Affiliations 

  • 1 Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BRA
  • 2 Internal Medicine, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MYS
  • 3 Neurosurgery, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, BRA
  • 4 Public Health, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, BRA
  • 5 Clinical Medicine, Antônio Pedro University Hospital, Niterói, BRA
Cureus, 2024 Jun;16(6):e62592.
PMID: 39027806 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62592

Abstract

Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac disorder characterized by prolonged repolarization of the heart's electrical cycle, which can be observed as an extended QT interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG). The safe and effective management of LQTS often necessitates a multifaceted approach encompassing pharmacological treatment, lifestyle modifications, and, in high-risk cases, the implantation of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). Beta-blockers, particularly nadolol and propranolol, are foundational in treating LQTS, especially for high-risk patients, though ICDs are recommended for those with a history of cardiac arrest or recurrent arrhythmic episodes. Intermediate and low-risk patients are usually managed with medical therapy and regular monitoring. Lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding strenuous physical activities and certain medications, play a critical role. Additionally, psychological support is essential due to the anxiety and depression associated with LQTS. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) offers an alternative for those intolerant to beta-blockers or ICDs. For diagnosis and management, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) are proving beneficial, enhancing early detection and risk stratification. Despite these developments, significant gaps in understanding the pathophysiology and optimal management strategies for LQTS remain. Future research should focus on refining risk stratification, developing new therapeutic approaches, and generating robust data to guide treatment decisions, ultimately aiming for a personalized medicine approach.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.