METHODS: The data in this study were presented based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Using scientific databases and web search engines including Scopus, Ebscohost, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, researchers collected studies from the published literature. Only 26 of the 84 articles satisfied all the inclusion criteria and were thus included in the systematic review. The quality of each study was determined using the PEDro scale. The scores for 26 studies range between three and six.
RESULTS: Core training can improve soccer players' skill-related physical fitness, including their power, speed, balance, and agility.
CONCLUSION: The core is the anatomic and functional center of the body as well as its "engine." All movements emanate from the center of the body and are transmitted to the extremities. The core muscles differ from the limb muscles because they frequently cocontract, thus making the torso hard to the point whereby all the muscles work together to become synergists. Theoretically, a strong core permits the passage of force from the lower body to the upper body with minimal energy loss in the torso. Based on the 26 studies, this review suggests that core training should be incorporated into the daily training sessions of soccer players, with a minimum frequency and length of 15 min per training session, twice per week, for 4 weeks.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: https://inplasy.com, identifier INPLASY202290045.
METHODS: This study was performed using data from a large multinational prospective cohort. Active lupus nephritis at any visit was defined by the presence of urinary casts, proteinuria, haematuria or pyuria, as indicated by the cut-offs in the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI)-2K, collected at each visit. Organ damage accrual was defined as a change of SLICC-ACR Damage Index (SDI) score >0 units between baseline and final annual visits. Renal damage accrual was defined if there was new damage recorded in renal SDI domains (estimated glomerular filtration rate <50%/proteinuria >3.5 g per 24 h/end-stage kidney disease). Time-dependent hazard regression analyses were used to examine the associations between active lupus nephritis and damage accrual.
RESULTS: Patients (N = 1735) were studied during 12,717 visits for a median (inter-quartile range) follow-up period of 795 (532, 1087) days. Forty per cent of patients had evidence of active lupus nephritis at least once during the study period, and active lupus nephritis was observed in 3030 (24%) visits. Forty-eight per cent of patients had organ damage at baseline and 14% accrued organ damage. Patients with active lupus nephritis were 52% more likely to accrue any organ damage compared with those without active lupus nephritis (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 1.97), p