Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on sperm membrane surface protein "P25b" from cryopreserved bull semen in either lecithin based Bioxcell® (BX) or two egg-yolk based extenders, tris-egg yolk (TEY), and citrate-egg yolk (CEY).
Materials and Methods: Forty-five semen samples, 15 each were extended with either BX, TEY, or CEY extender which contained different concentrations (0.0 - control, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 mM/mL) of BHT. The extended semen samples were frozen at a concentration of 20×106/mL in 0.25 mL straws and stored in liquid nitrogen for 2weeks. The frozen samples were thereafter thawed, proteins extracted and analyzed for quantities of protein P25b through direct sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel densitometry. Peptides were confirmed by Western blotting (WB).
Results: Results showed that supplementation of BHT improved (p<0.05) quantity of protein P25b at concentrations of 0.5mM/mL for BX and at 1.0 mM/mL for TEY and CE when compared with the controls and other treatments.
Conclusion: BHT supplementation at 0.5 in BX and 1.0 mM/mL in TEY and CEY has protected bull sperm fertility marker protein P25b in frozen-thawed bull sperm.
Empanelment is a foundational strategy for building or improving primary health care systems and a critical pathway for achieving effective universal health coverage. However, there is little international guidance for defining empanelment or understanding how to implement empanelment systems in low- and middle-income countries. To fill this gap, a multi-country collaborative within the Joint Learning Network for Universal Health Coverage developed this empanelment overview, proposing a people-centered definition of empanelment that reflects the responsibility to proactively deliver primary care services to all individuals in a target population. This document, building on existing literature on empanelment and representing input from 10 countries, establishes standard concepts of empanelment and describes why and how empanelment is used. Finally, it identifies key domains that may influence effective empanelment and that must be considered in deciding how empanelment can be implemented. This document is designed to be a useful resource for health policymakers, planners and decision-makers in ministries of health, as well as front line providers of primary care service delivery who are working to ensure quality people-centered primary care to everyone everywhere.
Early development of liver cancer is usually asymptomatic. The overall survival rate of patients is relatively low due to late diagnosis, despite hepatocellular carcinoma being a common diagnosis. The high mortality rate of liver cancer was due to its overactivated cellular mitochondrial activities, namely thioredoxin reductase enzymatic activities and its downstream activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways for cancer cell migration. Our previous study on this candidate compound on A2780 ovarian cancer cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, through modulation of cell-cycle checkpoints and respective targeted apoptosis pathways. The current study used HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines as a representative in vitro liver cancer cell model. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was obtained via incubation of PTZ compound for 24 h yield of 37.03 μM, whereby it was three-fold more potent than the standard control tested, cisplatin (109.23 μM). The subsequent application of IC50 dosage of PTZ onto HepG2 cells illustrated a growth-static effect via activation of S-phase cell-cycle checkpoints, immediately followed by regulation of apoptosis. Increased cellular concentration of reactive oxygen species eventually generated oxidative damages on mitochondria, hence resulting in the release of cytochrome c protein and suppression of TrxR enzymatic activity, in conjunction with the suppression on invasion of cancer cells via Matrigel invasion chamber. In conclusion, PTZ was hypothesized to act effectively on mitochondria of HepG2 cells; hence it should proceed into detailed drug targeting mechanism research.
