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Association between polarity of first episode and solar insolation in bipolar I disorder

Bauer M 1 , Glenn T 2 , Achtyes ED 3 , Alda M 4 , Agaoglu E 5 , Altınbaş K 6 Show all authors , Andreassen OA 7 , Angelopoulos E 8 , Ardau R 9 , Aydin M 10 , Ayhan Y 5 , Baethge C 11 , Bauer R 12 , Baune BT 13 , Balaban C 14 , Becerra-Palars C 15 , Behere AP 16 , Behere PB 17 , Belete H 18 , Belete T 18 , Belizario GO 19 , Bellivier F 20 , Belmaker RH 21 , Benedetti F 22 , Berk M 23 , Bersudsky Y 24 , Bicakci Ş 25 , Birabwa-Oketcho H 26 , Bjella TD 7 , Brady C 27 , Cabrera J 28 , Cappucciati M 29 , Castro AMP 30 , Chen WL 31 , Cheung EYW 32 , Chiesa S 29 , Crowe M 33 , Cuomo A 34 , Dallaspezia S 35 , Del Zompo M 9 , Desai P 36 , Dodd S 37 , Etain B 20 , Fagiolini A 34 , Fellendorf FT 38 , Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E 39 , Fiedorowicz JG 40 , Fountoulakis KN 41 , Frye MA 42 , Geoffroy PA 43 , Gonzalez-Pinto A 44 , Gottlieb JF 45 , Grof P 46 , Haarman BCM 47 , Harima H 48 , Hasse-Sousa M 49 , Henry C 50 , Høffding L 51 , Houenou J 52 , Imbesi M 29 , Isometsä ET 53 , Ivkovic M 54 , Janno S 55 , Johnsen S 56 , Kapczinski F 49 , Karakatsoulis GN 41 , Kardell M 57 , Kessing LV 58 , Kim SJ 59 , König B 60 , Kot TL 61 , Koval M 62 , Kunz M 49 , Lafer B 19 , Landén M 63 , Larsen ER 64 , Lenger M 38 , Lewitzka U 12 , Licht RW 65 , Lopez-Jaramillo C 66 , MacKenzie A 67 , Madsen HØ 68 , Madsen SAKA 56 , Mahadevan J 69 , Mahardika A 70 , Manchia M 71 , Marsh W 72 , Martinez-Cengotitabengoa M 73 , Martiny K 68 , Mashima Y 74 , McLoughlin DM 75 , Meesters Y 47 , Melle I 7 , Meza-Urzúa F 76 , Mok YM 77 , Monteith S 78 , Moorthy M 69 , Morken G 79 , Mosca E 9 , Mozzhegorov AA 80 , Munoz R 81 , Mythri SV 82 , Nacef F 83 , Nadella RK 69 , Nakanotani T 84 , Nielsen RE 65 , O'Donovan C 4 , Omrani A 85 , Osher Y 24 , Ouali U 83 , Pantovic-Stefanovic M 54 , Pariwatcharakul P 86 , Petite J 4 , Pfennig A 12 , Ruiz YP 87 , Pinna M 88 , Pompili M 89 , Porter R 33 , Quiroz D 90 , Rabelo-da-Ponte FD 91 , Ramesar R 92 , Rasgon N 93 , Ratta-Apha W 86 , Ratzenhofer M 38 , Redahan M 27 , Reddy MS 94 , Reif A 14 , Reininghaus EZ 38 , Richards JG 95 , Ritter P 12 , Rybakowski JK 39 , Sathyaputri L 95 , Scippa ÂM 96 , Simhandl C 97 , Smith D 98 , Smith J 99 , Stackhouse PW 100 , Stein DJ 101 , Stilwell K 36 , Strejilevich S 99 , Su KP 102 , Subramaniam M 103 , Sulaiman AH 104 , Suominen K 105 , Tanra AJ 106 , Tatebayashi Y 84 , Teh WL 103 , Tondo L 107 , Torrent C 108 , Tuinstra D 36 , Uchida T 109 , Vaaler AE 79 , Vieta E 108 , Viswanath B 69 , Yoldi-Negrete M 110 , Yalcinkaya OK 5 , Young AH 111 , Zgueb Y 83 , Whybrow PC 112

