Browse publications by year: 2006

  1. Mohd Ridzuan MA, Ruenruetai U, Noor Rain A, Khozirah S, Zakiah I
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):140-6.
    PMID: 17322815 MyJurnal
    Malaria is a disease which is still endemic and has become a disastrous scourge because of the emergence of antimalarial drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum. A new approach in addressing this is in developing a combination drug. This study is to show the enhancement of antimalarial properties, when single compound, goniothalamin combine with standard drug, chloroquine. Based on 4 Day Test, percentage of parasite growth on treated infected mice were determined. Oral treatment with 1 mg/kg BW of chloroquine on experimental mice suppressed 70% and 76.7% of both Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei, respectively. The infection of P. berghei in mice was inhibited less than 50% by goniothalamin individual treatment at all doses in this study. About 27.8% and 18.5% inhibition of infection were observed in P. yoelii infected mice treated with 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg of goniothalamin respectively and the suppression exceed more than 50% at higher doses (90 and 120 mg/kg). Combination of 1 mg/kg chloroquine with either 30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg of goniothalamin decreased the parasitemia of P. yoelii infected mice more than 90% and prolong the survival up to 100% after treatment. Similar treatment to P. berghei infected mice only shows about 60% reduction of parasitemia. The study findings showed that antimalarial property of goniothalamin was enhanced by combination with chloroquine at lower dose of each drug.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Antimalarials/administration & dosage; Antimalarials/pharmacology*; Chloroquine/administration & dosage; Chloroquine/pharmacology*; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Malaria/drug therapy*; Plasmodium berghei/drug effects*; Plasmodium yoelii/drug effects*; Pyrones/administration & dosage; Pyrones/pharmacology*; Parasitemia/drug therapy; Mice
  2. Sumarni Mohd G, Muhammad Amir K, Ibrahim Md S, Mohd Rodi I, Izzuna Mudla MG, Nurziyana I
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):148-54.
    PMID: 17322816
    Childhood obesity is an established problem in many countries and emerging in others. Epidemiological data on obesity in children is essential in order to plan public health policy and services. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of obesity in schoolchildren in the fifth grade of elementary school (10-12 years old) in the district of Kuala Selangor. Ten schools of which five are in urban and five in rural areas were selected consisting of 699 eleven year old schoolchildren from the three major ethnic groups. Using international cut-off points for obesity, we report an overall prevalence of obesity of 7.2%. Prevalence of obesity in urban children is 7.2% whereas in rural children it is 7.0 %. Analysed by gender, there were 8.9% obese boys and 5.3% obese girls. Among the 3 major ethnic groups, the Malays had the highest prevalence of obesity at 9.3% followed by the Chinese with 6.6% while among Indians 3.0%. The data obtained from this study suggests that obesity in Kuala Selangor children is a cause for concern in urban and rural areas.
    MeSH terms: Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ethnic Groups; Female; Humans; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Obesity/epidemiology*; Rural Population; Urban Population; Prevalence
  3. Rohani A, Khadri MS, Lee HL
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):164-71.
    PMID: 17322818 MyJurnal
    A study was carried out to investigate correlation between presence of specific microalgal species and Leptoconops biting midge larvae in its breeding habitats. Sand samples containing microalgae were collected from the beach where the midges were most commonly biting and from sand beaches which are potential as breeding habitats of Leptoconops. The survey covered sand beaches from 12 seperate islands. At all sites, the Bacillariophyta constituted the largest representatives of the microalgae community with the majority from the Naviculaceae family. A total of 24 microalgal species were identified from the sand samples collected from the study sites. Sand samples from Kentot Kecil Island had the highest number of algal species (11.0) and the highest algae species diversity ( Shanon-Weiner Diversity Index, H' = 0.884). Besar Island (Johor) had the lowest number of algal species (2.0) whereas Tengol A Island had the lowest algae species diversity (H'=0.234). Highest similarity index was recorded between sand samples collected from Tengol A Island and Tengol B Island (75.0%) followed by Besar Island (Melaka) and Tengol B Island (62.0 %). The variation between other islands were relatively high. Virtually many kinds of algae were found where Leptoconops were breeding but Fragilaria intermedia, Mastigloia minuta and Navicula advena were particularly common.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Breeding; Ceratopogonidae/physiology*; Malaysia; Reproduction/physiology; Silicon Dioxide; Ecosystem; Eukaryota/physiology*
  4. Lim KK, Siti Rohana D, Zawiah A, Wan Nazaimoon WM
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):172-8.
