Hollow epoxy particles (HEP) serving as reinforcing fillers were prepared using the water-based emulsion method in this study. HEP was incorporated into the polyester matrix at various loading, ranging from 0 wt% to 9 wt%, to toughen the brittle polyester thermoset. The polyester composites were prepared using the casting technique. The fracture toughness and impact strength of the polyester composites increased with increasing the HEP loading up to 5 wt%, after which
there was a drop. The improvement in fracture toughness and impact strength is attributed to the good polymer-filler interaction. This finding was further supported by the scanning electron micrograph, in which it was shown that the polyester resin was interlocked into the pore regions of the HEP filler. The reduction in fracture toughness and impact strength of the polyester composite were believed to be attributed to the filler agglomeration. This filler-filler interaction would create stress concentration areas and eventually weakened the interfacial adhesion between the polymer matrix and the filler particles. Hence, lower fracture toughness and impact strength of the highly HEP-filled polyester composites (above 5 wt%) were detected.
Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) composites with 30 wt.% loading of kenaf bast fibre (KBF) were compatibilised with 5 wt.% maleated PBS (PBS-g-MA). The maleic anhydride (MA) concentration in the compatibiliser was either 3, 5, 7 or 10 phr. In general, the compatibilised composites showed better flexural properties than the un-compatibilised composite. The highest increment in the flexural strength and modulus of 12.7 and 8.9%, respectively, were obtained with the addition of PBS-g-MA with MA concentration of 5 phr. Compatibilised and un-compatibilised PBS/KBF composites were
immersed in distilled water for 90 days. The absorption of water by all the composites was observed to follow Fick’s law. The equilibrium moisture content, Mm, of the composites with PBS-g-MA at 3, 5 and 7 phr of MA concentrations was lower than that of the un-compatibilised composite due to improved fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion and reduction of voids content. Both un-compatibilised and compatibilised composites showed dimensional instability after the water
absorption. This was probably due to the degradation of the fibre-matrix interfacial adhesion and fibre integrity. The flexural properties of these composites decreased after the water absorption. After re-drying only some of the flexural properties were recovered from plasticizing effect of water.
Mushrooms are basically fungi, which have fleshy and spore-bearing fruiting body. This family of fungi literally has thousands of varieties of mushroom throughout the world. Oyster mushrooms are uniquely distinctive and they do look like oysters. Drying these mushroom confer a stabilizing property to it and then can be stored for a longer period. The nutritional values of the dried oyster mushroom with different drying techniques were thus determined. There were three different drying techniques used. These include low heat air blow (LHAB, AnjaadTM), sun drying (SD) and gas laboratory oven (LO) drying. All three samples were analyzed for beta-glucan content, water activity, colour, proximate analysis and dietary fibre concentration. The result showrd that LHAB method confers the lowest water activity compared with the other two drying methods. It also has the lowest colour measurement for brightness. Mushroom samples dried by LHAB techniques contain the highest concentration of both fat and carbohydrate compared with the other two methods. Besides, SD method confers the highest beta-glucan content. On the other hand, dietary fibres observed in LO dried samples contain the highest fibre content among the three drying treatments. In conclusion, LHAB method is recommended in reducing water activity and increasing proximate contents while both SD and LO are good in preserving beta-glucan and dietary fibre contents, respectively.
The study of medicine is often regarded by students as a stressful environment particularly during examination period. Studies found a high percentage of medical students experience significant psychological distress during the examination period. This study compared percentage and level of psychological distress between two batches of first year medical students who underwent different selection admission processes during a stressful examination period. A comparative
cross-sectional study was done on two batches of first year medical students; one group selected based on academic merit (2008/2009 batch) and the other selected based on academic merit, psychometric tests and interview (2009/2010 batch). The psychological distress was measured by the 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12). The data were collected right after the final examinations. A total of 99 (46.05%) medical students of the 2008/2009 batch and 196 (100%) medical students of the 2009/2010 batch participated. The percentage of medical students who had psychological distress of the 2008/2009 and the 2009/2010 batches were 58.59% and 42.3%, respectively. The mean GHQ-12 score and percentage of psychological distress were significantly different between the two batches (p< 0.01). The older batch had 2.01 times higher risk for developing psychological distress compared with the newer batch (p< 0.01). The newer batch
of medical students had better psychological health status and was less likely to develop psychological distress during the stressful period compared with older batch.
MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies; Health Status; Mental Health; Physical Examination; Psychometrics; Surveys and Questionnaires; Stress, Psychological; Students, Medical
Surfactants are often used as a cleaning agent for restoration of oil-contaminated soil. However the effect of surfactant on the geotechnical properties of soil is not clearly understood. In this study, the effects of surfactant on silty soil were investigated for consistency index, compaction, permeability and shear strength. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used in this study to prepare the surfactant-treated soil. Our results showed that the soil with added surfactant exhibited a decrease in liquid and plastic limit values. Maximum dry densities increased and optimum moisture contents decreased as contents of added surfactant were increased. The presence of surfactant assists the soil to achieve maximum density at lower water content. The addition of surfactant decreased the permeability of soil from 6.29×10-4 to 1.15×10-4 ms-1. The shear strength of soil with added surfactant was examined using the undrained unconsolidated triaxial tests. The results showed that the undrained shear strength, Cu was significantly affected, decreased from 319 kPa to 50 kPa for soil with 20% of added surfactant. The results of this study showed that the presence of surfactant in soil can modify the mechanical behaviour of the soil.
In this paper, the optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM) is applied to obtain an approximate solution of the nonlinear Riccati differential equation. The method is tested on several types of Riccati differential equations and comparisons that were made with numerical results showed the effectiveness and accuracy of this method.
We studied the problem of heat transfer for Falkner-Skan boundary layer flow past a stationary wedge with momentum and thermal slip boundary conditions and the temperature dependent thermal conductivity. The governing partial differential equations for the physical situation are converted into a set of ordinary differential equations using scaling group of transformations. These are then numerically solved using the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth-fifth order numerical method. The momentum slip parameter δ leads to increase in the dimensionless velocity and the rate of heat transfer whilst it decreases the dimensionless temperature and the friction factor. The thermal slip parameter leads to the decrease rate of heat transfer as well as the dimensionless temperature. The dimensionless velocity, rate of heat transfer and the friction factor increase with the Falkner-Skan power law parameter m but the dimensionless fluid temperature decreases with m. The dimensionless fluid temperature and the heat transfer rate decrease as the thermal conductivity parameter A increases. Good agreements are found between the numerical results of the present paper with published results.
Kajian pengimejan resonans magnet kefungsian (fMRI) subjek tunggal ini menyelidiki interaksi psikofisiologi (PPI) antara girus presentral (PCG) dan lobus parietal superior (SPL) kanan semasa tepikan jari rentak sendiri secara bilateral. Model kehubungan efektif antara PCG dan SPL kanan dibina menggunakan analisis PPI dengan mengambil daya dan laju tepikan sebagai faktor uji kaji. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa peningkatan daya dan laju tepikan masing-masing mengaktifkan PCG bilateral dan SPL kanan secara bererti (p<0.05). PCG dan SPL kanan didapati saling berhubungan semasa tepikan jari dilakukan dengan daya dan laju tepikan sebagai faktor uji kaji yang mempengaruhi kehubungan efektif antara mereka. Kajian ini telah mendedahkan maklumat asas berguna untuk kajian fMRI pada masa depan ke atas koordinasi motor dan boleh digunakan untuk mengkaji ketaktertiban otak misalnya strok.
