Prediction of toxicity outcomes following radiotherapy using deep learning-based models: A systematic review

PURPOSE: This study aims to perform a comprehensive systematic review of deep learning (DL) models in predicting RT-induced toxicity.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Embase databases from the earliest record up to September 2022. Related studies on deep learning models for radiotherapy toxicity prediction were selected based on predefined PICOS criteria.

RESULTS: Fourteen studies of radiotherapy-treated patients on different types of cancer [prostate (n=2), HNC (n=4), liver (n=2), lung (n=4), cervical (n=1), and oesophagus (n=1)] were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Information regarding patient characteristics and model development was summarized. Several approaches, such as ensemble learning, data augmentation, and transfer learning, that were utilized by selected studies were discussed.

CONCLUSION: Deep learning techniques are able to produce a consistent performance for toxicity prediction. Future research using large and diverse datasets and standardization of the study methodologies are required to improve the consistency of the research output.