    PMID: 17322819 MyJurnal
    This is a cross-sectional study conducted from January to September 2004 in a group of school children aged 8 -10 years old. The schools and study subjects were selected using stratified systematic sampling technique. A total of 44 schools and 1100 subjects were selected from schools with iodinator and schools without iodinator. Samples collected were spot urine and drinking water. Dietary and iodised water consumption data were obtained from interviews. A total of 931 subjects (84.6%) responded; 558 (50.7%) from schools with iodinator and 373 (33.9%) from schools without iodinator. Results showed that in more than half (53.8%) of the schools with iodinators, mean water iodine level was below 25 microg/L. The study population in Terengganu was found to be mildly iodine deficient with an overall median urine iodine concentration (uIC) of 74 microg/L. Based on WHO criteria, 4.1% with uIC <20 microg/L (severe), 19.5% with uIC between 20-49 microg/L (moderate), 49.2% with uIC between 50-99 microg/L (mild) and 27.2% was iodine sufficient with uIC >100 microg/L. Majority of the study subjects were found to have high seafood intake (> 90%) and low in goitrogen food intake. This study suggests water iodinator system may not be a suitable method of supplying iodine and an alternative is needed in order to eradicate the iodine deficiency problem seen in some parts of Malaysia.
    MeSH terms: Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drinking; Humans; Iodine/administration & dosage*; Iodine/deficiency*; Iodine/chemistry; Malaysia; Schools; Trace Elements/administration & dosage*; Trace Elements/deficiency*; Trace Elements/chemistry; Water/chemistry*
  5. Lau YL, Shamilah H, Fong MY
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):186-93.
    PMID: 17322821 MyJurnal
    A truncated form of surface antigen 2 (SAG2) of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii was cloned and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. This recombinant antigen, designated as recSAG2-N, contained only the N-terminal half of the native SAG2. The recSAG2-N was secreted by the Pichia pastoris into the culture supernatant, and it was harvested by using the trichloroacetic acid precipitation method. Specificity of recSAG2-N was evaluated in western blot assays. Fifty human serum samples, including 32 from confirmed cases of toxoplasmosis, were tested. Results from the assays showed that recSAG2-N reacted with sera from the toxoplasmosis cases only. In vivo experiments showed that serum from mice which received recSAG2-N reacted with the native SAG2 of T. gondii.
    MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood; Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism*; Base Sequence; Cloning, Molecular; Female; Humans; Pichia/metabolism*; Serologic Tests; Toxoplasma*; Toxoplasmosis/diagnosis; Protozoan Proteins/metabolism*; Mice
  6. Gebriel AM, Subramaniam G, Sekaran SD
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):194-207.