One order, seven families, 28 new genera, 72 new species, 13 new combinations, four epitypes, and interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. Pseudorobillardaceae is introduced for Pseudorobillarda (based on P. phragmitis). New genera include: Jeremyomyces (based on J. labinae) on twigs of Salix alba (Germany); Neodothidotthia (based on N. negundinicola) on Acer negundo (Ukraine); Neomedicopsis (based on N. prunicola) on fallen twigs of Prunus padus (Ukraine); Neophaeoappendicospora (based on N. leucaenae) on Leucaena leucocephala (France) (incl. Phaeoappendicosporaceae); Paradevriesia (incl. Paradevriesiaceae) (based on P. americana) from air (USA); Phaeoseptoriella (based on P. zeae) on leaves of Zea mays (South Africa); Piniphoma (based on P. wesendahlina) on wood debris of Pinus sylvestris (Germany); Pseudoconiothyrium (based on P. broussonetiae) on branch of Broussonetia papyrifera (Italy); Sodiomyces (based on S. alkalinus) from soil (Mongolia), and Turquoiseomyces (incl. Turquoiseomycetales and Turquoiseomycetaceae) (based on T. eucalypti) on leaves of Eucalyptus leptophylla (Australia); Typhicola (based on T. typharum) on leaves of Typha sp. (Germany); Xenodevriesia (incl. Xenodevriesiaceae) (based on X. strelitziicola) on leaves of Strelitzia sp. (South Africa). New species include: Bacillicladium clematidis on branch of Clematis vitalbae (Austria); Cercospora gomphrenigena on leaves of Gomphrena globosa (South Africa); Cyphellophora clematidis on Clematis vitalba (Austria); Exophiala abietophila on bark of Abies alba (Norway); Exophiala lignicola on fallen decorticated trunk of Quercus sp. (Ukraine); Fuscostagonospora banksiae on Banksia sp. (Australia); Gaeumannomycella caricicola on dead leaf of Carex remota (Germany); Hansfordia pruni on Prunus persica twig (Italy) (incl. Hansfordiaceae); Microdochium rhopalostylidis on Rhopalostylis sapida (New Zealand); Neocordana malayensis on leaves of Musa sp. (Malaysia); Neocucurbitaria prunicola on fallen twigs of Prunus padus (Ukraine); Neocucurbitaria salicis-albae on Salix alba twig (Ukraine); Neohelicomyces deschampsiae on culm base of dead leaf sheath of Deschampsia cespitosa (Germany); Pararoussoella juglandicola on twig of Juglans regia (Germany); Pezicula eucalyptigena on leaves of Eucalyptus sp. (South Africa); Phlogicylindrium dunnii on leaves of Eucalyptus dunnii (Australia); Phyllosticta hagahagaensis on leaf litter of Carissa bispinosa (South Africa); Phyllosticta austroafricana on leaf spots of unidentified deciduous tree host (South Africa); Pseudosigmoidea alnicola on Alnus glutinosa leaf litter (Germany); Pseudoteratosphaeria africana on leaf spot on unidentified host (Angola); Porodiplodia vitis on canes of Vitis vinifera (USA); Sodiomyces alkalinus from soil (Mongolia), Sodiomyces magadiensis and Sodiomyces tronii from soil (Kenya), Sympodiella quercina on fallen leaf of Quercus robur (Germany) and Zasmidium hakeicola on leaves of Hakea corymbosa (Australia). Epitypes are designated for: Cryptostictis falcata on leaves of E. alligatrix (Australia), Hendersonia phormii on leaves of Phormium tenax (New Zealand), Sympodiella acicola on needles of Pinus sylvestris (Netherlands), and Sphaeria scirpicola var. typharum on leaf of Typha sp. (Germany). Several taxa originally described from rocks are validated in this study. New taxa include: Extremaceae fam. nov., and new genera, Arthrocatena, Catenulomyces, Constantinomyces, Extremus, Hyphoconis, Incertomyces, Lapidomyces, Lithophila, Monticola, Meristemomyces, Oleoguttula, Perusta, Petrophila, Ramimonilia, Saxophila and Vermiconidia. New species include: Arthrocatena tenebrosa, Catenulomyces convolutus, Constantinomyces virgultus, C. macerans, C. minimus, C. nebulosus, C. virgultus, Exophiala bonariae, Extremus adstrictus, E. antarcticus, Hyphoconis sterilis, Incertomyces perditus, Knufia karalitana, K. marmoricola, K. mediterranea, Lapidomyces hispanicus, Lithophila guttulata, Monticola elongata, Meristemomyces frigidus, M. arctostaphyli, Neodevriesia bulbillosa, N. modesta, N. sardiniae, N. simplex, Oleoguttula mirabilis, Paradevriesia compacta, Perusta inaequalis, Petrophila incerta, Rachicladosporium alpinum, R. inconspicuum, R. mcmurdoi, R. monterosanum, R. paucitum, Ramimonilia apicalis, Saxophila tyrrhenica, Vermiconidia antarctica, V. calcicola, V. foris, and V. flagrans.
The mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus is a prized food-fish in the tropical and subtropical fisheries, as well as the aquaculture industry. This study investigated the distribution of L. argentimaculatus at three patch reefs of Lankayan Island, within the Sugud Islands Marine Conservation Area. Fish surveys were conducted 12 times at each of the selected patch reefs, from August 2016 until March 2017. Underwater video footages, hydrodynamic parameters (current direction and current speed) were recorded during each survey. The distribution patterns of the fish were plotted against these parameters to determine any correlation, in response to these parameters. There was a significant relationship between the current direction and the position of red mangrove snapper at the reef where schoolings were found to occur. We found that regardless of the current speed, the schools of red mangrove snapper were always present at the reef slope facing the oncoming current. This finding is important for the management and conservation of this species, which is a targeted species in the Live Reef Food Fish Trade (LRFFT), and is useful for the management of a Marine Protected Area (MPA) in general. This finding is also important as it provides useful insights into the ecology of mangrove red snapper.
Feeding attractiveness of 21 fresh herbs was examined for the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) at different growth stages in tanks. The feeding attractant and enhancement were assessed by behavioural observations of the test animals in response to pelleted feeds incorporated with the herbal extracts in different concentrations. For M. rosenbergii, peppermint (Mentha piperita) and dokudami (Houttuynia cordata) were the most attractive herbs at all stages, and garlic (Allium sativum) strongly attracting to the juveniles but only weekly to the adults, postlarvae and larvae. Peppermint significantly enhanced feeding of M. rosenbergii at all stages except for the larvae. Garlic was a significant feeding enhancer for M. rosenbergii juveniles and postlarvae. The inclusion of the herbal extract at high concentrations had a negative effect on the feeding. As far as L. vannamei is concerned, the red chilli (Capsicum annuum) was the best feeding attractant and ginger (Zingiber officinale) and peppermint were moderate attractants for adults and juveniles. While galangal (Alpinia galangal), ginger and yellow onion (Allium cepa sp.) enhanced feeding in L. vannamei adults, but red chilli, garlic and peppermint did not enhance feeding. Evidently, the strong feeding attractants were not necessarily effective feeding enhancers. The incorporation of several herb extracts at higher concentrations caused a negative effect on the feeding of the test animals. This could be due to the presence of feeding deterrents in the herb such as saponins which are known to lower food palatability in insect, decapod crustaceans and fishes. More long-term work is warranted to determine if inclusion of feeding enhancing herbs in artificial feed promotes growth performance of the shrimp.
The present study was designed to compare the antibacterial effect between stem and leaves of Entada spiralis against soft rot bacteria Erwinia chrysanthemi and its antioxidant properties which could benefit to indigenous people. E. spiralis which locally knows as ‘sintok’ is a liana and it grows wildly in Malaysia. Indigenous people are utilizing this plant as natural washing agent and shampoo as well as ethnomedicine to cure diseases since they have little access to modern medicines. E. chrysanthemi is bacteria which commonly cause soft-rot disease of vegetables. The antibacterial activity of stem and leaves of E. spiralis against E. chrysanthemi were evaluated from disc diffusion method. The DPPH radical scavenging method and dot blot assay were utilized to see the potential of stem and leaves of E. spiralis as an antioxidant agent. The results indicated that the leaves part was more antioxidative than stem of E. spiralis with IC50 of 10.5 μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract from stem part at concentration of 200 mg/mL was found to be the most active extract against E. chrysanthemi with the highest inhibition zone of 16.3mm. The investigation is hoped to provide basic information for the development of potent natural pesticides and natural remedy which is safer and eco-friendly.
