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  1. Fulltext Viability reduction and Rac1 gene downregulation of heterogeneous ex-vivo glioma acute slice infected by the oncolytic Newcastle disease virus strain V4UPM
    Mustafa Z, Shamsuddin HS, Ideris A, Ibrahim R, Jaafar H, Ali AM, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:248507.
    PMID: 23586025 DOI: 10.1155/2013/248507
    Oncolytic viruses have been extensively evaluated for anticancer therapy because this virus preferentially infects cancer cells without interfering with normal cells. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) is an avian virus and one of the intensively studied oncolytic viruses affecting many types of cancer including glioma. Nevertheless, the capability of NDV infection on heterogeneous glioma tissue in a cerebrospinal fluid atmosphere has never been reported. Recently, Rac1 is reported to be required for efficient NDV replication in human cancer cells and established a link between tumourigenesis and sensitivity to NDV. Rac1 is a member of the Rho GTPases involved in the regulation of the cell migration and cell-cycle progression. Rac1 knockdown leads to significant inhibition of viral replication. In this work, we demonstrated that NDV treatment led to significant reduction of tumour tissue viability of freshly isolated heterogeneous human brain tumour slice, known as an ex vivo glioma acute slice (EGAS). Analysis of gene expression indicated that reduced tissue viability was associated with downregulation of Rac1. However, the viability reduction was not persistent. We conclude that NDV treatment induced EGAS viability suppression, but subsequent downregulation of Rac1 gene may reduce the NDV replication and lead to regrowth of EGAS tissue.
  2. Fulltext N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Supplementation Prevents High Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats through Transcriptional and Nontranscriptional Mechanisms
    Yida Z, Imam MU, Ismail M, Ismail N, Azmi NH, Wong W, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:602313.
    PMID: 26688813 DOI: 10.1155/2015/602313
    N-Acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is a biomarker of cardiometabolic diseases. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that dietary Neu5Ac may improve cardiometabolic indices. A high fat diet (HFD) + Neu5Ac (50 or 400 mg/kg BW/day) was fed to rats and compared with HFD + simvastatin (10 mg/kg BW/day) or HFD alone for 12 weeks. Weights and serum biochemicals (lipid profile, oral glucose tolerance test, leptin, adiponectin, and insulin) were measured, and mRNA levels of insulin signaling genes were determined. The results indicated that low and high doses of sialic acid (SA) improved metabolic indices, although only the oral glucose tolerance test, serum triglycerides, leptin, and adiponectin were significantly better than those in the HFD and HFD + simvastatin groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results showed that only high-dose SA significantly affected the transcription of hepatic and adipose tissue insulin signaling genes. The data suggested that SA prevented HFD-induced insulin resistance in rats after 12 weeks of administration through nontranscriptionally mediated biochemical changes that may have differentially sialylated glycoprotein structures at a low dose. At higher doses, SA induced transcriptional regulation of insulin signaling genes. These effects suggest that low and high doses of SA may produce similar metabolic outcomes in relation to insulin sensitivity through multiple mechanisms. These findings are worth studying further.
  3. Fulltext High fat diet-induced inflammation and oxidative stress are attenuated by N-acetylneuraminic acid in rats
    Yida Z, Imam MU, Ismail M, Ismail N, Ideris A, Abdullah MA
    J Biomed Sci, 2015;22:96.
    PMID: 26498218 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0211-6
    Serum sialic acid levels are positively correlated with coronary artery disease and inflammation. Although sialic acid is a non-specific marker, it is considered sensitive likely due to its influence in sialylation of glycoprotein structures all over the body.
  4. Fulltext Effects of newcastle disease virus strains AF2240 and V4-UPM on cytolysis and apoptosis of leukemia cell lines
    Alabsi AM, Bakar SA, Ali R, Omar AR, Bejo MH, Ideris A, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2011;12(12):8645-60.