    PMID: 17322822 MyJurnal
    The detection of leptospires in patient blood in the first week of the disease using PCR provides an early diagnostic tool. PCR using two sets of primers (G1/G2 and B64-I/B64-II) tested with samples seeded with 23 leptospiral strains from pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains was able to amplify leptospiral DNA from pathogenic strains only. Of the 39 antibody negative samples collected from patients suspected for leptospirosis, only 1 sample (2.6%) was PCR positive. Using LSSP-PCR, the G2 primers allowed the characterization of Leptopira species to 10 different genetic signatures which may have epidemiological value in determining species involved in outbreaks. Leptospiral outer membrane proteins from three strains were purified and reacted against patients sera and gave rise to different profiles for pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains. Lymphocytes of mice injected with OMPs proliferated and released IFN(-3) when stimulated in vitro using Leptospira OMP as antigens. This suggests that an immune response could be established using leptospiral OMPs as a putative vaccine. OMPs were also used in a Dot-ELISA to detect antibodies against Leptospira pathogens in humans.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology*; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology*; DNA, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods; Humans; Immunoglobulin M/blood; Leptospira/classification*; Leptospira/genetics; Leptospira/isolation & purification*; Leptospirosis/blood; Leptospirosis/diagnosis*; Leptospirosis/microbiology*; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Polymorphism, Genetic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods; Mice
  7. Zaizuhana S, Puteri J Noor MB, Noral'ashikin Y, Muhammad H, Rohana AB, Zakiah I
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):214-9.
    PMID: 17322824 MyJurnal
    Kacip Fatimah also known as Labisia pumila (Myrsinaceae), is a traditional herbal medicine with a long history in the Malay community. It has been used by many generations of Malay women to induce and facilitate childbirth as well as a post-partum medicine. We tested the genotoxic potential of Kacip Fatimah in bone marrow cells obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats using micronuclei formation as the toxicological endpoints. Five groups of five male rats each were administered orally for two consecutive days with doses of 100, 700 and 2000 mg/kg body weight of Kacip Fatimah extract dissolved in distilled water. Micronucleus preparation was obtained from bone marrow cells of the animals following standard protocols. No statistically significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) was observed at any dose level and sacrifice/harvest time point (24, 48 and 72h). However, a significant decrease in polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes (PCE:NCE) ratio was observed from the highest dose level (2000 mg/kg of body weight) at 48h harvest time point. In this study, we investigated the effect of Kacip Fatimah on mammalian bone marrow cells using micronuclei formation to assess the genotoxicity of the herb.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Plant Extracts/toxicity*; Plant Extracts/chemistry*; Micronucleus Tests*; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Myrsinaceae/chemistry*; Rats
  8. Chen CD, Lee HL
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):220-3.
    PMID: 17322825 MyJurnal
    The bioefficacy of a commercial formulation of temephos, Creek against Aedes aegypti larvae was studied in the laboratory. Earthen jars were filled with 10 L tap water each. One g of temephos (Creek) sand granule formulation was added into each earthen jar as recommended by the manufacturer. The final test concentration of Creek was 1 mg a.i./L. One earthen jar was filled with 10 L tap water and served as a test control (untreated). Thirty late 3(rd) or early 4(th) instar of lab-bred Ae. aegypti larvae were added into each earthen jar. Mortality of the larvae was recorded after 24 hours and percent mortality was calculated. Test was repeated every week. The results showed that complete larval mortality was achieved after 24 hours. The residual effect lasted 15 weeks (105 days), indicating that Creek is effective at the dosage recommended by the manufacturer which is 1 mg a.i./L.
    MeSH terms: Temefos/pharmacology*; Aedes/drug effects*; Animals; Biological Assay; Insecticides/pharmacology*; Larva/drug effects
  9. Chen CD, Nazni WA, Lee HL, Seleena B, Mohd Masri S, Chiang YF, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):224-7.
    PMID: 17322826 MyJurnal
    Ovitrap surveillance was conducted in four dengue endemic areas in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia to determine the distribution and percentage of mixed breeding of both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The percentage of mixed breeding in all study sites both indoors and outdoors accounted for 10 to 32 % from the total ovitraps collected. Ae. aegypti was found at a higher frequency than Ae. albopictus in these ovitraps. This study again indicates that ovitrap is a sensitive tool to attract gravid females of more than one mosquito species to oviposit in the container.
