Browse publications by year: 2021

Fulltext The Best Online Tools Based on Media Preference Reflected by Health Information Received on Social Media amongst Diabetic Patients in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Siti Zuhaida H, Chung HC, Mohd Said F, Tumingan K, Sahar Shah N, Hanim S, et al.

Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Jun;28(3):118-128.
PMID: 34285650 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.11

Background: Diabetes mellitus has become a major public health problem globally. Social media could be useful in assisting clinical practice and sharing health-related information to improve self-management and to promote a positive behavioural change. This study aims to develop a guide on the best online tools by determining the media preference reflected by health-related information received from social media amongst diabetic patients in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Methods: This study was conducted cross-sectional on 174 respondents, who were selected by using a simple random sampling method. Socio-demographic data and the use of the internet and media for health-related information were obtained via questionnaires.
Results: The most preferred social media used for searching and sharing health-related information was WhatsApp (73.6%), followed by Facebook (67.8%), Instagram (18.4%) and Twitter (17.2%). The social media preference related to socio-demographic data of age was statistically significant (P < 0.002), which had a medium effect. Furthermore, the media preference was not significantly related to health-related information searched or shared on social media and the frequency of usage.
Conclusion: Indeed, the social media have been an essential media platform to enhance public awareness concerning public health. This calls for evolution to further enhance the use of social media amongst healthcare practitioners to emphasise health promotion and empower the patients to play an active role in their healthcare. This study provides a guideline for the medical researchers, practitioners or healthcare providers in choosing WhatsApp as an online medium to communicate with diabetic patients in the future, specifically in Malaysia.
Fulltext Assessing the Performance of Food Safety Management System Using Food Safety Management System Diagnostic Tools and Microbial Assessment Scheme: A Case of Powdered Beverage Manufacturers

Cheah HY, Merican SE, Nor Khaizura MAR, Bakar AZA, Omar S, Sanny M

Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Jun;28(3):129-142.
PMID: 34285651 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.12

Background: The objective of the study is to assess the performance of the Food Safety Management System (FSMS) among powdered beverage manufacturers using Food Safety Management System Diagnostic Tools (FSMS-DI) and Microbial Assessment Scheme (MAS).
Methods: FSMS-DI was used to evaluate the context factors, core control and core assurance activities of five powdered beverage manufacturers with different types of FSMS certification. Manufacturer A is not certified with any FSMS, while manufacturers B, C, D and E are complied with MeSTI, GMP, HACCP and ISO 22000, respectively. For MAS, samples were collected from the selected critical sampling locations of two manufacturers who complied FSMS with the least (manufacturer B) and the most stringent (manufacturer E) requirements. The samples consisted of two different types of powdered beverage products were analysed for total plate count (TPC), Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeast and mould count (YMC). Results: The food safety (FS) output of powdered beverages for manufacturer E was better (overall score of 3) than manufacturer B (overall score of 2-3). Manufacturer E was able to achieve their FS objectives. The FSMS activities of manufacturer C, D and E were better (overall score of 2-3) than manufacturer A and B (overall score of 1-2).
Conclusion: The study demonstrated that FSMS-DI and MAS can be used to differentiate the FSMS performance of powdered beverage manufacturers with different types of FSMS certification. Higher scores of FSMS activities obtained by the manufacturer who complied with stringent FSMS certifications contributed to better microbiological safety performance of powdered beverages.
Fulltext Challenges and Adaptation in Otorhinolaryngology Practice During Pandemic Lockdown: Experience from a Malaysian COVID-19 Hospital

Sultan Abdul Kader MI, Razak SS, Ramanna VR, Esa NK, Ahmad AR, Mohamad I

Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Jun;28(3):143-150.
PMID: 34285652 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.13