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. Electronic address: michael.bauer@ukdd.de
  • 2 ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA
  • 3 Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Division of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
  • 4 Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  • 5 Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  • 6 Department of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Mazhar Osman Mood Center, Konya, Turkey
  • 7 NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
  • 8 Department of Psychiatry, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
  • 9 Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
  • 10 Department of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
  • 11 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
  • 12 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
  • 13 Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
  • 14 Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  • 15 National Institute of Psychiatry '"Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
  • 16 Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
  • 17 Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Wardha, India
  • 18 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 19 Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 20 Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France
  • 21 Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
  • 22 University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
  • 23 Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
  • 24 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
  • 25 Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
  • 26 Butabika Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
  • 27 Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
  • 28 Mood Disorders Clinic, Dr. Jose Horwitz Psychiatric Institute, Santiago de Chile, Chile
  • 29 Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Piacenza, Italy
  • 30 Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
  • 31 Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
  • 32 Private practice, Central, Hong Kong
  • 33 Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
  • 34 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy
  • 35 Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
  • 36 Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
  • 37 Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
  • 38 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
  • 39 Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
  • 40 Department of Psychiatry, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
  • 41 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  • 42 Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
  • 43 Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, GHU Paris Nord, DMU Neurosciences, Hopital Bichat - Claude Bernard, F-75018 Paris, France; GHU Paris - Psychiatry & Neurosciences, 1 rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France; Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, FHU I2-D2, F-75019 Paris, France
  • 44 BIOARABA. Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava, University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain
  • 45 Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
  • 46 Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada
  • 47 Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
  • 48 Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
  • 49 Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 50 Department of Psychiatry, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, F-75014, Paris France, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
  • 51 Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  • 52 Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, APHP, Mondor Univ Hospitals, Fondation FondaMental, F-94010 Créteil, France; Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
  • 53 Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
  • 54 University Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Psychiatry, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 55 Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • 56 Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
  • 57 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  • 58 Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 59 Department of Psychiatry, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
  • 60 BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
  • 61 Khanty-Mansiysk Clinical Psychoneurological Hospital, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
  • 62 Department of Neuroscience, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
  • 63 Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 64 Mental Health Department Odense, University Clinic and Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
  • 65 Psychiatry - Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
  • 66 Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
  • 67 Forensic Psychiatry, University of Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
  • 68 Copenhagen University Hospitals, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 69 Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
  • 70 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia
  • 71 Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
  • 72 Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
  • 73 Osakidetza, Basque Health Service, BioAraba Health Research Institute, University of the Basque Country, Spain; The Psychology Clinic of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
  • 74 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
  • 75 Dept of Psychiatry & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
  • 76 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry und Psychotherapy, SHG Klinikum, Idar-Oberstein, Germany
  • 77 Department of Mood and Anxiety disorders, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore City, Singapore
  • 78 Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Traverse City Campus, Traverse City, MI, USA
  • 79 Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology - NTNU, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
  • 80 Soviet Psychoneurological Hospital, Urai, Russia
  • 81 Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
  • 82 Makunda Christian Leprosy and General Hospital, Bazaricherra, Assam 788727, India
  • 83 Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
  • 84 Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
  • 85 Tunisian Bipolar Forum, Érable Médical Cabinet 324, Lac 2, Tunis, Tunisia
  • 86 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 87 Hospital "Ángeles del Pedregal", Mexico City, Mexico
  • 88 Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Lucio Bini Mood Disorder Center, Cagliari, Italy
  • 89 Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
  • 90 Deparment of Psychiatry, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile
  • 91 University of Central Lancashire, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Preston, Lancashire, United Kingdom
  • 92 SA MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
  • 93 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
  • 94 Asha Bipolar Clinic, Asha Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
  • 95 Departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Internal Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
  • 96 Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  • 97 Bipolar Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Sigmund Freud Privat Universität, Vienna, Austria
  • 98 Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
  • 99 AREA, Assistance and Research in Affective Disorders, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 100 Science Directorate/Climate Science Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
  • 101 Department of Psychiatry, MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 102 College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan; An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
  • 103 Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
  • 104 Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 105 Department of Social Services and Health Care, Psychiatry, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  • 106 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
  • 107 McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Mood Disorder Lucio Bini Centers, Cagliari e Roma, Italy
  • 108 Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
  • 109 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
  • 110 Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 111 Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
  • 112 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
J Psychosom Res, 2022 Sep;160:110982.
PMID: 35932492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110982

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Circadian rhythm disruption is commonly observed in bipolar disorder (BD). Daylight is the most powerful signal to entrain the human circadian clock system. This exploratory study investigated if solar insolation at the onset location was associated with the polarity of the first episode of BD I. Solar insolation is the amount of electromagnetic energy from the Sun striking a surface area of the Earth.

METHODS: Data from 7488 patients with BD I were collected at 75 sites in 42 countries. The first episode occurred at 591 onset locations in 67 countries at a wide range of latitudes in both hemispheres. Solar insolation values were obtained for every onset location, and the ratio of the minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation was calculated. This ratio is largest near the equator (with little change in solar insolation over the year), and smallest near the poles (where winter insolation is very small compared to summer insolation). This ratio also applies to tropical locations which may have a cloudy wet and clear dry season, rather than winter and summer.

RESULTS: The larger the change in solar insolation throughout the year (smaller the ratio between the minimum monthly and maximum monthly values), the greater the likelihood the first episode polarity was depression. Other associated variables were being female and increasing percentage of gross domestic product spent on country health expenditures. (All coefficients: P ≤ 0.001).

CONCLUSION: Increased awareness and research into circadian dysfunction throughout the course of BD is warranted.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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