The title Schiff base, C(11)H(14)ClNO(4), originally refined as a neutral mol-ecule [Chumakov, Antosyak, Mazus, Tsapkov & Samus (2000), Crystallogr. Rep.45, 945-950], is inter-preted as a zwitterionic compound. There are two independent zwitterions in the asymmetric unit. Five of the six hydr-oxy groups of the -CH(2)OH fragments are disordered. In one zwitterion, two are disordered over three sites [0.53 (1):0.33 (1):0.14 (1) and 0.65 (1):0.18 (1):0.17 (1)] and the third over two sites [0.66 (1):0.34 (1)]. In the second zwitterion, two are disordered over two sites [0.84 (1):0.16 (1) and 0.83 (1):0.17 (1)] and the third hydr-oxy group is ordered.
The two aromatic parts of the title compound, C(16)H(13)N(3)O(4)·5H(2)O, are connected through a conjugated -CH=N-NH-C(O)- fragment, giving an almost planar mol-ecule. The organic mol-ecules and uncoordinated water mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
The N'-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-ylmethyl-idene)hydrazine-carbo-dithio-ate portion of the title mol-ecule, C(18)H(17)N(3)S(2), is nearly planar; this unit and the phenyl ring subtend an angle of 112.9 (2)° at the methyl-ene C atom.
In the title Schiff base compound, C(23)H(30)N(2)O(2), the complete mol-ecule is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry, with one C atom lying on the rotation axis. The nonane chain adopts a linear conformation and the hydr-oxy group forms an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond to the imine group.
The pyridine-coordinated Cu(II) atom in the title Schiff base complex, [Cu(C(15)H(11)N(3)O(5))(C(5)H(5)N)], is O,N,O'-chelated by the doubly deprotonated Schiff base ligand. The metal centre is in a square-planar coordination geometry.
The Pb(IV) atom of the plumbate dianion in the title compound, (C(7)H(11)N)(2)[Pb(Br(3.75)Cl(0.25))(C(6)H(5))(2)], lies on a centre of inversion in a tetra-gonally compressed octa-hedral geometry. One of the attached Br atoms is disordered with respect to a Cl atom in a 7:1 ratio. The disordered halogen atom is an N-H⋯(Br/Cl) hydrogen-bond acceptor for the cation.
In the title compound, C(10)H(8)ClN(3), the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 43.0 (1)° and the bridging C-N-C angle is 128.19 (16)°. The amino N atom of one mol-ecule forms a hydrogen bond to the 1-N atom of an adjacent pyrazinyl ring, generating an inversion dimer.
The two aromatic parts of the title compound, C(16)H(13)ClN(3)O(4), are connected through a conjugated -CH=N-NH-C(O)- fragment, giving an almost planar mol-ecule (r.m.s. deviation 0.08 Å). In the crystal structure, adjacent mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.
The Schiff base mol-ecule of the title compound, C(15)H(14)N(2)O(4)·H(2)O, adopts a trans configuration with respect to the C=N double bond; the Schiff base itself is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation for all non-H atoms = 0.040 Å). The amido N atom is the hydrogen-bond donor to the water mol-ecule, which is the hydrogen-bond donor to the hydr-oxy groups of two neighboring mol-ecules. One of the hydroxyl groups acts as an intra-molecular and the other as an inter-molecular hydrogen-bond donor.
The Schiff base mol-ecule of the title compound, C(15)H(14)N(2)O(4)·C(3)H(7)NO, adopts a trans configuration with respect to the C=N double bond; the Schiff base itself is nearly planar (r.m.s. deviation 0.20 Å). The amido N atom is a hydrogen-bond donor to the dimethyl-formamide solvate mol-ecule. One of the hydr-oxy groups forms an intra-molecular hydrogen bond to the N atom of the C=N double bond, whereas the other forms an inter-molecular hydrogen bond to the carbonyl group.
The aromatic and the aromatic fused-rings in the title compound, C(15)H(13)N(3), open the angle at the planar N atom to 130.07 (13) and 129.98 (13)° in the two independent mol-ecules in the asymmetric unit. The amino N atom of one mol-ecule forms a hydrogen bond to the 4-N atom of an adjacent quinoxalinyl ring, generating a supra-molecular chain.