COVID-19 has taken the world by storm: since the first few cases appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and by June 2020 there were more than 10 million cases of COVID-19 cases worldwide. Malaysia had its first case in January 2020 and acted promptly by implementing several drastic measures to contain the disease. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health Malaysia has implemented guidelines and recommendations on the management of COVID-19. The Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) provides services for patients with ear, nose, throat, head and neck diseases and provides audiology, speech and language therapy, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate training. As the department's staff is heavily involved in examinations and interventions of upper aerodigestive tract problems, the challenges are distinctly different from other specialties. This article discusses how COVID-19 affected ORL-HNS services and what measures were taken in Hospital Melaka, Malaysia.
Fulltext Filtering Facepiece Respirators for Healthcare Workers Protection in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic

Chang CT, Rajan P, Hoe VCW

Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Jun;28(3):151-154.
PMID: 34285653 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.14

Protecting healthcare workers (HCWs) who are in the frontline during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic is paramount. The filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) or N95 respirator is one of the personal protective equipment (PPE) used to protect HCWs exposed to airborne pathogens in clinical practice or when performing aerosol generating procedures. The FFRs should be able to serve the intended purpose without causing additional health and safety hazards for the HCWs. The following commentary will provide some basic information on selecting correct FFRs and conducting fitness test.
Fulltext The Role of Social Media in Making an Impact to Health Knowledge and Behaviour on COVID-19 in Malaysia

Rashid AA, Mohamad I, Mohd Haris AF

Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Jun;28(3):155-157.
PMID: 34285654 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.15
Fulltext Exposure to Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Potent Threat to the Mental Well-being of Children

Boo WH

Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Jun;28(3):158-159.
PMID: 34285655 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.16

The unprecedented scale of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has indeed brought about tremendous ramifications on the state of mental health for children. One notable aspect deserving emphasis however, is the psychological impact in children as a result of the purported surge of domestic violence (DV) in many of the countries that imposed stay-at-home requirement. The imposition of movement restriction policy led to isolation and overcrowding, made worse by loss of income in some instances, causing high levels of stress and anxiety, thereby increasing the risk of DV and child abuse particularly those already living within violent or dysfunctional families. Children exposed to DV have higher risk of developmental delay and behavioural problems, more likely to suffer from post-traumatic symptoms, depression and anxiety, reduced cognitive functioning and social competence. Additionally, these children tend to have poorer academic performance and are more likely to engage in violent or abusive relationship later in life. Health care providers need to be vigilant and actively screen and identify children or families that are affected by DV to protect their physical and mental health well-being.
Fulltext 'The Laryngectomee Guide' in Malaysian Language

Brook I

Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Jun;28(3):160-161.
PMID: 34285656 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.17

'The Laryngectomee Guide' (Panduan Pesakit Laringektomi) is available now in Malaysian language. The Guide provides information that can assist laryngectomees and their medical providers about medical, dental and psychological issues. It contains information about side effects of radiation and chemotherapy; methods of speaking; airway, stoma, and voice prosthesis care; eating and swallowing; medical, dental and psychological concerns; respiration; anesthesia; travelling and how to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.
Fulltext The Potential Benefits of Nanotechnology in Treating Alzheimer's Disease

Ling TS, Chandrasegaran S, Xuan LZ, Suan TL, Elaine E, Nathan DV, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:5550938.
PMID: 34285915 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5550938

Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. Currently, there is no definitive cure available to treat Alzheimer's disease. The available medication in the market has the ability to only slow down its progression. However, nanotechnology has shown its superiority that can be applied for medical usage and it has a great potential in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease, specifically in the disease diagnosis and providing an alternative approach to treat Alzheimer's disease. This is done by increasing the efficiency of drug delivery by penetrating and overcoming the blood-brain barrier. Having said that, there are limitations that need to be further investigated and researched in order to minimize the adverse effects and potential toxicity and to improve drug bioavailability. The recent advances in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease using nanotechnology include the regeneration of stem cells, nanomedicine, and neuroprotection. In this review, we will discuss the advancement of nanotechnology which helps in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease as well as its challenges.

