Browse publications by year: 2019

  1. Najat Dzaki, Ghows Azzam
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2019;30(2):191-200.
    MyJurnal
    In Drosophila, the Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpdh) enzyme plays an active role in many pathways, including the glycerol metabolic pathway and the alphaglycerophosphate cycle. It is also important for ethanol metabolism, as well as flight muscle development. Recent years have exposed small RNAs as a major posttranscriptional regulator of multiple metabolic-pathway genes. Of the many kinds of these RNAs at work, micro RNAs (miRNAs) are the most widely implicated and well understood. However, the roles they may play in regulating Gpdh has never been shown in any model organism. In this study, a pasha-mutant D. melanogaster strain was found to express only 25% of the Gpdh levels typical of their wild type counterparts. Such mutants lack the ability to produce pasha, a protein integral during miRNA-processing, and as a consequence do not produce mature miRNAs. As miRNA-centric regulation often culminates in the depletion of their targets, the concurrent downregulation of Gpdh observed in their absence here therefore alludes to two possibilities: one, that rather than being explicitly bound and repressed by miRNAs, Gpdh expression relies on their action upon an upstream Gpdh-antagonist; or two, that Gpdh may come under the regulation of another class of miRNA-like elements called mirtrons, which do not require pasha to be processed into their functional form. The preliminary findings in this study further highlights the imperative nature of miRNAs in regulating metabolic processes and subsequently, ensuring proper organismal development and its continued survival.
    MeSH terms: Ethanol; Animals; Drosophila; Drosophila melanogaster; Gene Expression Regulation; Glycerol; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Down-Regulation; RNA-Binding Proteins; Muscle Development; Drosophila Proteins; MicroRNAs; Metabolic Networks and Pathways
  2. Siti Norsuha Misman, Latiffah Zakaria
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2019;30(2):181-190.
    MyJurnal
    Seven pathotypes of Pyricularia oryzae were differentiated from blast disease samples collected from 2014–2016, using eight Malaysian differential rice varieties. Pathotype P7.0 is the dominant pathotype identified (33.9%) followed by P0.0, P1.0 and P9.0 which are currently become more abundant in the field with frequency of 20.0% for P0.0, and 15.4% for both P1.0 and P9. Pathotype P7.0 was mostly isolated from MR220CL2, MR263 and MR219 rice varieties which are popular variety planted by farmers in Peninsular Malaysia. Interestingly, new emergence of pathotype P0.2 has been identified, which was isolated from a new released variety, MR284 as well as blast isogenic line IRBL 20 carrying Pi5(t) blast resistance gene. Prolong planting of more than 20 planting seasons and large scale planting of MR219 and MR220 with current varietal coverage areas of more than 90% in Peninsular Malaysia are suspected as possible reason for P7.0 become dominant. Varietal coverage of MR220CL2 and MR263 has reached about 50% might be the cause of changes in blast pathogen pathotype dominancy to P0.0, P1.0 and P9.0.
    MeSH terms: Farmers; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Malaysia; Oryza; Seasons; Magnaporthe; Disease Resistance
  3. Surianti Sukeri, Aziah Daud, Kamarul Imran Musa, Norazlin Idris
    MyJurnal
    The article introduces readers to the Master of Public Health and Doctor of Public Health programmes, offered by the Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The programme vision, structure and accomplishments over the decade are presented to provide an understanding of the programme. It is hoped that this professional programme will continue to flourish and produce new generations of public health medicine specialist equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to make significant contribution towards improving the health of the population.
    MeSH terms: Community Medicine; Family Characteristics; Humans; Malaysia; Public Health; Schools; Specialization; Knowledge
  4. Hannah M Nazri
    MyJurnal
    The rise of dubious medical practice and anti-vaccination groups in Malaysia suggests that the public needs to be equipped with the scientific literacy skills to navigate the healthcare landscape. Additionally, the overall result of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009+ for Malaysia suggests that the national scientific literacy levels of 16-year-old Malaysian students to be below the international and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average. Consequently, the Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) was introduced to form part of the national English language evaluation in 2013 to encourage creative and critical thinking. In this editorial piece, I describe a youth-led intervention that may be more effective at increasing scientific literacy to combat pseudoscience in Malaysian youth especially in bridging the education inequality gap in Malaysia.