The aims of this study were to characterize carrot residues and to determine the removal of Cr(VI) in water depending on the temperature and the dosage of carrot residues. To identify the functional group present in carrot residue, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) was used to characterize it. The functional group that responsible for the metal binding is hydroxyl (-OH) group. The adsorption of Cr(VI) was conducted by using batch experiment. The effect of temperature and dosage were studied in batch experiment, in which temperatures were varied from 25ºC to 55ºC and the dosages were varied from 0.5 mg/L to 2 mg/L. Preliminary study was done to determine the time equilibrium for adsorption. The equilibrium contact time was 30 min with 12.66% removal efficiency. Meanwhile, the highest dosage for removal efficiency of metal that used was 2 mg/L with 13.09%. The optimum temperature was 25ºC with 12.66% removal efficiency. This study has indicated that the carrot residues is less likely a good adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI).
Phytoremediation uses plants to remove, extract and absorb heavy or toxic matters from soil and water. This study explores Bougainvillea sp. heavy metals uptake capacity under different ratio of wastewater sludge condition. This study used 24 plants of Bougainvillea sp. and involves a duration of 2 months (61 days). The plants were divided and labelled according to six different treatments with four replications; A - Control (100% soil), B (20% sludge), C (40% sludge), D (60% sludge), E (80% sludge) and F (100% sludge). Accumulation of considered metals of lead and cadmium for leaf, stem and roots were analyzed using Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES). The highest removal was found to be at 60% sludge mixture for both metals. The highest lead and cadmium accumulation were found in the root with the concentration of 0.1 mg kg-1 and 0.06 mg kg-1 respectively. Thus, the optimum lead and cadmium removal using Bougainvillea sp. was at the 60% sludge mixture (Treatment D).
House dust was found to be a great indicator of metal pollutants for indoor air quality. This study aims to assess the level of metals in house dusts and identify the relationship between the composition of metals concentration in low cost apartment, Kuala Lumpur. Eight houses were selected randomly from four levels of low cost apartment buildings. The samples were collected using a brush and plastic pan and then the samples were digested. The compositions of metals were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) and statistical analysis was used to analyze the data by using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show that the highest concentration of metals obtained was Fe with the mean value of 1483.64 mg/kg followed by Zn with the mean value of 1197.07 mg/kg, while Cd recorded as the lowest mean value of 0.131 mg/kg. The trend distribution of metals in the investigated areas followed the order Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Statistical analysis indicates significant correlation between all the possible pairs of metals.
Protease was extracted from the viscera of torpedo scad fish (Megalspis cordyla) to obtain the crude extract which was then partially purified in 70% ammonium sulphate. The collected precipitate was dialysed and subsequently immobilized in sodium alginate and calcium chloride solution. The optimum concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride to produce the highest yield of immobilized protease was determined by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). From the results, the optimum conditions obtained were 2.5% of sodium alginate and 0.25 M of calcium chloride achieving a yield of 55.52%. Thus, the utilization of 2.5% sodium alginate and 0.25 M calcium chloride as the immobilization media were able to produce yield of immobilized protease from torpedo scad viscera with the highest proteolytic activity.
MRSA is a major pathogen worldwide and its infections are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, in comparison with other S. aureus infections. The study was designed to characterize the mecA gene and staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCCmec) in methicillin resistance S. aureus (MRSA). A total of 20 presumptive S. aureus strains were collected from one of the teaching hospitals in Selangor. Using standard biochemical tests, all the isolates were verified as S. aureus. When tested against cefoxitin, 80% of the isolates were confirmed as MRSA. All the MRSA isolates were further subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of mecA gene. Nine out of the 16 MRSA isolates (56%) were mecA positive, whereas the remaining four were mecA negative. The 16 MRSA with positive mecA gene were further subjected to SCCmec typing of type I, II, III, IV and V. The most frequent SCCmec types were type III (56%) followed by type II (33%), and type IV (11%). None of the isolates were of SCCmec type I or V. Our study indicates that SCCmec type III is predominant among the isolates which is in agreement with other studies conducted on clinical strains of MRSA.