MeSH terms: Alzheimer Disease/genetics; Alzheimer Disease/immunology; Alzheimer Disease/therapy*; Animals; Humans; Immunotherapy; Genetic Therapy; Drug Delivery Systems; Nanotechnology*; Nanoparticles/therapeutic use
Calcaneal Reconstruction With Free Deep Circumflex Iliac Artery Osseocutaneous Flap Following Aggressive Benign Bone Tumor Resection

Rosli MA, Wan Ismail WF, Wan Sulaiman WA, Mat Zin NA, Abdul Halim S, Mat Johar F, et al.

Foot Ankle Int, 2021 Dec;42(12):1570-1578.
PMID: 34286617 DOI: 10.1177/10711007211025280

BACKGROUND: Advances in limb-salvage techniques have made total calcanectomy and primary reconstruction possible in managing calcaneal aggressive benign tumors and selected cases of intraosseous malignant tumors. However, there is still no consensus on the operative approach, oncologic margin, and the best reconstruction method to date. These 2 cases describe our experience in calcaneal reconstruction with the free deep circumflex iliac artery (DCIA) osseocutaneous flap in benign aggressive calcaneal tumors.
METHODS: We reported 2 consecutive male and female patients, with an average age of 25 years (age 19 and 31, respectively), who underwent total calcanectomy and primary calcaneal reconstruction with the free DCIA osseocutaneous flaps for calcaneal chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor. A marginal resection of the entire calcaneus through the subtalar and calcaneocuboid joints (intra-articular approach) was performed in the first case and a wide local resection leaving 1 cm normal calcaneal bone margin anterosuperiorly (intraosseous approach) was performed in the second case.
RESULTS: The follow-up period averaged 48 months. Negative oncologic margins were achieved in both cases. The first case was complicated with venous thrombosis; however, the graft remained viable after emergency reexploration. Normal foot function was restored with good solid osseous union and bony hypertrophy observed. Both patients achieved good short-term functional and aesthetic outcomes with no donor site pain or disability. No local recurrence was reported either.
CONCLUSION: Primary calcaneal reconstruction with the free DCIA osseocutaneous flap can lead to good short-term functional and aesthetic outcomes.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

MeSH terms: Adult; Female; Humans; Iliac Artery/surgery; Male; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures*; Limb Salvage; Young Adult
Fulltext Natural Human Infections with Plasmodium cynomolgi, P. inui, and 4 other Simian Malaria Parasites, Malaysia

Yap NJ, Hossain H, Nada-Raja T, Ngui R, Muslim A, Hoh BP, et al.

Emerg Infect Dis, 2021 08;27(8):2187-2191.
PMID: 34287122 DOI: 10.3201/eid2708.204502

We detected the simian malaria parasites Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. inui, P. coatneyi, P. inui-like, and P. simiovale among forest fringe-living indigenous communities from various locations in Malaysia. Our findings underscore the importance of using molecular tools to identify newly emergent malaria parasites in humans.

MeSH terms: Animals; Humans; Macaca fascicularis; Malaysia/epidemiology; Parasites*
Gambling in Malaysia: an overview

Rathakrishnan B, George S

BJPsych Int, 2021 May;18(2):32-34.
PMID: 34287394 DOI: 10.1192/bji.2020.55

Many forms of gambling are legal and popular in Malaysia. Despite this, in Malaysia, research into gambling is limited and there is no coherent strategy to tackle gambling-related harms. This paper summarises the gambling landscape of Malaysia, law governing gambling and research done so far and gives some recommendations on the way forward.
Fulltext Gambling and governmental responsibilities

Skuse D

BJPsych Int, 2021 May;18(2):29.
PMID: 34287400 DOI: 10.1192/bji.2021.8

Human beings seem to be genetically predisposed to take risks in the hope of reward, but in gambling the risks often significantly outweigh the rewards. Should societies and governments attempt to regulate gambling, and how? Two papers in this month's issue of BJPsych International discuss problem gambling in Nigeria and in Malaysia, and how government and society address it.
Flying solo in Myanmar: case study on challenges and important lessons learned by an early career psychiatrist in a district setting

