Lockdown Lives: A Longitudinal Study of Inter-Relationships Among Feelings of Loneliness, Social Contacts, and Solidarity During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Early 2020

van Breen JA 1 , Kutlaca M 2 , Koç Y 3 , Jeronimus BF 3 , Reitsema AM 3 , Jovanović V 4 Show all authors , Agostini M 3 , Bélanger JJ 5 , Gützkow B 3 , Kreienkamp J 3 , Abakoumkin G 6 , Khaiyom JHA 7 , Ahmedi V 8 , Akkas H 9 , Almenara CA 10 , Atta M 11 , Bagci SC 12 , Basel S 5 , Berisha Kida E 8 , Bernardo ABI 13 , Buttrick NR 14 , Chobthamkit P 15 , Choi HS 16 , Cristea M 17 , Csaba S 18 , Damnjanovic K 19 , Danyliuk I 20 , Dash A 21 , Di Santo D 22 , Douglas KM 23 , Enea V 24 , Faller DG 5 , Fitzsimons G 25 , Gheorghiu A 24 , Gómez Á 26 , Hamaidia A 27 , Han Q 28 , Helmy M 29 , Hudiyana J 30 , Jiang DY 31 , Kamenov Ž 32 , Kende A 18 , Keng SL 33 , Kieu TTT 34 , Kovyazina K 35 , Kozytska I 20 , Krause J 3 , Kruglanski AW 36 , Kurapov A 20 , Lantos NA 18 , Lemay EP 36 , Lesmana CBJ 37 , Louis WR 38 , Lueders A 39 , Malik NI 11 , Martinez A 40 , McCabe K 41 , Mehulić J 32 , Milla MN 30 , Mohammed I 42 , Molinario E 36 , Moyano M 43 , Muhammad H 44 , Mula S 22 , Muluk H 30 , Myroniuk S 3 , Najafi R 45 , Nisa CF 5 , Nyúl B 18 , O'Keefe PA 33 , Olivas Osuna JJ 26 , Osin EN 46 , Park J 47 , Pica G 48 , Pierro A 22 , Rees J 49 , Resta E 22 , Rullo M 50 , Ryan MK 3 , Samekin A 51 , Santtila P 52 , Sasin E 5 , Schumpe BM 53 , Selim HA 54 , Stanton MV 55 , Sultana S 3 , Sutton RM 23 , Tseliou E 6 , Utsugi A 56 , van Lissa CJ 57 , van Veen K 3 , vanDellen MR 58 , Vázquez A 26 , Wollast R 39 , Wai-Lan Yeung V 59 , Zand S 45 , Žeželj IL 19 , Zheng B 60 , Zick A 49 , Zúñiga C 61 , Leander NP 3

Affiliations 

  • 1 Leiden University, The Netherlands
  • 2 Durham University, UK
  • 3 University of Groningen, The Netherlands
  • 4 University of Novi Sad, Serbia
  • 5 New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 6 University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
  • 7 International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 8 Pristine University, Pristina, Kosovo
  • 9 Ankara Science University, Turkey
  • 10 Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
  • 11 University of Sargodha, Pakistan
  • 12 Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
  • 13 De la Salle University, Manila, Philippines
  • 14 University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
  • 15 Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 16 Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 17 Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
  • 18 ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 19 University of Belgrade, Serbia
  • 20 Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
  • 21 International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh
  • 22 La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
  • 23 University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
  • 24 Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
  • 25 Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
  • 26 Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
  • 27 Setif 2 University, Sétif, Algeria
  • 28 University of Bristol, UK
  • 29 Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt
  • 30 Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
  • 31 National Chung Cheng University, ROC
  • 32 University of Zagreb, Croatia
  • 33 Yale-NUS College, Singapore
  • 34 Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Vietnam
  • 35 Independent Researcher, Kazakhstan
  • 36 University of Maryland, College Park, USA
  • 37 Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
  • 38 The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
  • 39 Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
  • 40 The University of Sheffield, UK
  • 41 Carleton University, Ottowa, ON, Canada
  • 42 Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
  • 43 University of Cordoba, Spain
  • 44 University of Peshawar, Pakistan
  • 45 Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran
  • 46 HSE University, Moscow, Russia
  • 47 NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan
  • 48 University of Camerino, Italy
  • 49 Bielefeld University, Germany
  • 50 University of Siena, Arezzo, Italy
  • 51 M. NARIKBAYEV KAZGUU UNIVERSITY, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
  • 52 New York University Shanghai, China
  • 53 University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 54 King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 55 California State University, East Bay, Hayward, USA
  • 56 Nagoya University, Japan
  • 57 Utrecht University, The Netherlands
  • 58 University of Georgia, Athens, USA
  • 59 Lingnan University, Hong Kong
  • 60 Imperial College London, UK
  • 61 Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Pers Soc Psychol Bull, 2021 Aug 25.
PMID: 34433352 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211036602

Abstract

We examine how social contacts and feelings of solidarity shape experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020. From the PsyCorona database, we obtained longitudinal data from 23 countries, collected between March and May 2020. The results demonstrated that although online contacts help to reduce feelings of loneliness, people who feel more lonely are less likely to use that strategy. Solidarity played only a small role in shaping feelings of loneliness during lockdown. Thus, it seems we must look beyond the current focus on online contact and solidarity to help people address feelings of loneliness during lockdown. Finally, online contacts did not function as a substitute for face-to-face contacts outside the home-in fact, more frequent online contact in earlier weeks predicted more frequent face-to-face contacts in later weeks. As such, this work provides relevant insights into how individuals manage the impact of restrictions on their social lives.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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