The use of surface geochemical exploration methods is based on the concept that all petroleum accumulations suffer some leakage to shallower intervals and eventually to the surface. The objective of this study is to analyze geochemical properties such as moisture content, grain size, and mineral properties of the outcrop sample. Subsequently to relate these geochemical properties with petroleum parameters such as porosity, permeability, fluid flow, type of rock, minerology, and chemical composition. Three samples were collected within 100m x 100m parameters to provide an average value result. The samples were taken 20cm below surface and on the shoreline of Pantai Bagan Lalang. The moisture content and organic content of the sample can be known as a percentage of its oven dried weight with its wet sample. The mechanical sieve method was conducted in accordance with ASTM D 422 for the grain size distribution analysis. Lastly, X-ray diffraction analysis was conducted to identify mineral composition based on the peak from a graphical result computed from the XRD machine. Water content analysis results was then related with the fluid flow of the samples while soil organic content was studied to identify shale deposition. Besides, grain size distribution analysis provided porosity range value and permeability overview when correlated with grain size and sorting of the samples. XRD analysis provided graphical data of mineral composition that can be correlated with sample history. In conclusion, Pantai Bagan Lalang indicates a negative quantitative value of a potential reservoir would have.
Protease comprises the class of enzymes that are most used worldwide, accounting for 60% of the world total enzyme production. This study was carried out to determine the proteolytic activity of protease extracted from torpedo scad fish (Megalaspis cordyla) viscera, and to determine the optimum pH and ammonium sulphate concentration for the extraction and purification of the extracted visceral protease. The combination of optimum condition for pH and ammonium sulphate concentration was optimized using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The crude enzyme extracts are then precipitated in ammonium sulphate followed by dialysis and gel filtration chromatography where the proteolytic activity was studied. The concentration of ammonium sulphate used ranged from 40-80% and pH used for extraction was between 6-9. The enzyme showed the highest proteolytic activity at pH 9 and 80% ammonium sulphate concentration matching with RSM suggested condition. The proteolytic activity obtained under this condition was 445U. The total activity of the crude extract, ammonium sulphate precipitation, and dialyzed proteases were 820, 680 and 425U, respectively. The viscera contained 15.87% protein. Thus, the optimum condition for extraction and purification of protease from torpedo scad fish viscera were at pH 9 with 80% ammonium sulphate concentration, respectively resulting in high proteolytic activity.
A total number of 38 clinical strains of Staphylococcus haemolyticus originally obtained from Hospital Tuanku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang Selangor, were used in this study. The antimicrobial susceptibility of these nosocomial pathogens was tested against penicillin and cefoxitin. Except for one strain (B200) which was sensitive, the rest of the isolates were resistant to penicillin. Similarly, only one strain (F4) was sensitive against oxacillin while the rest were resistant. For cefoxitin, 34 or 89.5% of the isolates were resistant to this antibiotic and classified as Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MRSH). Amplification of the mecA gene showed among the MRSH strains 19 or 55.9% harbour the mecA gene but 15 or 44.1% were found negative for this gene. This could be due to the mec gene complex which does not only consist of the mecA gene but could also harbour other classes of mec genes such as mecB, mecC, mecD or mecE. However, one of the Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MSSH) strains susceptible against cefoxitin was also found to harbour the mecA gene. All the 20 isolates positive for mecA gene were further subjected to Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) type I, II, III, IV and V. The results showed that two or 10.0% of the strains (B14 and R27) expressed SCCmec type II while only one isolate (P29) expressed SCCmec type III. For the remaining 17 isolates, SCCmec typing was not detected suggesting that these isolates do not harbour SCCmec I, IV or V. Hence, there is a possibility that these isolates carry other types of SCCmec.