    MeSH terms: Literacy; Adolescent; Aptitude; Delivery of Health Care; Educational Status; Humans; Language; Malaysia; Students; Thinking; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development; Anti-Vaccination Movement
  5. Nurfarhana Syed Malik, Mohd. Nizam Lani, Fauziah Tufail Ahmad
    MyJurnal
    This study was done to determine the effect of pasteurization on the stability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and its enzyme in raw and pasteurized cow’s and goat’s milk. The total viable count for plate count of the bacterial growth concentration was higher in both pasteurized cow’s and goat’s milk at 2.48 log CFU/ml. This is followed by raw cow’s milk (1.59 log CFU/ml) and raw goat’s milk (0.65 log CFU/ml). Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was found to be similar in both raw cow’s and goat’s milk (p>0.05), and pasteurized milk of both animals also contained the same amount of LAB (p>0.05). LAB was still detected in pasteurized milk (p
    MeSH terms: Animals; Cattle; Female; Food Handling; Goats; Milk; Lactobacillales; Pasteurization
  6. Mohd Zulhilmi Aqil Muhamad, Noor Hafhizah Abd Rahim
    MyJurnal
    Expert system is a system that emulates experts to aid in decision making. This system can be applied in various categories such as diagnosis, prediction, interpretation, and others. Expert System to Diagnose Dengue Fever is a web-based system which is integrated with prolog language in order to provide rules for dengue fever detection. The aims of this research are to study dengue fever symptoms and other illnesses related to the fever, to design an inference engine, and to build an expert system. The challenges faced while developing this expert system were the complexity of prolog codes and their integration with the web development. In this system, rules were developed by prolog language which define dengue fever and accuracy based on input from the user. This system is expected to aid users in self-detecting early symptoms of dengue fever before seeing the doctors.
    MeSH terms: Data Collection; Decision Making; Dengue; Expert Systems; Fever; Humans; Language; Physicians; Internet
  7. Mohd Hasmizam Razali, Nadhra Hidayah Binti Mohd Halim
    MyJurnal
    Methyl orange is one of the anionic dyes and is a major pollutant from textile industry that enters both aquatic and atmospheric systems. In this research, methyl orange was degraded using TiO2 powder and immobilized TiO2 on glass. Titanium tetra-isopropoxide (TTIP) was used for preparation of TiO2 powder using soft chemistry method, and it was immobilized on glass via paste-gel coating method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by XRD and SEM. Highly crystalline anatase TiO2 powder photocatalyst was obtained. Meanwhile, immobilized TiO2 was less crystalline and agglomerated onto the glass surface. TiO2 powder had higher degradation rate (71%) compared to immobilized TiO2 (52%) due to its chemical stability and larger amount of photocatalyst contacted with methyl orange during the degradation process.
    MeSH terms: Azo Compounds; Coloring Agents; Environmental Pollutants; Organometallic Compounds; Powders; Textile Industry; Titanium
  8. Farasyahida A. Samad, Wan Salida Wan Mansor, idayatul Aini Zakaria
    MyJurnal
    Clean, safe and readily available water is very crucial in everyday life, especially for health, hygiene, and the productivity of the community. Unfortunately, increase in contaminants in water supplies from human activities and industrialization is very worrying. Conventional wastewater treatment includes the usage of alum that will affect health with prolonged consumption. This research was carried out to focus on the development of wastewater treatment system using adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds. Adsorbent was successfully synthesized from the seeds of Moringa oleifera. Characterization of the sample was made using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), while the effectiveness of water treatment was analyzed using Turbidity Meter. Then, all samples were tested against kaolin wastewater. XRD results showed that all the adsorbent samples were amorphous in nature. FTIR results indicated that there were hydroxyl group and carboxylic group in the sample representing numerous oxygen-riddled functional groups on the surface. From SEM results, it was clearly shown that the pore structure and size of Moringa oleifera affected the capability of adsorption where the smaller the size, the more effective the sample. Turbidity test showed that the sample that worked best for wastewater treatment was adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds in size of 125µm that was heated for 4 hours with 93.76% turbidity removal. Therefore, this study proved that the adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds is very suitable for high turbidity wastewater treatment. Further studies investigating the combination of conventional activated carbon with adsorbent from Moringa oleifera seeds should be conducted before these samples are made available for further use so that we can compare which sample works best for wastewater treatment.