    MeSH terms: Aedes/physiology*; Animals; Breeding; Demography; Dengue/transmission*; Female; Insect Vectors/physiology; Malaysia; Reproduction/physiology; Endemic Diseases
  10. WHO Western Pacific Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme
    Commun Dis Intell Q Rep, 2006;30(4):430-3.
    PMID: 17330383
    The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme examined about 8,700 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 15 countries for resistance to antibiotics in 2005. High to very high rates of resistance to penicillins and quinolones persisted in most centres. Increasing numbers of gonococci with decreased susceptibility to third generation cephalosporins were found in several countries. There were infrequent instances of spectinomycin resistance.
    MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology*; Australia/epidemiology; Brunei/epidemiology; China/epidemiology; Gonorrhea/microbiology*; Gonorrhea/epidemiology*; Hong Kong/epidemiology; Humans; Japan/epidemiology; Malaysia/epidemiology; Neisseria gonorrhoeae/drug effects*; Neisseria gonorrhoeae/physiology; New Caledonia/epidemiology; New Zealand/epidemiology; Pacific Ocean; Philippines/epidemiology; Singapore/epidemiology; Vietnam/epidemiology; World Health Organization*; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial*
  11. Rasool AH, Yuen KH, Yusoff K, Wong AR, Rahman AR
    J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 2006 Dec;52(6):473-8.
    PMID: 17330512
    Tocotrienols are a class of vitamin E reported to be potent antioxidants, besides having the ability to inhibit the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. This study assessed the effects of 3 doses of tocotrienol-rich vitamin E (TRE) on plasma tocotrienol isomer concentration, arterial compliance, plasma total antioxidant status (TAS), aortic systolic blood pressure (ASBP), serum total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in healthy males.

    METHODOLOGY: This randomised, blinded end-point, placebo-controlled clinical trial with a parallel design involved 36 healthy male subjects who took either an oral placebo or TRE at doses of 80, 160 or 320 mg daily for 2 mo. Baseline and end-of-treatment measurements of vitamin E concentration, arterial compliance [assessed by aortic femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI)], ASBP, plasma TAS, serum TC and LDL-C were taken.

    RESULTS: Baseline tocotrienol isomer concentrations were low and not detectable in some subjects. Upon supplementation, all TRE-treated groups showed significant difference from placebo for their change in alpha, gamma and delta tocotrienol concentrations from baseline to end of treatment. There was a linear dose and blood level relationship for all the isomers. There was no significant difference between groups for their change in PWV, AI, plasma TAS, ASBP, TC or LDL-C from baseline to end of treatment. Groups 160 mg (p = 0.024) and 320 mg (p = 0.049) showed significant reductions in their ASBP. Group 320 mg showed a significant 9.2% improvement in TAS.

    CONCLUSION: TRE at doses up to 320 mg daily were well tolerated. Treatment significantly increased alpha, delta, and gamma tocotrienol concentrations but did not significantly affect arterial compliance, plasma TAS, serum TC or LDL-C levels in normal subjects.

    MeSH terms: Adult; Antioxidants/administration & dosage; Antioxidants/adverse effects; Antioxidants/metabolism*; Blood Flow Velocity/drug effects; Blood Pressure/drug effects; Cholesterol/blood; Compliance/drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Femoral Artery/drug effects*; Humans; Lipids/blood*; Lipoproteins, LDL/blood; Lipoproteins, LDL/drug effects; Male; Reference Values; Vitamin E/administration & dosage*; Dietary Supplements*; Tocotrienols/blood*
  12. Bagalkotkar G, Sagineedu SR, Saad MS, Stanslas J
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2006 Dec;58(12):1559-70.