In a search for new potential AChE inhibitors, 31 selected medicinal plants from Perlis were collected gathered, air dried and successively extracted using hexane, dichloromethane, and alcohol. The dichloromethane and alcoholic extracts were screened for AChE inhibitory activity using Ellman's method. Out of 31 plant species, the methanol extracts of Rhapis excelsa leaves (97.03 ± 3.71 %), Diospyros blancoi leaves (95.80 ± 1.57 %) and Phyllantus elegans root (83.22 ± 3.08 %) showed the highest AChE inhibitory activity at the concentration of 100 μg/mL.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been known as an innovative carrier for drug support and delivery applications. Herein, the modification of MWCNTs was carried out to improve dispersibility and biocompatibility levels. MWCNTs were functionalized by an aqua regia of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to produce functionalized MWCNTs (f-MWCNTs). Meanwhile, the salicylic acid was loaded on the f-MWCNTs by sonication technique and the resultant was coded as SA-MWCNTs. Dissolution analysis was carried out in the different medium of simulated body fluid (SBF), simulated gastric fluid (SIF) and simulated gastric fluid (SGF) to evaluate the profile of drug release of SA-MWCNTs. It was found that the release profile of aspirin displayed 2-stage of releases; (1) fast release within 1 to 5-hours followed by (2) sustainable release for up to 12-hours. Thus, showing the compatibility of the f-MWCNTs for salicylic acid controlled released system.
In this study, jackfruit cellulose was extracted by undergoing two steps; bleaching and alkaline treatment. The first step was the production of holocellulose by using bleaching method that removed the lignin from the jackfruit rind (JR). Next step was converting the holocellulose into cellulose by using alkaline treatment at room temperature. The percentage of cellulose extracted from JR in this study was 40% which was higher than the previous research. The characterizations of extracted JR cellulose were investigated by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). FTIR confirmed that the removal of non-cellulosic components in the jackfruit fibre and the micrograph by SEM displayed a rough surface indicated the presence of the cellulose fibre. Based on this study, JR has the potential to be used as a reinforcement element in composite materials.
Approximately 50% patients with psychotic illnesses on antipsychotic drugs have an increased risk of obesity. This study aimed to determine changes in body weight, body fat percentage and lipid profiles and to stress the importance of early nutrition intervention in the management of psychotic illness patient treated with antipsychotic drugs. This is a prospective longitudinal study conducted for 3 months in Hospital Mesra Bukit Padang, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. A total of 150 patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM-IV) diagnosis of psychotic illness (either Olanzapine or Risperidone only at any dosage) first started or restarted after a treatment gap of at least 6 months were recruited. Weight, height and body fat percentage were measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) (Model Omron HBF-375) and blood fasting lipid test were taken from the point of starting medication for 12 weeks. Data were analysed using repeated measures of ANOVA for statistical method. All variables showed significant mean differences (p < 0.05) in increasing pattern throughout the 12 weeks of treatment. However, the total cholesterol of risperidone patients had no significant mean difference from initial to week 6 (p = 0.282). It was proven that there was increase in body weight, body fat percentage and lipid profiles among patients on olanzapine and risperidone. The limitation of this study might relate to the drugs’ dosage and method used in assessing the body composition. It is suggested that early nutrition intervention is needed to control unnecessary gain of weight, body fat and lipid profiles in the management of patient with psychotic illnesses.
Trauma is a major health problem in Malaysia. An understanding of the trauma epidemiology is important in developing a reliable trauma service. The aim of this study is to understand the pattern of trauma in our institution and to highlight the need for a dedicated trauma service. In this database, 142 cases were included. Majority were males (127, 89.4%). Most common injury types are motor vehicle accidents (87.3%) followed by falls (7.7%) and stabs (3.5%). Most Injury Severity Score (ISS) falls under moderate score with 38.7%. Mean Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS) was 3 with most involving the chest and 90% of the patients have injuries involving at least 2 regions. Average hospital length of stay (LOS) was 11.4 days ±11.5 SD; with most patients (71.8%) were discharged without permanent disability. The mortality rate was 9.2% with all having ISS>16. ISS found to be strongly related to longer hospital stay and worse outcome (0.59, p < 0.0001, 0.4, p < 0.0001). This data is equivalent to the compared registries from 4 different trauma centres. However, steps need to be taken to improve this database. In conclusion, this university hospital receives a reasonable load of trauma cases yearly which is equivalent with other trauma centres. The increasing trauma cases will benefit from an implementation of a dedicated trauma service. This trauma database needs more depth in its elements and better data handling to ensure a quality and complete registry.