MeSH terms: Ataxia Telangiectasia; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Methylglycosides; Magnets
Miopia pada kebiasaannya didefinisi sebagai sfera setara ≥ -0.50 D dalam banyak kajian yang dilaporkan. Namun demikian tidak banyak laporan berkaitan kesensitifan dan kekhususan definisi miopia yang dipilih apabila penyelidik melaporkan prevalen dan taburan miopia dalam populasi yang dikaji. Objektif kajian ini adalah membezakan kesensitifan and kekhususan setiap definisi miopia yang dipilih, iaitu -0.50 D, -0.75 D dan -1.00 D dan untuk mengenal pasti kebolehan definisi tersebut meramalkan ralat refraksi miopia pada akuiti penglihatan kurang daripada log MAR 0.3 (6/12) dalam kalangan pelajar Melayu. Seramai 866 orang pelajar Melayu berumur antara 7-10 tahun mengambil bahagian dalam penyelidikan ini. Akuiti penglihatan diukur menggunakan carta log MAR dan ralat refraksi diukur menggunakan retinoskopi tanpa sikloplegia. Keputusan kami menunjukkan kesensitifan dan kekhususan definisi miopia yang dipilih iaitu ≥ -0.50 D adalah 54.5% dan 97.8%, untuk definisi miopia ≥ - 0.75 D adalah 71.1% and 97.5% dan untuk definisi miopia ≥ -1.00 D adalah 83.3% dan 97.2%. Luas lengkok ROC untuk setiap definisi miopia -0.50 D, -0.75 D dan -1.00 D ialah 0.676, 0.839 and 0.957. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini menunjukkan definisi optimum miopia untuk pelajar sekolah Melayu berumur antara 7-10 tahun ialah ≥ -1.00 D, dengan menggunakan kaedah retinoskopi tanpa sikloplegia. Definisi ini boleh mengenal pasti 95.7% pelajar mempunyai akuiti penglihatan kurang daripada log MAR 0.3 dan ia mempunyai gabungan kesensitifan (83.9%) dan kekhususan (95.7%) terbaik.
Satu kajian kualiti air yang melibatkan pengukuran parameter seperti oksigen terlarut (DO), pH, permintaan oksigen biokimia (BOD), permintaan oksigen kimia (COD), jumlah pepejal terampai (TSS) dan nutrien terlarut telah dijalankan di lembangan Sungai Marang bermula dari bulan Julai-September 2001. Lapan stesen pensampelan telah dipilih yang merangkumi sungai utama dan cabangannya. Hasil kajian menunjukkan julat nilai untuk DO, pH, BOD, COD dan TSS masing-masing ialah 3.5-7.5 mg/L, 5.9-8.2, 0.4-1.3 mg/L, 4.0-50.2 mg/L dan 0.3-20.4 mg/L. Kepekatan ortofosfat, jumlah fosfat terlarut, nitrit, nitrat, ammonia dan jumlah nitrogen terlarut masing-masing adalah dalam julat 27-62 μg P/L, 55-105 μg P/L, 0.5-4.1 μg N/L, 65-426 μg N/L, 16-161 μg N/L dan 128-787 μg N/L. Julat kepekatan klorofil-a pula ialah 4.06-7.75 μg/L. Kajian menunjukkan taburan nutrien dipengaruhi oleh kesan antropogenik. Berdasarkan kepada Piawai Interim Kualiti Air Kebangsaan, kebanyakan kepekatan nutrien boleh dikelaskan dalam Kelas I dan II. Mengikut indeks kualiti air Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Sungai Marang berada dalam Kelas I dengan status bersih.
Satu penyelidikan telah dijalankan untuk mengesan struktur halus organ deria-elektro (Ampullae of Lorenzini) pada Carcharhinus melanopterus, C. limbatus dan Chiloscyllium griseum. Organ ini amat peka terhadap beberapa bentuk rangsangan terutamanya untuk mengesan kedudukan mangsa, penentuan arah dan mengawan. Di dalam makmal, suatu bahagian organ deria ini dipisahkan daripada lapisan dermis kepala ikan yu. Pemerhatian dan pengambilan imej struktur organ deria telah dibuat menggunakan mikroskop elektron imbasan (SEM). Imej-imej yang diperoleh jelas menunjukkan organ deria pada Carcharhinus melanopterus, C. limbatus dan Chiloscyllium griseum berbentuk ampulari terkumpul di dalam kluster. Saluran-saluran deria yang menghubungkan ampula dengan pori didapati mempunyai orientasi panjang dan susunan yang berbeza-beza pada spesies yang berlainan.