    PMID: 22272097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128645
    Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is used as an antineoplastic agent in clinical tumor therapy. It has prompted much interest as an anticancer agent because it can replicate up to 10,000 times better in human cancer cells than in most normal cells. This study was carried out to determine the oncolytic potential of NDV strain AF2240 and V4-UPM on WEHI-3B leukemia cell line. Results from MTT cytotoxicity assay showed that the CD(50) values for both strains were 2 and 8 HAU for AF2240 and V4-UPM, respectively. In addition, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and trypan blue dye exclusion assays showed inhibition in cell proliferation after different periods. Increase in the cellular level of caspase-3 and detection of DNA laddering using agarose gel electrophoresis on treated cells with NDV confirmed that the mode of cell death was apoptosis. In addition, flow-cytometry analysis of cellular DNA content showed that the virus caused an increase in the sub-G1 region (apoptosis peaks). In conclusion, NDV strains AF2240 and V4-UPM caused cytolytic effects against WEHI-3B leukemic cell line.
  5. Anti-leukemic activity of Newcastle disease virus strains AF2240 and V4-UPM in murine myelomonocytic leukemia in vivo
    Alabsi AM, Ali R, Ideris A, Omar AR, Bejo MH, Yusoff K, et al.
    Leuk. Res., 2012 May;36(5):634-45.
    PMID: 22133641 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.11.001
    Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of the Paramyxoviridae that has caused severe economic losses in poultry industry worldwide. Several strains of NDV were reported to induce cytolysis to cancerous cell lines. It has prompted much interest as anticancer agent because it can replicate up to 10,000 times better in human cancer cells than in most normal cells. In this study, two NDV strains, viserotropic-velogenic strain AF2240 and lentogenic strain V4-UPM, showed cytolytic activity and apoptosis induction against Mouse myelomoncytic leukemia (WEHI 3B). The cytolytic effects of NDV strains were determined using microtetrazolium (MTT) assay. The cytolytic dose - fifty percent (CD(50)) were 2 and 8HAU for AF2240 and V4-UPM strains, respectively. Cells treated with NDV strains showed apoptotic features compared to the untreated cells under fluorescence microscope. NDV induced activation of caspase-3 and DNA laddering in agarose gel electrophoresis which confirmed the apoptosis. The anti-leukemic activity of both strains was evaluated on myelomoncytic leukemia BALB/c mice. The results indicated that both NDV strains significantly decreased liver and spleen weights. It also decreased blasts cell percentage in blood, bone marrow and spleen smears of treated mice (p<0.05). Histopathological studies for spleen and liver confirmed the hematological results of blood and bone marrow. From the results obtained, the exposure to both NDV stains AF2240 and V4-UPM showed similar results for Ara-c. In conclusion NDV strains AF2240 and V4-UPM can affect WEHI 3B leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo.
  6. Evaluation of Ultra-Microscopic Changes and Proliferation of Apoptotic Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells Induced by Velogenic Strain of Newcastle Disease Virus AF2240
    Ali- Saeed R, Alabsi AM, Ideris A, Omar AR, Yusoff K, Ali AM
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019 Mar 26;20(3):757-765.
    PMID: 30909682
    Aim: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a member of genus Avulavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Interest
    of using NDV as an anticancer agent has arisen from its ability to kill tumor cells with limited toxicity to normal cells.
    Methods: In this investigation, the proliferation of brain tumor cell line, glioblastoma multiform (DBTRG.05MG)
    induced by NDV strain AF2240 was evaluated in-vitro, by using MTT proliferation assay. Furthermore, Cytological
    observations were studied using fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, DNA laddering in
    agarose gel electrophoresis assay used to detect the mode of cell death and analysis of the cellular DNA content by
    flowcytometery. Results: MTT proliferation assay, Cytological observations using fluorescence microscopy and
    transmission electron microscopy show the anti-proliferation effect and apoptogenic features of NDV on DBTRG.05MG.
