In the crystal of the title compound, [Cd2Na2(C2H3O2)2(C21H24N2O4)2]·0.67C2H6O, the doubly deprotonated Schiff base ligand N,N',O,O'-chelates to the Cd(II) cation, which is also O,O'-chelated by the acetate ion. Two Cd-Schiff base units are connected to two Na(+) atoms to form the tetra-nuclear complex, in which the Cd(2+) and Na(+) cations show distorted octa-hedral coordinations. The asymmetric unit consists of half a tetra-nuclear mol-ecule (lying on an inversion center) and a full tetra-nuclear mol-ecule (lying on a general position) along with a lattice ethanol mol-ecule, which links to the coordinating acetate ion via an O-H⋯O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, the propyl and ethyl groups of the complex mol-ecule are disordered over two positions in a 1:1 ratio; the ethyl group of the lattice ethanol mol-ecule is also equally disordered over two positions.
The mol-ecule of the title compound, C16H16N2O4, adopts an E conformation about the azomethine C=N double bond. The dihedral angle formed by the benzene rings is 18.88 (9)°. The mol-ecular conformation is stabilized by an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond, which forms an S(6) ring. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked into chains parallel to [001] by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The chains are further connected into a three-dimensional network by π-π stacking inter-actions with centroid-centroid distances of 3.6538 (10) and 3.8995 (11) Å.
The title compound, C15H14N2O4 adopts an E conformation about the azomethine double bond. Intra-molecular N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds generate S(6) rings and help to establish the molecular conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 17.84 (10)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a two-dimensional network with a herring-bone pattern arranged parallel to the bc plane.
In the title compound, C26H24N2O2, the benzimidazole ring system is almost planar [maximum displacement = 0.025 (1) Å] and makes dihedral angles of 80.48 (5) and 41.57 (5)° with the benzene rings, which are inclined to one another by 65.33 (6)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via C-H⋯π and weak π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distance = 3.8070 (7) Å and inter-planar distance = 3.6160 (5) Å].
The title compound, C5H6ClN3O, is essentially planar with a maximum deviation of 0.0256 (11) Å for all non-H atoms. In the crystal, adjacent mol-ecules are linked by a pair of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming an inversion dimer with an R2(2)(8) ring motif. The dimers are further linked via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into an undulating sheet structure parallel to the bc plane.
In the title salt, C6H9N2(+)·C2F3O2(-), the F atoms of the anion are disordered over two sets of sites, with refined occupancies in a ratio of 0.505 (17):0.495 (17). In the crystal, cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming R2(2)(8) ring motifs. The ionic units are linked into a two-dimensional network parallel to (100) by N-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
In the title salt, 2C4H6ClN4(+)·C4H2O4(2-), the complete fumarate dianion is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The cation is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.018 (1) Å. In the anion, the carboxyl-ate group is twisted slightly away from the attached plane, the dihedral angle between the carboxyl-ate and (E)-but-2-ene planes being 12.78 (13)°. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 2-amino group of the cation are hydrogen bonded to the carboxyl-ate O atoms of the anion via a pair of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming an R2(2)(8) ring motif. In addition, another type of R2(2)(8) motif is formed by centrosymmetrically related pyrimidinium cations via N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds. These two combined motifs form a heterotetra-mer. The crystal structure is further stabilized by stong N-H⋯O, N-H⋯Cl and weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting a three-dimensional network.
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, 2C5H6ClN3O·C4H6O4, consists of one 4-chloro-6-meth-oxy-pyrimidin-2-amine mol-ecule and one half-mol-ecule of succinic acid which lies about an inversion centre. In the crystal, the acid and base mol-ecules are linked through N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a tape along [1-10] in which R2(2)(8) and R4(2)(8) hydrogen-bond motifs are observed. The tapes are further inter-linked through a pair of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a sheet parallel to (11-2).
The base mol-ecule of the title co-crystal, C7H10N2O2S·C7H6O3, is essentially planar, with a maximum deviation of 0.0806 (14) Å for all non-H atoms. The acid mol-ecule is also nearly planar, with a dihedral angle of 8.12 (14)° between the benzene ring and the carb-oxy group. In the crystal, the acid mol-ecules form an inversion dimer through a pair of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with an R2(2)(8) ring motif. The pyrimidine mol-ecules are linked on both sides of the dimer into a heterotetra-mer via O-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds with R2(2)(8) ring motifs. The heterotetra-mers are further linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a tape structure along [1-10].
The benzoic acid mol-ecule of the title compound, C4H5ClN4·C7H6O2, is approximately planar, with a dihedral angle of 1.28 (9)° between the carb-oxy group and the benzene ring. In the crystal, two acid and two base mol-ecules are linked through N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric 2 + 2 unit with R2(2)(8) and R4(2)(8) motifs. These units are further linked through a pair of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into a tape structure along [1-20]. The crystal structure also features weak π-π [centroid-centroid distance = 3.5984 (11) Å] and C-H⋯π inter-actions.
In the 4-meth-oxy-quinoline-2-carboxyl-ate anion of the title salt, C5H8N3(+)·C11H8NO3(-), the dihedral angle between the quinoline ring system and the carboxyl-ate group is 16.54 (15)°. In the crystal, the cations and anions are linked via N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric 2 + 2 aggregate with R2(2)(9) and R4(2)(8) ring motifs. These units are further connected via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a layer parallel to the bc plane. The crystal structure is also stabilized by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between pyridine rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.5886 (8) Å] and between pyridine and benzene rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.6328 (8) Å].