The two aromatic rings in the title compound, C(10)H(8)ClN(3), open the angle at the planar N atom to 128.00 (12)°. The amino N atom of one mol-ecule forms a hydrogen bond to the 1-N atom of an adjacent pyrimidyl ring, generating a hydrogen-bonded dimer.
Ten polymorphic microsatellite markers have been developed for Gonystylus bancanus (Ramin), a protected tree species of peat swamp forests in Malaysia and Indonesia. Eight markers were also shown to be polymorphic in other Gonystylus species. The markers will enable assessing the amount of genetic variation within and among populations and the degree of population differentiation, such that donor populations can be selected for reforestation projects. They may be used for tracing and tracking of wood in the production chain, so that legal trade in this Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora-protected timber species, derived from specifically described origins, can be distinguished from illegally logged timber.
Medical physics is a relatively small professional community, usually with a scarcity of expertise that could greatly benefit students entering the field. However, the reach of the profession can span great geographical distances, making the training of students a difficult task. In addition to the requirement of training new students, the evolving field of medical physics, with its many emerging advanced techniques and technologies, could benefit greatly from ongoing continuing education as well as consultation with experts.Many continuing education courses and workshops are constantly being offered, including many web-based study courses and virtual libraries. However, one mode of education and communication that has not been widely used is the real-time interactive process. Video-based conferencing systems do exist, but these usually require a substantial amount of effort and cost to set up.The authors have been working on promoting the ever-expanding capability of the Internet to facilitate the education of medical physics to students entering the field. A pilot project has been carried out for six years and reported previously. The project is a collaboration between the Department of Medical Physics at the Toronto Odette Cancer Centre in Canada and the Department of Biomedical Imaging at the University of Malaya in Malaysia. Since 2001, medical physics graduate students at the University of Malaya have been taught by lecturers from Toronto every year, using the Internet as the main tool of communication.The pilot study explored the different methods that can be used to provide real-time interactive remote education, and delivered traditional classroom lectures as well as hands-on workshops.Another similar project was started in 2007 to offer real-time teaching to a class of medical physics students at Wuhan University in Hubei, China. There are new challenges as well as new opportunities associated with this project. By building an inventory of tools and experiences, the intent is to broaden the real-time teleteaching method to serve a wide community so that future students entering the field can have efficient access to high-quality education that will benefit the profession in the long term.
MeSH terms: Canada; China; Education, Continuing; Humans; Malaysia; Neoplasms; Physics; Pilot Projects; Referral and Consultation; Students, Medical; Universities; Internet; Libraries, Digital
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of primary brain tumours known collectively as gliomas. Gliomas are graded by their microscopic appearance. As a rule, their behaviour can be predicted from histology: Grade I (pilocytic astrocytomas) and Grade II (benign astrocytomas) tumours are of low grade and grow slowly over many years. Grade IV tumours (GBM) are the most aggressive and, unfortunately, also the most common in humans, growing rapidly, invading and altering brain function. These tumours arise from the supporting glial cells of the brain during childhood and in adulthood.These growths do not spread throughout the body like other forms of cancer, but cause symptoms by invading the brain. Untreated GBMs are rapidly lethal. Most patients with GBM die of their disease in less than a year and none have long term survival.Extracranial metastases from GBM are extremely rare, with a reported frequency of only 0.44% because of the absence of lymphatics in the brain and the difficulty of tumours to penetrate blood vessels. A case of glioblastoma multiforme with the rare features of extensive liver and bone metastases is presented in this paper.
Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is an international ethical and scientific quality standard for the design, conduct, performance, monitoring, auditing, recording, analyses and reporting of clinical trials. It also serves to protect the rights, integrity and confidentiality of trial subjects. It is very important to understand the background of the formation of the ICH-GCP guidelines as this, in itself, explains the reasons and the need for doing so. In this paper, we address the historical background and the events that led up to the formation of these guidelines. Today, the ICH-GCP guidelines are used in clinical trials throughout the globe with the main aim of protecting and preserving human rights.