    Furthermore, analysis of the cellular DNA content showed that there was a loss of treated cells in all cell cycle phases
    (G1, S and G2/M) accompanied with increasing in sub-G1 region (apoptosis peak). Conclusion: It could be concluded
    that NDV strain AF2240 is a potent antitumor agent that induce apoptosis and its cytotoxicity increasing while increasing
    of time and virus titer.
  7. Nutrition and immunity: the effects of the combination of arginine and tryptophan on growth performance, serum parameters and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with infectious bursal disease vaccine
    Emadi M, Jahanshiri F, Kaveh K, Hair-Bejo M, Ideris A, Alimon AR
    Avian Pathol, 2011 Feb;40(1):63-72.
    PMID: 21331949 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2010.539590
    To explore the effects of the combination of tryptophan (Trp) and arginine (Arg) on growth performance, serum parameters and immune response of broiler chickens challenged with intermediate plus strain of infectious bursal disease virus vaccine, an in vivo experiment was conducted. A corn-soybean meal-based diet containing different levels of Arg and Trp was used. Cobb500 male broiler chickens from 0 to 49 days of age were subjected to a diet supplemented with the combination of Trp and Arg. Growth performance parameters and serum parameters were measured at 27 and 49 days of age. To evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of the combination of Trp and Arg on the challenged chickens, we measured the serum levels of interferon-α, interferon-γ and immunoglobulin G at 27, 35, 42, and 49 days of age. The results showed that the three evaluated immune system parameters including interferon-α, interferon-γ and immunoglobulin G were significantly enhanced after treatment. This enhancement resulted in the recovery of infectious bursal disease virus-infected chickens compared with controls as confirmed by histopathological examinations. Moreover, serum parameters such as albumin and total protein increased, whereas the treatment decreased (P<0.05) the feed:gain ratio, aspartate amino-transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, triglyceride and cholesterol. These findings suggest that the combination of Arg and Trp has a regulatory effect on growth performance. Moreover, it modulates the systemic immune response against infectious bursal disease.
  8. Fulltext The effects of different velogenic NDV infections on the chicken bursa of Fabricius
    Kristeen-Teo YW, Yeap SK, Tan SW, Omar AR, Ideris A, Tan SG, et al.
    BMC Vet Res, 2017 May 31;13(1):151.
    PMID: 28569155 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1071-y
    BACKGROUND: Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was reported to cause rapid depletion of chicken bursa of Fabricius. Severe pathological condition of the organ is commonly associated with high levels of virus replication, intense inflammatory response and also the degree of apoptosis. In this study, the responses of chicken bursa of Fabricius infected with two different strains of velogenic NDV, namely AF2240 and IBS002, were investigated by observing cell population changes, oxidative stress, viral replication and cytokine expression in the organ. Subsequently, apoptosis of enriched bursal IgM+ cells was determined to help us elucidate possible host pathogen relationships between the chicken bursa of Fabricius and NDV infection.

    RESULTS: The depletion of IgM+ cells and infiltration of macrophages were observed to be higher in bursa infected with AF2240 as compared to IBS002. In line with the increment of the macrophage population, higher nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents which indicated higher oxidative stress were also detected in bursa infected with NDV AF2240. In addition, higher pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokine gene expression such as chicken CXCLi2, IL-18 and IFN-γ were observed in AF2240 infected bursa. Depletion of IgM+ cells was further confirmed with increased cell death and apoptosis of the cells in AF2240 infected bursa as compared to IBS002. However, it was found that the viral load for NDV strain IBS002 was comparatively higher than AF2240 although the magnitude of the pro- inflammatory cytokines expression and cell apoptosis was lower than AF2240.

    CONCLUSION: The results of our study demonstrated that infection of NDV strains AF2240 and IBS002 caused apoptosis in bursa IgM+ cells and its severity was associated with increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokine, macrophage infiltration and oxidative stress as the infection duration was prolonged. However, of the two viruses, we observed that NDV AF2240 induced a greater magnitude of apoptosis in chicken bursa IgM+ cells in comparison to IBS002. This might be due to the high level of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines/chemokine as well as lower IL10 expression which subsequently led to a high rate of apoptosis in the chicken bursa of Fabricius although the detected viral load of AF2240 was lower than IBS002.