Yadanar SM, Htoo NC, Zaw T, Pang NTP, Chua SH, Loo JL

BJPsych Int, 2021 May;18(2):37-39.
PMID: 34287407 DOI: 10.1192/bji.2020.36

The transition from trainee early career psychiatrist (ECP) to independent practitioner can be challenging. Upon completion of training in well-equipped academic settings, an ECP from Myanmar is required to serve in a divisional hospital for at least 3 years. Significant challenges are faced by ECPs practising solo in divisional hospitals, including inexperience in administrative aspects, lack of future-proof training, scarcity of resources and facilities, struggles in the provision of holistic biopsychosocial treatment, work-life imbalance, and limited career advancement and access to continuous training. The solutions tried thus far include the incorporation of information and communication technology in training, gathering support and distant supervision from both local and international settings, and task shifting. Bigger challenges are often rewarded by faster growth, and difficult times stimulate creative solutions. The sacrifice of these solo ECPs has significantly improved the mental health service of Myanmar district regions.
Discrimination of the geographical origins of rice based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Pongpiachan S

Environ Geochem Health, 2021 Jul 21.
PMID: 34287730 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01039-1

Over the past few decades, several techniques have been applied to identify the geographical origins of rice products. In this study, the chemical characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was carefully conducted by analysing PAHs in rice samples collected from private sector planting areas located in Bali and Yogyakarta, Indonesia (i.e. ID; n = 20), west sides of Malaysia (i.e. MY; n = 20), Mandalay, Legend, Myingyan, Myanmar (i.e. MM; n = 20), northern parts of Lao PDR (i.e. LA; n = 20), central parts of Cambodia (i.e. KH; n = 20), northern parts of Vietnam (i.e. VN; n = 20), and Thailand (i.e. TH; n = 22). Percentage contributions show the exceedingly high abundance of 5-6 ring PAH congeners in rice samples collected from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Vietnam. Lao PDR rice samples were overwhelmed by 4-ring PAH congeners with the percentage contribution of 46% followed by 5-6 ring PAHs (33%) and 3-ring PAHs (21%). In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis and principal component analysis can successfully categorize some rice samples based on its geographical origins.
Simvastatin nanoparticles loaded polymeric film as a potential strategy for diabetic wound healing: in vitro and in vivo evaluation

Tufail S, Siddique MI, Sarfraz M, Sohail MF, Shahid MN, Omer MO, et al.

Curr Drug Deliv, 2021 Jul 20.
PMID: 34288836 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210720150929

INTRODUCTION: The pleiotropic effects of statins are recently explored for wound healing through angiogenesis and lymph-angiogenesis that could be of great importance in diabetic wounds.
AIM: Aim of the present study is to fabricate nanofilm embedded with simvastatin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CS-SIM-NPs) has been reported herein to explore the efficacy of SIM in diabetic wound healing.
METHODS: The NPs, prepared via ionic gelation, were 173nm ± 2.645 in size with a zeta potential -0.299 ± 0.009 and PDI 0.051 ± 0.088 with excellent encapsulation efficiency (99.97%). The optimized formulation (CS: TPP, 1:1) that exhibited the highest drug release (91.64%) was incorporated into polymeric nanofilm (HPMC, Sodium alginate, PVA), followed by in vitro characterization. The optimized nanofilm was applied to the wound created on the back of diabetes-induced (with alloxan injection 120 mg/kg) albino rats.
RESULTS: The results showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the wound healing process compared to the diabetes-induced non-treated group. The results highlighted the importance of nanofilms loaded with SIM-NPs in diabetic wound healing through angiogenesis promotion at the wound site.
CONCLUSION: Thus, CS-SIM-NPs loaded polymeric nanofilms could be an emerging diabetic wound healing agent in the industry of nanomedicines.
Fulltext Modelling monthly influenza cases in Malaysia

Norrulashikin MA, Yusof F, Hanafiah NHM, Norrulashikin SM

PLoS One, 2021;16(7):e0254137.
PMID: 34288925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254137

