Adverse drug event of hypokalaemia-induced cardiotoxicity secondary to the use of laxatives: A systematic review of case reports

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: The imbalance in serum potassium caused by laxatives can negatively affect the cardiovascular system, leading to life-threatening consequences. Our objective was to evaluate the reported evidence of adverse events related to the cardiac system due to laxative-induced hypokalaemia from case reports.

METHODS: A systematic electronic literature search of PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and Science Direct was conducted for the period 1995-2019. In these databases, search terms describing hypokalaemia and cardiotoxicity were combined with the term laxative use.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Over the 23 years, 27 incidents were identified in 12 countries. There were 19 female and eight male patients, with ages ranging from 1 month to 93 years. The frequency of reported cases according to severity was the following: severe hypokalaemia 48%, moderate hypokalaemia 44.4% and mild hypokalaemia 7.4%. In 70% of patients, the effect of laxative on the heart was typical hypokalaemic electrographic changes, 7.4% showed abnormal changes in cardiac rhythm, whereas in 18.5%, the cardiotoxicity observed was a very serious kind. Two patients died due to severe cardiac effects.

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: The laxatives-along with the involvement of some other contributing factors-caused mild-to-severe hypokalaemic cardiotoxicity. These factors were non-adherence of the patient to the recommended dosage, laxative abuse, drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, non-potassium electrolyte imbalances and the use of herbal laxatives. We recommend that laxatives and aggravating factors should be taken into account in the assessment of patients with suspected hypokalaemic cardiotoxicity.