  9. Fulltext Molecular characterization of partial fusion gene and C-terminus extension length of haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of recently isolated Newcastle disease virus isolates in Malaysia
    Berhanu A, Ideris A, Omar AR, Bejo MH
    Virol J, 2010;7:183.
    PMID: 20691110 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-7-183
    Newcastle disease (ND), caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a highly contagious disease of birds and has been one of the major causes of economic losses in the poultry industry. Despite routine vaccination programs, sporadic cases have occasionally occurred in the country and remain a constant threat to commercial poultry. Hence, the present study was aimed to characterize NDV isolates obtained from clinical cases in various locations of Malaysia between 2004 and 2007 based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of partial F gene and C-terminus extension length of HN gene.
  10. Survey of campylobacter, salmonella and mycoplasmas in house crows (Corvus splendens) in Malaysia
    Ganapathy K, Saleha AA, Jaganathan M, Tan CG, Chong CT, Tang SC, et al.
    Vet Rec, 2007 May 05;160(18):622-4.
    PMID: 17483380
    House crows (Corvus splendens) in Selangor, Malaysia were examined for the presence of Campylobacter species, Salmonella species, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by serology, culture and pcr. For the detection of Campylobacter and Salmonella species swabs were taken either from the intestine or cloaca. For the detection of mycoplasmas, swabs were taken either from the choanal cleft or trachea for culture and pcr and serum samples were tested by the rapid serum agglutination (rsa) and monoclonal antibody-blocking elisa (mbelisa) for antibodies to M gallisepticum and M synoviae. For campylobacter, 25.3 per cent of the crows were positive by culture, and the species identified were Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. No Salmonella species were isolated. Four of 24 swabs were positive for M gallisepticum dna but none gave positive results for M synoviae dna. No M gallisepticum or M synoviae antibodies were detected by rsa but 60 per cent of the sera gave positive reactions for M gallisepticum and 13 per cent gave positive reactions for M synoviae by mbelisa.
  11. The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus
    Bell IG, Nicholls PJ, Norman C, Ideris A, Cross GM
    Aust. Vet. J., 1991 Mar;68(3):97-101.
    PMID: 2043098
    Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.
  12. Fulltext Prophylactic effect of herbal-marine compound (HESA-A) on influenza A virus infectivity
    Mehrbod P, Ideris A, Omar AR, Hair-Bejo M
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2014;14:131.
    PMID: 24708698 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-131
    Influenza virus is still a severe respiratory disease affecting human and other species. As conventional drugs are not recommended for long time because of side effects and drug resistance occurrence, traditional medication has been focused as alternative remedy. HESA-A is a natural compound from herbal-marine origin. Previous studies have reported the therapeutic properties of HESA-A on psoriasis vulgaris and different types of cancers and we also showed its anti-inflammatory effects against influenza A infection.
  13. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease virus genotypes isolated in Malaysia between 2004 and 2005
    Tan SW, Ideris A, Omar AR, Yusoff K, Hair-Bejo M
    Arch Virol, 2010;155(1):63-70.
    PMID: 19898736 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0540-4
    Sequence analysis of the fusion (F) gene of eight Malaysian NDV isolates showed that all the isolates were categorized as velogenic viruses, with the F cleavage site motif (112)R-R-Q-K-R(116) or (112)R-R-R-K-R(116) at the C-terminus of the F(2) protein and phenylalanine (F) at residue 117 at the N-terminus of the F(1) protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the isolates were grouped in two distinct clusters under sub-genotype VIId. The isolates were about 4.8-11.7% genetically distant from sub-genotypes VIIa, VIIb, VIIc and VIIe. When the nucleotide sequences of the eight Malaysian isolates were compared phylogenetically to those of the old published local isolates, it was found that genotype VIII, VII, II and I viruses exist in Malaysia and caused sporadic infections. It is suggested that genotype VII viruses were responsible for most of the outbreaks in recent years.