The increasing trend in the number new cases of influenza every year as reported by WHO is concerning, especially in Malaysia. To date, there is no local research under healthcare sector that implements the time series forecasting methods to predict future disease outbreak in Malaysia, specifically influenza. Addressing the problem could increase awareness of the disease and could help healthcare workers to be more prepared in preventing the widespread of the disease. This paper intends to perform a hybrid ARIMA-SVR approach in forecasting monthly influenza cases in Malaysia. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model (using Box-Jenkins method) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) model were used to capture the linear and nonlinear components in the monthly influenza cases, respectively. It was forecasted that the performance of the hybrid model would improve. The data from World Health Organization (WHO) websites consisting of weekly Influenza Serology A cases in Malaysia from the year 2006 until 2019 have been used for this study. The data were recategorized into monthly data. The findings of the study showed that the monthly influenza cases could be efficiently forecasted using three comparator models as all models outperformed the benchmark model (Naïve model). However, SVR with linear kernel produced the lowest values of RMSE and MAE for the test dataset suggesting the best performance out of the other comparators. This suggested that SVR has the potential to produce more consistent results in forecasting future values when compared with ARIMA and the ARIMA-SVR hybrid model.

MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks*; Forecasting/methods*; Humans; Influenza, Human/epidemiology*; Malaysia/epidemiology; Models, Theoretical; Morbidity/trends; Seasons; Support Vector Machine
Knowledge, attitude and practice of Malaysian healthcare professionals toward adverse drug reaction reporting: a systematic review

Balan S

Int J Pharm Pract, 2021 Aug 11;29(4):308-320.
PMID: 34289016 DOI: 10.1093/ijpp/riab030

OBJECTIVE: Healthcare professionals have an important role in ensuring that adverse drug reactions are well documented and reported. The key determinants of adverse drug reactions reporting are the knowledge, attitude and practice of healthcare professionals. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to identify, critically evaluate and summarise the findings on the knowledge, attitude and practice of Malaysian healthcare professionals towards adverse drug reaction reporting.
METHODS: Literature search using electronic databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and National Medical Research Register was conducted. Additional articles were identified by reviewing the bibliography of the retrieved articles. The articles were searched with any of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms in the title: adverse drug reaction, attitude, awareness, behaviour, experience, knowledge, Malaysia, perspectives, pharmacovigilance, practice and view. Studies were selected based on fulfilment of inclusion and exclusion criteria. The articles were scrutinised using thematic analysis.
KEY FINDINGS: Nine studies conducted among doctors, pharmacists and nurses met the inclusion criteria. Five themes emerged which included knowledge, attitude, practice, barriers and facilitators of adverse drug reaction reporting among healthcare professionals.
CONCLUSION: In general, healthcare professionals in Malaysia have good knowledge on and positive attitudes towards adverse drug reaction reporting. However, the practice of adverse drug reaction reporting was found to be unsatisfactory among healthcare professional in Malaysia. The approaches taken to enhance ADR reporting among Malaysian healthcare professionals should focus on alleviating lethargy and ignorance associated with ADR reporting.

MeSH terms: Attitude of Health Personnel; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice*; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Pharmacovigilance; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions*
A review of okara (soybean curd residue) utilization as animal feed: Nutritive value and animal performance aspects

Rahman MM, Mat K, Ishigaki G, Akashi R

Anim Sci J, 2021 Dec;92(1):e13594.
PMID: 34289204 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13594

Year by year, huge quantities of by-products are generated during the manufacturing process of soybean-based products. Okara is one of the by-products, and it is an insoluble portion of the soybean. It consists of high moisture (8.4-22.9%); on dry matter basis, it contains high metabolizable energy (9.0-14.2 MJ/kg) and other components that include crude protein (20.9-39.1%), crude fiber (12.2-61.3%), crude fat (4.9-21.5%), and ash (3.4-5.3%). Fermentation of okara improves its nutritional quality and reduces its anti-nutrient contents. Due to animals' palatability, okara can be used to replace the soybean meal/concentrate feed partially or completely in ruminant's diet and partially in nonruminant's diet. Okara feeding does not depress the intake, digestibility, growth, milk production, blood metabolic profiles, and meat quality of animals. However, this by-product decays quickly due to its high moisture content, and its heavy weight and sticky nature make it difficult to process and expensive to dry using conventional methods. This paper thoroughly summarizes the utilization of okara as animal feed in the cause of developing a general guideline with favorable levels of inclusion in the diets of animals for its exploitation and valorization. This review will encourage further research to develop eco-friendly and value added feed for animals.

