.
Kajian ini dilakukan untuk melihat sama ada presentasi ujian secara perlahan iaitu 1 Hz dikesan oleh sistem kromatik dan ketipan pada kadar yang tinggi, iaitu 25 Hz, 33 Hz dan 40 Hz dikesan oleh sistem ketipan yang tutin pada luminans latar belakang rendah dan tinggi. Pengukuran sensitiviti spektral telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan satu cahaya ujian bulat berukuran 1.2 darjah yang dipersembahkan pada kadar 1 Hz, 25 Hz, 33 Hz dan 40 Hz pada latar belakang putih. Luminans latar belakang yang telah digunakan adalah 100 td, 250 td, 500 td, 750 td, 1000 td dan 4000 td. Kajian ini menunjukkan yang pengesanan ujian 1 Hz adalah melalui 2 mekanisma, mungkin sistem kromatik pada luminans latar belakang yang tinggi dan sistem akromatik dan kromatik pada luminans latar belakang yang rendah. Bagi 25 Hz pula, ia tidak secara keseluruhannya dikesan oleh sistem kelipan yang tutin dan mungkin sistem akromatik transien yang terlibat dalam pengesanannya. kadar ketipan 33 Hz dan lebih darinya adalah dikesan oleh sistem ketipan yang tulin.
Goitre prevalence and mental performance were determined amongst the Aborigines in Sinderut, a remote rural area in Pahang. A total of 196 subjects aged 4 to 60 years old were selected for study. Goitre status was determined by an experienced endocrinologist using classification suggested by World Health Organization; while mental performance was measured using Raven's test (Oxford Psychologists Press). Blood specimen was also taken for thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement. It was found that goitre prevalence was 26.5% (52/196); with visible goitre prevalence of 42.3% (22152). The overall mean of goitre volume was 21.4 ± 19.1 ml (range: 3.0 - 90.8 ml), while the prevalence of mental performance for the percentile value of more than 5.0 was 26.5% (range: 5.0 - 50.0). Mean thyroxine levels was 75.4 ± 19.3 nmol/L (range: 19.9 - 138.1 nmol/ L) while mean levels of thyroid stimulating hormone was 4.9 ± 3.2 mU/L (range: 0.4 - 18.9 mU/L). There was no significant correlation between hormone levels and mental performance score (Pearson Correlation; T4 : r=-0.002, p=0.9736; TSH : r=0.10, p=0.1843). goitre volume and mental performance score (Pearson Correlation; r=-0.02, p=0.8395). Goitre prevalence of more than 20% in this area indicates a moderate endemia, while mental performance showed a low thinking level in the Aborigines particularly those who lived in remote areas.
MeSH terms: Adult; Goiter*; Humans; Malaysia; Mental Health; Rural Population; Thyroid Function Tests*; Prevalence*; Oceanic Ancestry Group
This study was conducted for 3 main purposes: 1) to determine if there was blue colour deficiency amongst diabetes mellitus (IDDM and NIDDM) patients without retinopathy, 2) to determine if the Dl5 test could be used to detect any colour vision defects amongst diabetics without retinopathy (all previous workers have used FM 100-Hue), and 3) to assess the performance of diabetics without retinopathy in detecting correct colour changes with the urine strip test. Thirty eight non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 30 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients without retinopathy participated in this study. A control group of 23 normal subjects were also included in the study. Dl5 colour vision test was performed under daylight conditions. Colour dependent urine glucose test (Glukotest) was also performed on all subjects. The study showed that 47.1% of diabetics (47.4% NIDDM and 46.7% IDDM patients) without retinopathy had a blue colour deficiency. Amongst the diabetics with a blue colour deficiency, 25% of diabetics (22% of NIDDM and 28.6% of IDDM patients) failed to accurately match the strip colour with the comparison chart on the bottle.
Kajian ini dilakukan untuk 3 tujuan: I) untuk menentukan samada terdapat gangguan penglihatan warna biru dalam pesakit diabetes mellitus (IDDM dan NIDDM) tanpa retinopati, 2) untuk menentukan samada ujian penglihatan warna Dl5 boleh digunakan untuk mengesan defek penglihatan warna dalam pesakit diabetes tanpa retinopati (kesemua kajian terdahulu menggunakan ujian FM 100-Hue). dan 3) untuk menilaikan prestasi pesakit diabetik tanpa retinopati dalam mengesan perubahan warna yang betul dengan menggunakan ujian strip urin. Tiga puluh lapan pesakit dengan non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) dan 30 pesakit dengan insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) tanpa retinopati menyertai kajian ini. Kumpulan kawalan mengandungi 23 orang subjek yang normal juga terlibat di dalam kajian ini. Ujian penglihatan warna Dl5 dilakukan di bawah cahaya daylight. Ujian glukos urin berasaskan warna (Glukotest) dilakukan ke atas semua subjek. Kajian menunjukkan 47.1% pesakit diabetes (47.4% pesakit NIDDM dan 46.7% pesakit IDDM) tanpa retinopati mengalami defisiensi warna biru. Dalam kumpulan diabetik dengan defisiensi warna biru, 25% pesakit diabetes (22.2% adalah pesakit NIDDM dan 28.6% adalah pesakit IDDM) gagal untuk memadankan dengan tepat warna strip dengan carta perbandingan warna di atas botol.
MeSH terms: Ataxia Telangiectasia; Color; Color Vision Defects; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Glucose; Humans; Retinal Diseases; Control Groups; Color Vision; Insulins
Poly(hydroxamic acid) ion exchange resin was evaluated for speciation of iron(II) and iron(III) ions. Distribution coefficients indicate that the resin is more selective towards iron(III) ion. Column extractions show that iron(III) ion is quantatively extracted from sulfuric acid solutions at concentrations of between 0.01 to 0.00lM but only 2% or less of iron(II) ion is retained under these conditions. Further studies show that these two ions can be separated and their separations are not affected by the presence of nickel, zinc, copper, calcium, chloride, bromide, nitrate and sulphate.
Resin penukar ion poli(asid hidroksamik) telah dikaji untuk penspesiesan ion-ionferum. Pekali taburan menunjukkan resin ini mempunyai kepilihan yang tinggi terhadap ion ferik berbanding dengan ionferus. Pengekstrakan dengan kaedah turus mendapati ion ferik dari larutan asid sulfurik 0.01 dan 0.00lM boleh diesktrak secara kuantitatif manakala pengekstrakan ion ferus hanya 2% atau lebih kecil. Kajian lanjut menunjukkan resin ini boleh memisahkan ion ferik dari ion ferus dan pemisahan ini tidak diganggu oleh kehadiran ion-ion nikel, zink, kuprum, kalsium, klorida, bromida, nitrat dan sulfat.