  14. Detection and differentiation of velogenic and lentogenic Newcastle disease viruses using SYBR Green I real-time PCR with nucleocapsid gene-specific primers
    Tan SW, Ideris A, Omar AR, Yusoff K, Hair-Bejo M
    J Virol Methods, 2009 Sep;160(1-2):149-56.
    PMID: 19447142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.006
    SYBR Green I real-time PCR was developed for detection and differentiation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Primers based on the nucleocapsid (NP) gene were designed to detect specific sequence of velogenic strains and lentogenic/vaccine strains, respectively. The assay was developed and tested with NDV strains which were characterized previously. The velogenic strains were detected only by using velogenic-specific primers with a threshold cycle (C(t)) 18.19+/-3.63 and a melting temperature (T(m)) 86.0+/-0.28 degrees C. All the lentogenic/vaccine strains, in contrast, were detected only when lentogenic-specific primers were used, with the C(t) value 14.70+/-2.32 and T(m) 87.4+/-0.21 degrees C. The assay had a dynamic detection range which spans over a 5log(10) concentration range, 10(9)-10(5) copies of DNA plasmid/reaction. The velogenic and lentogenic amplifications showed high PCR efficiency of 100% and 104%, respectively. The velogenic and lentogenic amplifications were highly reproducible with assay variability 0.45+/-0.31% and 1.30+/-0.65%, respectively. The SYBR Green I real-time PCR assay detected successfully the virus from tissue samples and oral swabs collected from the velogenic and lentogenic NDV experimental infection, respectively. In addition, the assay detected and differentiated accurately NDV pathotypes from suspected field samples where the results were in good agreement with both virus isolation and analysis of the fusion (F) cleavage site sequence. The assay offers an attractive alternative method for the diagnosis of NDV.
  15. Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay using SYBR Green 1 chemistry for simultaneous detection and subtyping of H9N2 influenza virus type A
    Ong WT, Omar AR, Ideris A, Hassan SS
    J Virol Methods, 2007 Sep;144(1-2):57-64.
    PMID: 17512062
    Avian influenza viruses are pathogens of economical and public health concerns. However, infections caused by low pathogenic avian influenza particularly H9N2 subtype are not associated with clear clinical features. Hence, rapid detection and subtyping of the virus will enable immediate measures to be implemented for preventing widespread transmission. This study highlights the development of a multiplex real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) assay using SYBR Green 1 chemistry for universal detection of avian influenza viruses and specific subtyping of H9N2 isolates based on melting temperatures (T(m)) discriminations. Three melting peaks generated simultaneously at temperatures 85.2+/-1.0, 81.9+/-0.9 and 78.7+/-0.9 degrees C represent NP, H9 and N2 gene products, respectively. The RRT-PCR assay was about 10-100-fold more sensitive when compared to the conventional RT-PCR method using reference H9N2 isolate. In addition, the RRT-PCR assay was 100% sensitive as well as 92% specific according to the standard virus isolation method in detecting experimentally infected specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens.
  16. Fulltext Cultivation Conditions for Phytase Production from Recombinant Escherichia coli DH5α
    Ariff RM, Fitrianto A, Abd Manap MY, Ideris A, Kassim A, Suhairin A, et al.
    Microbiol Insights, 2013;6:17-28.
    PMID: 24826071 DOI: 10.4137/MBI.S10402
    Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the cultivation conditions for the production of phytase by recombinant Escherichia coli DH5α. The optimum predicted cultivation conditions for phytase production were at 3 hours seed age, a 2.5% inoculum level, an L-arabinose concentration of 0.20%, a cell concentration of 0.3 (as measured at 600 nm) and 17 hours post-induction time with a predicted phytase activity of 4194.45 U/mL. The model was validated and the results showed no significant difference between the experimental and the predicted phytase activity (P = 0.305). Under optimum cultivation conditions, the phytase activity of the recombinant E. coli DH5α was 364 times higher compared to the phytase activity of the wild-type producer, Enterobacter sakazakii ASUIA279. Hence, optimization of the cultivation conditions using RSM positively increased phytase production from recombinant E. coli DH5α.