MeSH terms: Animals; Animal Feed/analysis; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Diet/veterinary; Digestion; Nutritive Value; Soybeans*; Soy Foods*
A Patent Review on the Current Developments of Benzoxazoles in Drug Discovery

Wong XK, Yeong KY

ChemMedChem, 2021 11 05;16(21):3237-3262.
PMID: 34289258 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100370

The benzoxazole moiety is widely found in various natural compounds, which are often found to be biologically active. Due to its versatile biological properties, benzoxazole has been incorporated as an essential pharmacophore and substructure in many medicinal compounds. In the past years, numerous benzoxazole derivatives have been synthesised and evaluated for their biological potential. The wide range in therapeutic potential of benzoxazole derivatives is related to the favourable interactions of the benzoxazole moiety with different protein targets. Herein we review the biological activities of benzoxazole derivatives patented within the past six years. Using the Lens database, granted patents issued from 2015 to 2020 were retrieved. The patented benzoxazole derivatives demonstrated excellent activity against various protein targets and diseases, with some reaching clinical trial stage. Pharmacological and medicinal aspects of patented benzoxazole derivatives are discussed. The recent development and drawbacks are also reviewed.
Testing a global standard for quantifying species recovery and assessing conservation impact

Grace MK, Akçakaya HR, Bennett EL, Brooks TM, Heath A, Hedges S, et al.

Conserv Biol, 2021 12;35(6):1833-1849.
PMID: 34289517 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13756

Recognizing the imperative to evaluate species recovery and conservation impact, in 2012 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) called for development of a "Green List of Species" (now the IUCN Green Status of Species). A draft Green Status framework for assessing species' progress toward recovery, published in 2018, proposed 2 separate but interlinked components: a standardized method (i.e., measurement against benchmarks of species' viability, functionality, and preimpact distribution) to determine current species recovery status (herein species recovery score) and application of that method to estimate past and potential future impacts of conservation based on 4 metrics (conservation legacy, conservation dependence, conservation gain, and recovery potential). We tested the framework with 181 species representing diverse taxa, life histories, biomes, and IUCN Red List categories (extinction risk). Based on the observed distribution of species' recovery scores, we propose the following species recovery categories: fully recovered, slightly depleted, moderately depleted, largely depleted, critically depleted, extinct in the wild, and indeterminate. Fifty-nine percent of tested species were considered largely or critically depleted. Although there was a negative relationship between extinction risk and species recovery score, variation was considerable. Some species in lower risk categories were assessed as farther from recovery than those at higher risk. This emphasizes that species recovery is conceptually different from extinction risk and reinforces the utility of the IUCN Green Status of Species to more fully understand species conservation status. Although extinction risk did not predict conservation legacy, conservation dependence, or conservation gain, it was positively correlated with recovery potential. Only 1.7% of tested species were categorized as zero across all 4 of these conservation impact metrics, indicating that conservation has, or will, play a role in improving or maintaining species status for the vast majority of these species. Based on our results, we devised an updated assessment framework that introduces the option of using a dynamic baseline to assess future impacts of conservation over the short term to avoid misleading results which were generated in a small number of cases, and redefines short term as 10 years to better align with conservation planning. These changes are reflected in the IUCN Green Status of Species Standard.

MeSH terms: Animals; Conservation of Natural Resources; Risk; Ecosystem; Biodiversity; Extinction, Biological*; Endangered Species*

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