    PMID: 17331318
    This review discusses the medicinal plant Phyllanthus niruri Linn. (Euphorbiaceae), its wide variety of phytochemicals and their pharmacological properties. The active phytochemicals, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, lignans, polyphenols, tannins, coumarins and saponins, have been identified from various parts of P. niruri. Extracts of this herb have been proven to have therapeutic effects in many clinical studies. Some of the most intriguing therapeutic properties include anti-hepatotoxic, anti-lithic, anti-hypertensive, anti-HIV and anti-hepatitis B. Therefore, studies relating to chemical characteristics and structural properties of the bioactive phytochemicals found in P. niruri are very useful for further research on this plant as many of the phytochemicals have shown preclinical therapeutic efficacies for a wide range of human diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis B.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Humans; Phytotherapy/methods; Medicine, East Asian Traditional; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use; Plant Extracts/chemistry*; Molecular Structure; Phyllanthus/chemistry*
  13. Nimir AR, Isa NH, Eugene CB, Ghauth IM, Salleh FM, Rahman RA
    PMID: 17333723
    The age distribution, types of infection and clinical patterns of malaria were compared in patients admitted to an urban and a rural hospital. Analysis of the cases seen in urban setting characteristically indicated a relatively low transmission rate of the disease, whereas the mean inoculation rate in patients from the rural hospital was found to be at least twenty folds higher. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant causative species in the urban hospital (p = 0.01), infecting mostly adult (p = 0.001) males (p = 0.01). The geometric mean parasite count at 3432/microl among the urban patients was significantly higher than that in the rural patients at 1422/microl (p = 0.04). Coma and death were more common among the cases seen in the urban hospital (p = 0.003), while severe anemia was the significant complication in the rural setting. Overall, the provisional diagnosis of malaria was relatively low in the urban hospital (p = 0.02). The results from this study highlighted the need to define the extent of malaria in urban areas. This report attempts to identify the non-climatic determinants of the infection and, furthermore, to provide a more informed basis to describe the burden of the disease.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Hospitals, Rural/statistics & numerical data*; Hospitals, Urban/statistics & numerical data*; Humans; Malaria/complications; Malaria/ethnology; Malaria/epidemiology*; Malaysia/epidemiology; Male; Retrospective Studies
  14. Rohela M, Jamaiah I, Goh KL, Nissapatorn V
    PMID: 17333730
    Diphyllobothriasis was first reported in Malaysia in 2002. We are reporting a second case of diphyllobothriasis in Malaysia. The patient was a 37-year-old Chinese male seen at the outpatient clinic with a complaint of passing strands of white color flat worm in his stool. He had no other abdominal complaints. Laboratory and physical examinations were normal. Diphyllobothrium latum was confirmed by examination of the gravid proglottids passed out and the typical operculated eggs expelled from the ruptured proglottids. The patient had a history of eating raw fish. He was treated with a single dose of praziquantel.
    Study site: Outpatient clinic, University Malaya Specialist Center (UMSC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    MeSH terms: Adult; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use; Diphyllobothriasis/diagnosis*; Diphyllobothriasis/drug therapy; Humans; Malaysia; Male; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Praziquantel/therapeutic use; Hospitals, Private
  15. Norlijah O, Intan HI, Feizel AM, Kasim MS, Noh LM
    PMID: 17333739
    Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in Malaysia. We describe three atypical cases of serious tuberculosis in children. The potential diagnostic pitfall in these cases is highlighted by its unusual presentation in a setting of culture-negative infection. A positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in each case assists in gauging the diagnosis in concordance with appropriate clinical findings.