  17. Fulltext Mechanisms of action and efficacy of statins against influenza
    Mehrbod P, Omar AR, Hair-Bejo M, Haghani A, Ideris A
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:872370.
    PMID: 25478576 DOI: 10.1155/2014/872370
    The influenza virus (IV) is known to be a resistant virus with frequent mutations, causing severe respiratory diseases in the upper respiratory system. Public health concerns about clinical efficacy of all conventional drugs are ambiguous; therefore, finding additional therapeutic agents is critical to prevent and control influenza outbreaks. Influenza is associated with the induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Scientists have reported that anti-inflammatory drugs, with pleiotropic effects, reduce the burden of severe influenza diseases. Therefore, statins, which are cardioprotective drugs with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, may help patients suffering from influenza virus (IV). This review delineates the potential use of statins as an alternative therapy in treating influenza related illness.
  18. Fulltext Newcastle disease virus interaction in targeted therapy against proliferation and invasion pathways of glioblastoma multiforme
    Abdullah JM, Mustafa Z, Ideris A
    Biomed Res Int, 2014;2014:386470.
    PMID: 25243137 DOI: 10.1155/2014/386470
    Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), or grade IV glioma, is one of the most lethal forms of human brain cancer. Current bioscience has begun to depict more clearly the signalling pathways that are responsible for high-grade glioma initiation, migration, and invasion, opening the door for molecular-based targeted therapy. As such, the application of viruses such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) as a novel biological bullet to specifically target aberrant signalling in GBM has brought new hope. The abnormal proliferation and aggressive invasion behaviour of GBM is reported to be associated with aberrant Rac1 protein signalling. NDV interacts with Rac1 upon viral entry, syncytium induction, and actin reorganization of the infected cell as part of the replication process. Ultimately, intracellular stress leads the infected glioma cell to undergo cell death. In this review, we describe the characteristics of malignant glioma and the aberrant genetics that drive its aggressive phenotype, and we focus on the use of oncolytic NDV in GBM-targeted therapy and the interaction of NDV in GBM signalling that leads to inhibition of GBM proliferation and invasion, and subsequently, cell death.
  19. Efficacy of VP2 protein expressed in E. coli for protection against highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus
    Omar AR, Kim CL, Bejo MH, Ideris A
    J Vet Sci, 2006 Sep;7(3):241-7.
    PMID: 16871018
    The ability of a heat-inactivated whole virus from a highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus (hvIBDV) and VP2 protein from hvIBDV expressed in E. coli provided protection against a hvIBDV challenge in specificpathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Six out of seven chickens that were injected three times with crude VP2 protein developed significant antibody titer against IBDV. However, only four out of the seven chickens survived the hvIBDV challenge. Despite showing low antibody titer profiles, all chickens immunized with the heat-inactivated whole virus also survived the challenged with hvIBDV. However, all of these chickens had bursal atrophy and mild to moderate depletion of lymphocytes. Thus, antibodies raised against IBDV VP2 protein expressed in E. coli and denatured IBDV proteins induced some degree of protection against mortality but not against bursal damage following challenge with hvIBDV.
  20. In vitro and in vivo mechanism of immunomodulatory and antiviral activity of Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) against influenza A virus (IAV) infection
    Haghani A, Mehrbod P, Safi N, Aminuddin NA, Bahadoran A, Omar AR, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2016 Jun 5;185:327-40.
    PMID: 26976767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.020
    For centuries, Edible Bird Nest (EBN) has been used in treatment of variety of respiratory diseases such as flu and cough as a Chinese natural medicine.
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