Penyelidikan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tindak balas serabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit (EFBF) melalui kaedah modifikasi kimia dan penghidroksilpropilan menggunakan polietilena glikol (PEG). Peringkat pertama merujuk kepada tindak balas modifikasi kimia menggunakan NaOH dan isopropanol. Peringkat seterusnya adalah penyediaan hidroksilpropil-serabut tandan kosong kelapa sawit (HP-EFBF) menggunakan berat molekul PEG berbeza (6000, 8000 dan 10000). Pencirian yang terlibat dalam kajian ini adalah analisis menggunakan mikroskop elektron imbasan (SEM),
spektroskopi inframerah transformasi Fourier (FTIR), analisis termogravimetri (TGA), penentuan kinetik tenaga pengaktifan (Ea), analisis pembelauan sinar-X (XRD), indeks kehabluran Selulosa (CrI) dan pertambahan berat HP-EFBF. Keputusan SEM menunjukkan morfologi permukaan HP-EFBF mula membengkak dan terdapat pembentukan lubang sepanjang permukaan gentian. Spektrum IR juga menunjukkan getaran OH dalam EFBF tanpa rawatan adalah pada 3402 cm-1 tetapi selepas proses penghidroksilpropilan, getaran OH dalam HP-EFBF (10000, 8000 dan 6000) masing-masing sedikit
teranjak kepada 3392, 3384 dan 3370 cm-1. TGA menunjukkan kestabilan terma HP-EFBF 6000 lebih rendah berbanding HP-EFBF 8000 dan 10000. Selepas modifikasi kimia, tenaga pengaktifan, Ea
meningkat daripada 32.4 kepada 51.9 kJ/moL berbanding EFBF tanpa rawatan iaitu 12.5 kJ/moL. XRD menunjukkan puncak belauan (002) teranjak kepada sudut 2θ yang lebih kecil dan puncak [(101), (10Î)] lenyap selepas proses penghidroksilpropilan. Indeks kehabluran selulosa, CrI menunjukkan kehabluran EFBF tanpa rawatan berkurang daripada 27% kepada 25% selepas modifikasi kimia. Semakin tinggi berat molekul PEG yang digunakan, semakin tinggi pertambahan berat HP-EFBF.
Kitin merupakan polisakarida struktur yang dapat dicurai oleh enzim kitinolisis kepada pelbagai terbitan yang boleh digunakan dalam bidang perubatan, pertanian dan rawatan air. Pengenalpastian dan pencirian gen-gen Trichoderma virens UKM1 mengekod enzim terlibat dalam pencuraian kitin krustasea telah dilakukan melalui penjanaan penanda jujukan terekspres (ESTs) dan analisis pengekspresan gen menggunakan mikroatur DNA. Sebanyak tiga perpustakaan cDNA T. virens UKM1 yang masing-masing diaruh oleh kitin, glukosamina dan kitosan telah dibina. Sejumlah 1536 klon cDNA telah dijujuk dan sebanyak 1033 ESTs berkualiti telah dijana. Seterusnya, perbezaan pengekspresan gen apabila pertumbuhan kulat diaruh dengan kehadiran kitin krustasea dan tanpa kitin pada hari ketiga dan kelima telah ditentukan. Sebanyak 1824 klon cDNA telah dititik ke atas slaid kaca dan dihibrid bersama dengan cDNA terlabel Cy3 atau Cy5 yang disintesis daripada mRNA yang dipencil daripada kulat yang ditumbuhkan dalam medium mengandungi kitin krustasea atau glukosa (kawalan). Sebanyak 91 dan 61 gen, masing-masing bagi hari ketiga dan kelima didapati terekspres melebihi dua gandaan apabila kulat menggunakan kitin krustasea sebagai sumber karbon. Beberapa gen mengekod kitinase seperti ech1 dan cht3 (endokitinase), nag1 (eksokitinase) dan nagB (glukosamina 6-P-deaminase) didapati terekspres dengan tinggi pada kedua-dua hari. Selain daripada itu, gen mengekod protein hidrofobin, protease serina dan beberapa protein hipotetik juga terekspres dengan tinggi dengan kehadiran kitin krustasea. Protein-protein ini dijangka memainkan peranan penting dalam membantu pencuraian kitin krustasea.