    MeSH terms: Industrial Development; Adsorption; Alum Compounds; Charcoal; Humans; Human Activities; Hygiene; Kaolin; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oxygen; Seeds; Water; Water Supply; X-Ray Diffraction; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Water Purification; Moringa oleifera; Waste Water
  9. Siti Mariam, M.N, Jivitra, B.
    MyJurnal
    utan Lipur Jeram Linang in Kelantan was carried out within 0.1 ha plot. All vascular plants (except lianas and epiphytes) were enumerated and identified. A total of 255 taxa representing 121 species belonging to 87 genera in 47 families were identified. Among these were 24 species endemic to Peninsular Malaysia and 47 species with medicinal values. Plants were categorized according to growth forms as follows: 67% trees, 17% shrubs, 7% palms, 6% herbs, and 3% ferns. Based on Important value index (IVI), Elateriospermum tapos, Goniothalamus umbrosus, and Monocarpia marginalis were the most dominant species whilst Rubiaceae, Arecaceae and Fabaceae were the three most diverse families. Species diversity was high based on the Shannon-Weiner index with the value of 4.38. In this study, two species from Dipterocarpaceae, which were Dipterocarpus grandiflorus and Shorea collina, were listed as Endangered (E) and Critically Endangered (CE) species respectively according to IUCN Red List. Information gained from this study showed that the forest harbored high plant diversity and endemism, so proper management is needed to protect and conserve this forest for sustainability and development.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Humans; Fabaceae; Malaysia; Trees; Gemfibrozil; Rubiaceae; Arecaceae; Annonaceae; Ferns; Dipterocarpaceae; Goniothalamus; Endangered Species; Forests
  10. Raveena, K., Arularasu, M., Ganesan, S.S. K., Amelia, T.S.M., Ong, M.C., Bhubalan, K., et al.
    MyJurnal
    Mangrove located near urban area is exposed to various industrial discharge including heavy metals. Mangrove soil is capable of accumulating and storing these heavy metals. Heavy metals are toxic and non-biodegradable, so their accumulations affect water quality, while bioaccumulation and bio-assimilation of heavy metals in mangrove organisms negatively impact the food chain. Bacteria-derived biosurfactants are compounds capable of removing heavy metals from soil and sediment. Furthermore, environmentally friendly properties, such as biodegradability and low toxicity, exhibited by biosurfactants make them a suitable replacement for chemical surfactants for remediation efforts. This study was conducted to investigate the lead- (Pb) and zinc- (Zn) removing capability of rhamnolipid (RL), a type of biosurfactant produced by marine bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa UMTKB-5. Rhamnolipid solutions of three different concentrations (25 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 75 mg/L) were added to mangrove soil and incubated for 7 days. The removal of Pb from soils was up to 18.3% using 25 mg/L RL solution, while 50 mg/L RL solution removed 48.3%, and 75 mg/L RL solution removed 75.9% Pb over time. Meanwhile, zinc removal of 25 mg/L RL solution was up to 24.9%, while 50 mg/L removed 16.5%, and 75 mg/L RL removed 30.5% of Zn. The results showed that RL from P. aeruginosa UMTKB-5 could be a potential biomaterial to be used to remediate heavy metals in sediment.
    MeSH terms: Biocompatible Materials; Biodegradation, Environmental; Glycolipids; Humans; Lead; Patient Discharge; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Soil; Surface-Active Agents; Zinc; Metals, Heavy; Food Chain; Water Quality
  11. Muhammad Faris bin Md Yusoff, Suhaizan binti Lob, Nurul Faziha Ibrahim
    MyJurnal
    Vermicomposting is a process that involves biological, chemical and physical transformations of solid organic materials such as agricultural residues of plant and animal through the use of microorganisms and earthworms. There are three main classes of earthworms, and only those from one class are usually used for vermicomposting. However, mostly foreign earthworms are used in the setup. Foreign earthworms are more expensive and harder to obtain than local earthworms. This makes the local farmers reluctant to try since they are expensive. The difference in vermicompost using two species of epigeic earthworms, a local earthworm and a foreign earthworm (Eisenia fetida), and normal compost without any earthworms was measured in this study. Both species of earthworms were placed in identical vermibeds consisting of partially composted goat manure and partially composted spent coconut flakes (SCF) with the ratio of 5:1 respectively in terms of weight. The vermibed moisture content was maintained at 60 – 70% throughout the whole process. The end products showed a difference from one another. The E. fetida showed a better result compared to the local earthworms in terms of the nutrient content presence and the adaptability of the earthworms during the whole process. However, the end product from the local earthworms was still better compared to the normal compost without any earthworms.
