Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of the endemic mycoses: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology

Thompson GR 1 , Le T 2 , Chindamporn A 3 , Kauffman CA 4 , Alastruey-Izquierdo A 5 , Ampel NM 6 Show all authors , Andes DR 7 , Armstrong-James D 8 , Ayanlowo O 9 , Baddley JW 10 , Barker BM 11 , Lopes Bezerra L 12 , Buitrago MJ 5 , Chamani-Tabriz L 13 , Chan JFW 14 , Chayakulkeeree M 15 , Cornely OA 16 , Cunwei C 17 , Gangneux JP 18 , Govender NP 19 , Hagen F 20 , Hedayati MT 21 , Hohl TM 22 , Jouvion G 23 , Kenyon C 24 , Kibbler CC 25 , Klimko N 26 , Kong DCM 27 , Krause R 28 , Lee Lee L 29 , Meintjes G 30 , Miceli MH 31 , Rath PM 32 , Spec A 33 , Queiroz-Telles F 34 , Variava E 35 , Verweij PE 36 , Schwartz IS 37 , Pasqualotto AC 38

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. Electronic address: grthompson@ucdavis.edu
  • 2 Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 3 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 4 VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
  • 5 Mycology Reference Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  • 6 Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
  • 7 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
  • 8 Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
  • 9 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
  • 10 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
  • 11 Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
  • 12 Cellular Mycology and Proteomics Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 13 Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Saudi German Hospital Dubai, Dubai, UAE
  • 14 State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
  • 15 Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 16 Department of Internal Medicine, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  • 17 Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
  • 18 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rennes University, CHU Rennes, Inserm, IRSET-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
  • 19 National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • 20 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Jining No 1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
  • 21 Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 22 Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
  • 23 Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Pathophysiology of Pediatric Genetic Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, UF Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
  • 24 Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
  • 25 Centre for Medical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK
  • 26 Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergy, and Immunology, I Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia
  • 27 Pharmacy Department, Ballarat Health Services, Ballarat, VIC, Australia; National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
  • 28 Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  • 29 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Sultanah Bayiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
  • 30 Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 31 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
  • 32 Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
  • 33 Division of Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
  • 34 Department of Public Health, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
  • 35 Department of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
  • 36 Department of Medical Microbiology, Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Radboudumc-CWZ Center of Expertise for Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
  • 37 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  • 38 Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre Porto Alegre, Brazil; Molecular Biology Laboratory, Santa Casa de Misericordia de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Lancet Infect Dis, 2021 12;21(12):e364-e374.
PMID: 34364529 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00191-2

Abstract

The global burden of the endemic mycoses (blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, emergomycosis, histoplasmosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, sporotrichosis, and talaromycosis) continues to rise yearly and these infectious diseases remain a leading cause of patient morbidity and mortality worldwide. Management of the associated pathogens requires a thorough understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic methods and performance characteristics in different patient populations, and treatment options unique to each infection. Guidance on the management of these infections has the potential to improve prognosis. The recommendations outlined in this Review are part of the "One World, One Guideline" initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology. Experts from 23 countries contributed to the development of these guidelines. The aim of this Review is to provide an up-to-date consensus and practical guidance in clinical decision making, by engaging physicians and scientists involved in various aspects of clinical management.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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