Kajian ini telah dijalankan di kawasan tanih ultrabes di Felda Rokan Barat, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan. Sebanyak lima belas sampel tumbuhan dan substratnya telah diambil dari kawasan kajian dengan kaedah berkelompok. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan kandungan logam berat Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, Cd dan Pb di dalam tanih dan bahagian akar, batang dan daun tumbuhan. Koefisien penyerapan biologi (BAC) ditentukan secara perkiraan. Kandungan logam berat di dalam tumbuhan diekstrak secara penghadaman basah manakala kandungan di dalam tanih diekstrak dengan kaedah pengekstrakan berjujukan. Kandungan logam berat di dalam larutan ekstrak tanih dan tumbuhan ditentukan menggunakan spektrofotometer penyerapan atom kaedah nyalaan (FAAS). Hasil kajian menunjukkan kepekatan logam berat paling tinggi dalam substrat pokok daun kari Murraya koenigi adalah Fe, diikuti oleh Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cd dan Pb dengan purata kepekatan masing-masing sebanyak 1699.64 mg/kg, 532.59 mg/kg, 212.43 mg/kg, 195.02 mg/kg, 174.97 mg/kg, 48.11 mg/kg, 43.86 mg/kg, 3.65 mg/kg dan 0.48 mg/kg. Kepekatan logam berat tersedia bagi Mn dan Pb
adalah lebih tinggi berbanding logam berat tersedia yang lain berdasarkan peratus. Kandungan Fe dan Mn adalah tinggi di dalam semua bahagian tumbuhan. Walau bagaimanapun, berdasarkan nilai purata kumulatif BAC, hanya logam Pb menunjukkan nilai penimbunan yang agak tinggi dalam tumbuhan. Kajian ini menunjukkan pokok daun kari (Murraya koenigi) bukan tumbuhan penumpuk logam berat berdasarkan kepada nilai BACnya yang rendah.
The objective of this study was to determine the association between dental caries and salivary characteristics (flow rate and pH) in the children with Down syndrome. A cross sectional study was conducted on 53 Down syndrome children at selected Down syndrome centres in Kelantan. Sociodemographic data was obtained, resting flow rate and pH were measured using Saliva-Check BUFFER® by GC co., Japan and clinical oral examination was done. Caries experience was calculated based on the index of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) for permanent dentition and decayed and filled (dft) for deciduous dentition. The mean age of the children was 11.7 (SD 5.51) years and 98.1% of them were Malays. The prevalence of dental caries for deciduous and permanent dentition was 57% (95% CI: 43%-70%) and 74% (95% CI: 61%-86%), respectively. The mean dft was 4.2 (SD 5.66) and DMFT was 4.7 (SD 4.97). The mean resting flow rate was 0.19 (SD 0.10) mL/min while mean pH was 6.2 (SD 0.45). There were no significant differences in the saliva resting flow rate and pH between the low and high carious group in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions (p>0.05). Caries prevalence was low in the deciduous but higher in permanent dentition in children with Down syndrome. Saliva resting flow rate and pH did not influence the caries experience.
This study was to evaluate the microbial contamination level in direct water supply at the Polyclinic, Faculty of Dentistry, USIM, Malaysia. Water samples were collected randomly from water supplied via the cup filler outlet of 20 dental units and 20 side water taps at Level 16 and 17 of Polyclinic, Faculty of Dentistry, USIM. All the samples were placed and spread evenly on the surface of prepared agar media (the nutrient agar) using the spread technique. Each sample consists of 0.5 mL water. The microbial count was done using a magnifying glass and the total number of bacteria concentration was reported as colony forming unit in 1 mL of water (cfu/mL). In this study water from an aquarium was used as positive control with 220 cfu/mL, while the distilled water taken from the CSSD was used as negative control with no colony of microorganism. The study demonstrated that there were low contamination before the treatment that was beginning of the session in water supplied via the cup filler outlet and side water tap from the sink with 2 cfu/mL. However, two cup fillers water and one side water taps from Polyclinic level 17 showed a slightly higher bacterial colonies with 4 cfu/mL and 6 cfu/mL of microbes. At the end of the session, result showed that higher bacterial count from Polyclinic level 17 than Polyclinic level 16 with the highest reading of 40 cfu/mL. The findings were considered low and the water was safe for the dental procedures. The quality of water supplied at the Faculty of Dentistry, USIM was within the limits recommended by the American Dental Association, i.e. bacterial loads of not more than 200 cfu/mL for dental procedures.