    MeSH terms: Farmers; Agriculture; Animals; Cocos; Food Hypersensitivity; Goats; Humans; Manure; Oligochaeta; Soil
  12. Asra Nor Izaty, A., Norazmi-Lokman, N. H.
    MyJurnal
    Yellow gourami (Trichopodus trichopterus) is a species native to Southeast Asia and is famous as ornamental species. However, hobbyists and farmers encounter problems where its body colour easily becomes faded in captivity. Since colour enhancer pellets are expensive, an experiment was performed to determine whether tank colour can influence the body colour intensity and growth of T. trichopterus. Four different tank colours (white, yellow, blue and green) with five replicates were tested where fish were kept under natural lighting (outdoor) conditions for two months. The results demonstrated that fish reared in green coloured tank showed an increment in its colour intensity while fish reared in white tanks increased its body weight. It can be concluded that tank colour does affect the body colour intensity and weight of T. trichopterus. This study will help farmers and hobbyists to solve colour fading problem using a cheaper way.
    MeSH terms: Farmers; Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Biological Phenomena; Body Weight; Color; Fishes; Humans; Lighting; Perciformes
  13. Loy Kak Choon, Puteri Nurul Fatihah binti Mohamad Azli
    MyJurnal
    2nd-order ODEs can be found in many applications, e.g., motion of pendulum, vibrating springs, etc. We first convert the 2nd-order nonlinear ODEs to a system of 1st-order ODEs which is easier to deal with. Then, Adams-Bashforth (AB) methods are used to solve the resulting system of 1st-order ODE. AB methods are chosen since they are the explicit schemes and more efficient in terms of shorter computational time. However, the step size is more restrictive since these methods are conditionally stable. We find two test cases (one test problem and one manufactured solution) to be used to validate the AB methods. The exact solution for both test cases are available for the error and convergence analysis later on. The implementation of 1st-, 2nd- and 3rd-order AB methods are done using Octave. The error was computed to retrieve the order of convergence numerically and the CPU time was recorded to analyze their efficiency.
    MeSH terms: Motion; Vibration; Causality
  14. Mohamed Koya SNMV
    Innov Pharm, 2019;10(4).
    PMID: 34007579 DOI: 10.24926/iip.v10i4.1966
    OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to determine (1) the associations between adherence to warfarin, social support, perception of illness, and demographic factors on the quality of international normalized ratios (INRs); as well as (2) the relationship between the patients' scores in the Malaysian medication adherence scale (MALMAS) and their current INRs.

    METHOD: This cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018 at the warfarin clinic of Jerantut Hospital, Malaysia.

    RESULTS: Some 58 participants were recruited, of whom 70.7% were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (AF). Overall, 87.9% of the participants claimed adherence to their warfarin regimens. Patients with good-quality INR therapy were significantly older, had a higher median income and longer appointment durations. In terms of illness perception (IP), participants with good-quality INR therapyhad significantly lower scores in the identity, personal control, and consequence domains. Overall, the total scores for IP were significantly lower in the good-quality INR therapy. Meanwhile, the MALMAS scores were significantly lower in patients with sub-therapeutic current INR. However, there were no associations between warfarin adherence and perceived social support with current TTR.

    CONCLUSION: Monitoring of demographic factors and IP's domains is vital since they were associated with quality of INR therapy. Meanwhile, the occurrence of sub-therapeutic current INR should raise suspicion of poor adherence in these patients. Overall, IP and MALMAS are useful tools that should be integrated into the patient care protocols.

  15. Nour Azimah Zulkapli, Jafri Malin Abdullah
    MyJurnal
    The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) would like to present a brief report of its progress in 2018 with a purpose to provide a clear picture of how it has performed so far. This report may considered as a helpful information, especially, to future authors who wish to submit their articles to MJMS. This report summarised the information of the total of original manuscripts received based on manuscript type, authors' country of origin and total of original manuscripts received by month. It also reveals the statistics of the final decisions made based on manuscript type, the accept-reject ratio by the editor and the time taken from submission to decision for all manuscripts submitted throughout 2018.
    MeSH terms: Medicine; Publishing; Peer Review, Research
  16. Jafri Malin Abdullah
    MyJurnal
    The combined effort of the neuroscience and psychology cluster at the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM)—fundamental, applied and clinical—has moved the institution to the number two position in the country, behind Universiti Malaya. The strategy to join the Global Brain Consortium (GBC) and put Malaysia on the map to address the GBC mission, vision, focus areas and outcomes began recently, in May 2019.