    MeSH terms: Bacteriological Techniques; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant; Malaysia; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis*; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/radiography; Polymerase Chain Reaction
  16. Noor Haslina MN, Ariffin N, Illuni Hayati I, Rosline H
    PMID: 17333748
    The development of red blood cell (RBC) isoimmunization with alloantibodies and autoantibodies complicate transfusion therapy in multiply transfused thalassemia patients. Thus, the frequency, causes and prevention of these phenomena were studied among these patients. Clinical and serological data from 58 Malay multiply transfused thalassemic patients who sought treatment at Hospital University Sains Malaysia were collected and analyzed prospectively. Blood samples were subjected to standard blood bank procedures to screen for antibody and subsequent antibodies identification. All patients in our hospital received blood matched for only ABO and Rh (D) antigens. There were 46 (79.3%) patients with Hb E/beta thalassemia, 8 (13.8%) with beta thalassemia major, 3 (5.2%) with Hb H Constant Spring and 1 (1.7%) with Hb H disease. Overall, 8.6% of the patients had alloantibodies and 1.7% had autoantibodies. The alloantibodies identified were anti-E, anti-c, anti-K, anti-Jka, anti-N and anti-S. In conclusion, the transfusion of matched blood is essential for chronically multiply transfused patients in order to avoid alloimmunization. Considering the high frequency of anti E at our hospital, it is advisable to genotype patients and match the red cells for E antigens in multiply transfused thalassemia patients.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Autoantibodies/biosynthesis*; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythrocytes/immunology*; Female; Humans; Infant; Isoantibodies/biosynthesis*; Malaysia; Male; Prospective Studies; Thalassemia/immunology*; Thalassemia/therapy*; Erythrocyte Transfusion/adverse effects*
  17. Rohani A, Zamree I, Lim LH, Rahini H, David L, Kamilan D
    PMID: 17333767
    The bioefficacy of indoor residual-sprayed deltamethrin wettable granule (WG) formulation at 25 mg a.i./m2 and 20 mg a.i./m2 for the control of malaria was compared with the current dose of 20 mg/m2 deltamethrin wettable powder (WP) in aboriginal settlements in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. The malaria vector has been previously identified as Anopheles maculatus. The assessment period for the 20 mg/m2 dosage was six months, but for the 25 mg/m2 dosage, the period was 9 months. Collections of mosquitoes using the bare-leg techniques were carried out indoors and outdoors from 7:00 PM to 7:00 AM. All mosquitoes were dissected for sporozoites and parity. Larval collections were carried out at various locations to assess the extent and distribution of breeding of vectors. A high incidence of human feeds was detected during May 2005 and a low incidence during January 2005 for all the study areas. Our study showed that deltamethrin WG at 25 mg/m2 suppressed An. maculatus biting activity. More An. maculatus were caught in outdoor landing catches than indoor landing catches for all the study areas. The results indicate that 25 mg/m2 WG is good for controlling malaria for up to 9 months. Where residual spraying is envisaged, the usual two spraying cycles per year with 20 mg/m2 deltamethrin may be replaced with 25 mg/m2 deltamethrin WG every 9 months.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Anopheles/classification; Anopheles/drug effects*; Anopheles/growth & development; Bites and Stings/parasitology; Communicable Disease Control; Environmental Monitoring; Housing*; Humans; Insect Vectors/drug effects; Insect Vectors/parasitology; Insecticides/administration & dosage*; Insecticides/toxicity; Larva/drug effects; Malaria/epidemiology; Malaria/prevention & control*; Malaysia/epidemiology; Nitriles/administration & dosage*; Nitriles/toxicity; Pyrethrins/administration & dosage*; Pyrethrins/toxicity; Program Evaluation*; Air Pollution, Indoor; Epidemiological Monitoring