MeSH terms: Agar; American Dental Association; Bacteria; Culture Media; Dental Care; Faculty; Humans; Malaysia; Reading; Stem Cells; United States; Water; Water Supply; Bacterial Load
This study was carried out to evaluate the microleakage of Class II cavities restored with various types of lining materials. Four types of composite resins (Esthet-X-Denstply, USA, FiltekTMZ350-3M ESPE, USA, Beautifil- Shofu, Japan and Solare P-GC, Japan) were used and the lining were the Fuji IXGP (GC, Japan), the Beautifil flow (Shofu, Japan), the FiltexTMZ350 flow (3M ESPE, USA) and the Esthet-X flow (Denstply, USA). All the specimens were thermocycled and immersed in 0.5% basic fuschin dye for 24 h. The microleakage was scored using the ISO microleakage scoring system. The data were entered using SPSS version 12.0 and analyzed using STATA software programme. This study showed that none of the materials used in this study was able to eliminate microleakage. However, it was shown that the glass ionomer cement was better in reducing the incident of microleakage at the cervical margin. Among the flowable composite resin, FiltexTMZ350 flow showed less microleakage at the cervical margin.
Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) film was fabricated by indirect process of re-crystallization of amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film. This enhancement process is important to determine the performance of silicon thin film (STF). In this attempt, a fundamental study was carried out to enhance the crystallization of aluminium doped silicon thin film. An a-Si thin film was prepared by low pressure physical vapour deposition (PVD) and doped with 10% aluminium. The aluminium-induced crystallization (AIC) process was carried out in two sequences steps. Firstly, the amorphous film was annealed by using conventional heat treatment at operating temperature of 350°C. Secondly, the poly-Si underwent excimer laser anneling (ELA). The microstructure of thin film was analyzed using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The results showed that, the grain size of the a-Si film is increased with the energy density of the excimer laser. The optimum grain size obtained is 129 nm corresponding to energy density of 356 mJ cm-2
High quality ZnO nanostructures have been fabricated at room temperature by a simple vacuum thermal evaporator from metallic Zn powders (99.999% purity) on a silicon (100) substrate. The Zn thin films were then transferred into a thermal tube furnace for oxidation at 700°C for different time durations. Time was found to be a critical factor in the synthesis. This was followed by characterization of their morphological, structural and optical properties. The morphology of the grown ZnO nanostructures exhibited several large grains, which increased gradually with increasing oxidation time. The crystallinity of the grown nanostructures was investigated using X-ray diffraction, revealing that the synthesized ZnO was in hexagonal wurtzite phase. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the fabricated ZnO nanostructures showed high intensity peak in the UV region due to near-band-edge (NBE) emission in which the structures oxidized for 30 min showing highest intensity.
Oleh sebab kejadian jenayah bersenjata api semakin berleluasa, pengecaman senjata api yang digunakan oleh penjenayah amat diperlukan sebagai bahan bukti dalam mahkamah. Beberapa sistem pengecaman senjata api telah diutarakan sebagai pengganti kepada cara penyiasatan tradisional yang amat bergantung kepada kepakaran ahli balistik. Pemetakan rantau tumpuan (ROI) berdasarkan kedudukan titik sauh (PAP) sempadan bulatan kesan pin peletup pada tapak kelongsong peluru merupakan langkah yang amat penting dalam sistem pengecaman senjata api automatik. Walau bagaimanapun, kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian lepas bagi mengesan PAP sempadan bulatan tersebut adalah sangat kompleks dan memerlukan masa pemprosesan yang panjang. Kajian ini menerokai algoritma yang efisien dan berkemampuan untuk mengesan PAP sempadan bulatan secara automatik. Algoritma yang diutarakan merupakan gabungan daripada penapis penajaman reruang, penormalan histogram, pengambangan dan penganggar kuasa dua terkecil tak berpemberat. Dua kaedah pengambangan yang terkenal telah diuji dan dibandingkan, iaitu kaedah pengambangan berasaskan pengelompokan dan kaedah berasaskan entropi. Di samping itu, penerokaan kesan saiz dan bentuk ROI terhadap kadar pengelasan senjata api turut dipersembahkan. Sebanyak 747 imej kesan pin peletup jenis sempadan bulatan peletup yang dihasilkan oleh lima pucuk pistol yang berlainan daripada jenis yang sama digunakan untuk menguji algoritma yang diutarakan. Kadar pengelasan imej kesan pin peletup yang memberangsangkan (> 95%) telah dicapai dengan algoritma yang dicadangkan. Kajian juga mendapati bahawa saiz dan bentuk pemetakan ROI mempunyai kesan langsung terhadap kadar pengelasan senjata api.