    MeSH terms: Animals; Brain; Health Facilities; Malaysia; Culicidae; Neurosciences
  17. NORLIYANA FATIN OMAR, CHUAH TSE SENG
    MyJurnal
    Hand weeding continues to be one of the most laborious aspects of nursery
    maintenance. Oxygenated monoterpene, an important group of secondary metabolite found in
    essential oils, has a potential herbicidal activity that could be exploited as natural herbicide
    whereas organic mulch could delay weed emergence. Thus, this study aimed to examine the
    phytotoxicity of geraniol, an oxygenated monoterpene compound, in combination with
    lemongrass leaf mulch against three common weeds, Eleusine indica (grass), Cyperus distans
    (sedge), and Tridax procumbens (broadleaf). Greenhouse experiments were carried out by
    treating 4.0 t/ha lemongrass leaf mulch with 7.5% (v/v) geraniol compound. The pretreated
    mulch acted synergistically and inhibited the emergence and shoot growth of T. procumbens
    completely. However, the pretreated mulch exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on C. distans
    emergence and growth. Geraniol-treated lemongrass leaf mulch acted synergistically and
    inhibited the emergence of E. indica by 72%, but it acted antagonistically and caused a 45%
    reduction of shoot biomass. The present findings suggest that geraniol-treated lemongrass leaf
    mulch has potent herbicidal activity but its phytotoxic effect is species-dependent.
    MeSH terms: Poaceae; Herbicides; Maintenance; Oils, Volatile; Oxygen; Terpenes; Plant Leaves; Biomass; Asteraceae; Cyperus; Cymbopogon; Eleusine; Monoterpenes; Plant Weeds
  18. Khean-Lee Goh
    MyJurnal
    The landscape of liver diseases in Malaysia has changed dramatically since the time of Professor Balasegaram Manickavasagar—an eminent surgeon in the 1960s. The most significant discoveries in hepatology have been that of hepatitis B virus in 1963 and hepatitis C virus in 1989, which have both been shown to be predominantly blood borne diseases. Hepatitis B and C infections result in long term carrier state and a high propensity to develop liver cirrhosis and cancer. Hepatitis B is the most common cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer in Malaysia. Blood bank screening and public health preventive measures have reduced the disease burden significantly and an effective vaccination for hepatitis B is now incorporated in our National Immunisation Programme. Although no vaccine is available for hepatitis C, highly effective eradication therapies were introduced in 2011. These agents will significantly change the disease scenario across the world. A “new” disease was described in 1980, by Ludwig et al.—non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) disease. With the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes mellitus, NAFLD is set to increase exponentially across the world including in Malaysia. It will be the most important liver disease in the future, replacing hepatitis B and C infections.
    MeSH terms: Blood Banks; Carrier State; Diabetes Mellitus; Gastroenterology; Hepatitis B; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Malaysia; Neoplasms; Obesity; Public Health; Vaccination; Hepacivirus; Cost of Illness; Immunization Programs; Early Detection of Cancer; Epidemics; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Surgeons
  19. Shaiful Bahari Ismail, Rosline Hassan, Kamarul Aryffin Baharuddin,, Abdul Razak Sulaiman, Kamaruddin Jaalam, Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam, et al.
    MyJurnal
    The School of Medical Sciences of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) is the launching pad for this journal. From the school’s humble beginning at the USM Main Campus in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, it has grown in stature at its current location in the USM Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. Commemorating its 40th anniversary, this editorial aims to recollect, although not exhaustively, the wealth of returns for the USM, as well as for the nation, which the school has managed to deliver in that period. Resolute to its vision and mission, this article highlights the outstanding accomplishments in various core aspects of the school’s academic, research and professional growth as we continually strive to train globally competitive and compassionate medical graduates, medical specialists and scientists, skilled to serve nation’s needs and broader markets worldwide. Currently guided by the Malaysian Higher Education Blueprint (2015–2025), the school shall remain ingenious in its duties in the many more years to come, as we head for a world-class trajectory.
    MeSH terms: Anniversaries and Special Events; Biological Phenomena; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Malaysia; Medicine; Organizations; Schools; Specialization
  20. Dzulkefly Ahmad
    MyJurnal
    There have been substantial improvements in the health indicators since Malaysia achieved independence. These were accomplished through strong primary healthcare services addressing maternal and paediatric health, as well as the successful control of communicable diseases. The rate of decline in the mortality statistics has been at a virtual standstill, or at best, almost plateaued since 2000. However, with the plethora of national health issues at both the policy and delivery levels, we cannot continue on with ‘business as usual’. Therefore, we must strategise effective and practical approaches to a renewed and revamped national healthcare services for a modern ‘New Malaysia’ that are compatible with our quest toward the status of a ‘truly developed’ nation.
    MeSH terms: Biometry; Child; Communicable Diseases; Delivery of Health Care; Health Services; Humans; Malaysia; National Health Programs; Primary Health Care; Policy
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