  18. Mohamed Y, Alias NN, Shuaib IL, Tharakan J, Abdullah J, Munawir AH, et al.
    PMID: 17333778
    Advances in neuroimaging techniques, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), have proved invaluable in detecting structural brain lesions in patients with epilepsy in developed countries. In Malaysia, a few electroencephalography facilities available in rural district hospitals run by trained physician assistants have Internet connections to a government neurological center in Kuala Lumpur. These facilities are more commonly available than MRI machines, which require radiological expertise and helium replacement, which may problematic in Southeast Asian countries where radiologists are found in mainly big cities or towns. We conducted a cross-sectional study over a two year period begining January 2001 on rural patients, correlating EEG reports and MRI images with a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy to set guidelines for which rural patients need to be referred to a hospital with MRI facilities. The patients referred by different hospitals without neurological services were classified as having generalized, partial or unclassified seizures based on the International Classification of Epileptic Seizures proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE). The clinical parameters studied were seizure type, seizure frequency, status epilepticus and duration of seizure. EEG reports were reviewed for localized and generalized abnormalities and epileptiform changes. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and area under the curve. The association between clinical and radiological abnormalities was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Twenty-six males and 18 females were evaluated. The mean age was 20.7 +/- 13.3 years. Nineteen (43.2%) had generalized seizures, 22 (50.0%) had partial seizures and 3 (6.8%) presented with unclassified seizures. The EEG was abnormal in 30 patients (20 with generalized abnormalities and 10 localized abnormalities). The MRI was abnormal in 17 patients (38.6%); the abnormalities observed were cerebral atrophy (5), hippocampal sclerosis (4), infarct/gliosis (3), cortical dysgenesis (2) and tumors (2). One patient had an arachnoid cyst in the right occipital region. Of the 17 patients with an abnormal MRI, 14 had an abnormal EEG, this difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant associaton between epileptographic changes and MRI findings (p = 0.078). EEG findings were associated with MRI findings (p = 0.004). The association between an abnormal EEG and an abnormal MRI had a specificity of 82.4%, while epileptogenic changes had a specificity of 64.7% in relation to abnormal MRI findings. This meants that those patients in rural hospitals with abnormal EEGs should be referred to a neurology center for further workup and an MRI to detect causes with an epileptic focus.
    MeSH terms: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epilepsy/diagnosis*; Female; Health Services Accessibility; Hospitals, Rural; Hospitals, Urban/utilization; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/instrumentation; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/utilization*; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Referral and Consultation*; Sensitivity and Specificity
  19. Hadi AA, Naing NN, Daud A, Nordin R
    PMID: 17333785
    This study was conducted to assess the reliability and construct validity of the Malay version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) among secondary school teachers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. A total of 68 teachers consented to participate in the study and were administered the Malay version of JCQ. Reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency whilst construct validity was assessed using factor analysis. The results indicated that Cronbach's alpha coefficients revealed decision latitude (0.75), psychological job demand (0.50) and social support (0.84). Factor analysis showed three meaningful common factors that could explain the construct of Karasek's demand-control-social support model. The study suggests the JCQ scales are reliable and valid tools for assessing job stress in school teachers.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Job Description; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases/ethnology; Occupational Diseases/psychology*; Psychometrics/instrumentation*; Surveys and Questionnaires*; Social Support; Stress, Psychological/ethnology; Stress, Psychological/psychology*; Workload/psychology; Workplace/psychology; Validation Studies; School Teachers
  20. Ngeow WC, Chai WL, Rahman RA, Ramli R
    Singapore Dent J, 2006 Dec;28(1):1-3.
    PMID: 17378333
    Head and neck cancer is becoming a more recognizable pathology to the general population and dentists. The modes of treatment include surgery and/or radiation therapy. Where possible, pretreatment dental assessment shall be provided for these patients before they receive radiation therapy. There are occasions, however, whereby head and neck cancer patients are not prepared optimally for radiation therapy. Because of this, they succumb to complicated oral adverse effects after radiation therapy. Part I of this series reviews the management of xerostomia. The management of the effect of xerostomia to the dentition/oral cavity is discussed in Part II.
    MeSH terms: Chewing Gum; Head and Neck Neoplasms/radiotherapy*; Humans; Mouthwashes/therapeutic use; Mouthwashes/chemistry; Parasympatholytics/therapeutic use; Pilocarpine/therapeutic use; Radiation Injuries/therapy*; Saliva, Artificial/therapeutic use; Saliva, Artificial/chemistry; Salivation/drug effects; Xerostomia/etiology; Xerostomia/therapy*
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