Impacts of Linear Alkylbenzene (LABs) on ecosystems: Detection, fate and remediation

Alkhadher SAA 1 , Sidek LM 2 , Zakaria MP 3 , Al-Gradi M 4 , Suratman S 5 , Khan MSJ 6 Show all authors , Basri H 2 , Zawawi MH 2 , Masood N 7 , Kurniawan TA 8 , Magam S 9

Affiliations 

  • 1 Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: sadeq.abdo@uniten.edu.my
  • 2 Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 3 Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 4 Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 5 Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • 6 Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 7 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il City, Saudi Arabia
  • 8 College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
  • 9 Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Ha'il, Ha'il City, 1560, Saudi Arabia
Aquat Toxicol, 2025 Jan 16;279:107254.
PMID: 39854961 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2025.107254

Abstract

This review article provides a thorough examination of an interaction between linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and ecosystems. The review covers various aspects of LABs' impact on ecosystems, focusing on detection and treatment strategies to mitigate ecological consequences. It delves into LABs' role as molecular markers for sewage pollution, their physicochemical properties contributing to persistence, and their effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, including disruptions to endocrine systems. The diverse sources of LABs, including domestic wastewater and industrial effluents, are explored, along with their ratios in different matrices for assessing contamination origins. Biodegradation pathways of LABs, both aerobic and anaerobic, are scrutinized, considering their interaction with microbes. Distribution patterns in aquatic environments are discussed, encompassing sediment, water, sewage, and soils. An investigation is conducted on the relationship between LABs and total organic carbon (TOC) as a means of evaluating sewage pollution. It is assessed how sewage treatment facilities (STPs) contribute to biodegradation.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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