This study investigated gender, age group and locality differences in adolescent athletes' self-determination motivation and goal orientations in track and field. It also examined the relationship between the self-determination theory and achievement goal theory. A total of 632 (349 boys, 283 girls) adolescent athletes (aged 13-18 years) completed the Sports Motivation Scale and Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. Results indicated significant differences between gender on intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation (t(630) = 4.10, p < 0.05) and ego orientation (t(630) = 2.48, p < 0.05). Male students reported higher intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amotivation and ego orientation. A significant difference was found between age groups on task orientation (t(630) = 1.94, p < 0.05) and locality on ego orientation (t(630) = 1.94, p < 0.05). Older athletes showed significantly higher task orientation. Rural athletes had higher ego orientation whereas urban athletes have higher intrinsic motivation. Task orientation was related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), extrinsic motivation (r = 0.55, p < 0.01), but weakly related to amotivation (r = 0.10, p < 0.01). Ego orientation was related to intrinsic motivation (r = 0.30, p < 0.01), extrinsic motivation (r = 0.36, p < 0.01) and amotivaion (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). Task orientation was related to ego orientation (r = 0.29, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and amotivation accounted for 30.5% of the variances in task orientation.
MeSH terms: Adolescent; Female; Goals; Humans; Male; Motivation; Surveys and Questionnaires; Regression Analysis; Students; Track and Field; Personal Autonomy; Athletes
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of short-term stability ball (SB) training on males and females by comparing the strength changes produced in the core muscles. Forty-two previously untrained subjects, mean age = 23.62 ± 2.89 years were matched by their maximum strength (back strength: male = 190-200 kg, female = 45-50 kg and abdominal strength: male = 110-120 kg, female = 35-40 kg 1RM) and randomly placed in either one of these 3 groups; unstable SB group (n = 14), stable floor group (n = 14) and control group (n = 14) who did no exercise. SB training showed greatest improvement (p < 0.001) in back and abdominal strength (25.79 % and 29.51 % respectively), compared with the gain in floor training (FT) back and abdominal strength (10.28 % and 8.47 % respectively). Untrained female subjects achieved a higher percentage of improvement in strength compared to males in both back and abdominal muscles, and this is most evident in the SB training group. It is apparent that performing core training exercises on unstable surfaces stressed the musculature, possibly activating the neuro-adaptive mechanisms that led to the early phase gains in strength.
MeSH terms: Abdomen; Abdominal Muscles; Female; Male; Exercise; Control Groups
Repetitive vaccinations with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines over long periods of time can break pre-existing tolerance to tumors and achieve clinically relevant immune response. This requires a large number of DCs to be generated under good manufacturing protocol, which is time- and cost intensive. Thus, producing a large numbers of DCs at one time point and cryopreserving these cells in ready-for-use aliquots for clinical application may overcome this constraint. This could also reduce batch-to-batch variations. In this study, we generated DCs from bone marrow obtained from BALB/c mice. Some of the generated DCs were cryopreserved before conducting various tests. There were no significant differences in the morphology and phenotype between cryopreserved and freshly generated DCs. Both types of DCs pulsed with tumor lysate (TL) from 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells (DC+TL) possessed a similar capacity to stimulate the proliferation of T-cells. In addition, cryopreserved and fresh DC pulsed with TL showed similar tumor growth inhibition patterns. Both DCs induced initial retardation of tumor growth (p<0.05) and prolonged the survival (p<0.05) of tumor-bearing mice treated with DC+TL as compared with nontreated control mice. Cryopreserved DCs shared similar therapeutic efficacy to fresh DCs, and this finding lends supports the routine use of cryopreserved DCs in future clinical trials.
To compare the specific intracellular proteinase A activity in clinical isolates of Candida species isolated from Iranian and Malaysian patients, the blood and kidneys of mice infected by Candida cells isolated from these human patients.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess public knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotic utilization in Putrajaya, Malaysia.
METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted among public attending a local hospital. The four-part questionnaire collected responses on demographic characteristics, recent use of antibiotics, knowledge and attitude statements. Cronbach's alpha for knowledge and attitude statements were 0.68 and 0.74 respectively. Only questionnaires with complete responses were analysed. General linear modelling was used to identify demographic characteristics which contributed significantly to knowledge and attitude. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the adjusted odds ratios of obtaining an inappropriate response for each knowledge and attitude statement. The relationship between antibiotic knowledge and attitude was examined using Pearson's correlation and correlation between related statements was performed using the Chi-square test. In all statistical analyses, a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: There was positive correlation (p<0.001) between mean knowledge (6.07±2.52) and attitude scores (5.59±1.67). Highest education level (p<0.001) and healthcare-related occupation (p=0.001) contributed significantly to knowledge. Gender (p=0.010), race (p=0.005), highest education level (p<0.001), employment status (p=0.016) and healthcare-related occupation (p=0.005) contributed significantly to attitude. The differences in score between demographic groups were small. Misconceptions that antibiotics would work on both bacterial and viral infections were reported. Approximately three quarters of respondents expected antibiotics for treatment of coughs and colds. Close to two thirds (60%) believed that taking antibiotics would improve recovery. Several demographic groups were identified as 'high risk' with respect to gaps in knowledge and attitude.
CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified important knowledge and attitude gaps as well as people 'at risk'. These findings would be useful in strategizing targeted antibiotic awareness campaigns and patient counselling.
KEYWORDS: Malaysia; antibiotic; attitude; knowledge; public; survey
Study site: outpatient pharmacy department of Putrajaya Hospital, Malaysia
In translating clinical research into practice, the summarization of data from randomized trials in terms of measures of effect to be readily appreciated by the point-of-care clinicians is important. In this context, the body of literature highlighted the 'number needed to treat' as a useful measure. The objectives of our study were to assess how meta-analyses described number needed to treat and corresponding 95% CI, and to explore issues related to reporting number needed to treat in the selected meta-analyses.
MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies; Meta-Analysis as Topic*; Confidence Intervals; Research Report*; Numbers Needed To Treat*