Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 40 in total

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  1. International comparison of care for very low birth weight infants: parents' perceptions of counseling and decision-making
    Partridge JC, Martinez AM, Nishida H, Boo NY, Tan KW, Yeung CY, et al.
    Pediatrics, 2005 Aug;116(2):e263-71.
    PMID: 16061579
    To characterize parent perceptions and satisfaction with physician counseling and delivery-room resuscitation of very low birth weight infants in countries with neonatal intensive care capacity.
  2. Fulltext Mitigation of Environmental Stress-Impacts in Plants: Role of Sole and Combinatory Exogenous Application of Glutathione
    Koh YS, Wong SK, Ismail NH, Zengin G, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, et al.
    Front Plant Sci, 2021;12:791205.
    PMID: 35003181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.791205
    Glutathione (GSH; γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine), a low-molecular-weight thiol, is the most pivotal metabolite involved in the antioxidative defense system of plants. The modulation of GSH on the plant in response to environmental stresses could be illustrated through key pathways such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and signaling, methylglyoxal (MG) detoxification and signaling, upregulation of gene expression for antioxidant enzymes, and metal chelation and xenobiotic detoxification. However, under extreme stresses, the biosynthesis of GSH may get inhibited, causing an excess accumulation of ROS that induces oxidative damage on plants. Hence, this gives rise to the idea of exploring the use of exogenous GSH in mitigating various abiotic stresses. Extensive studies conducted borne positive results in plant growth with the integration of exogenous GSH. The same is being observed in terms of crop yield index and correlated intrinsic properties. Though, the improvement in plant growth and yield contributed by exogenous GSH is limited and subjected to the glutathione pool [GSH/GSSG; the ratio of reduced glutathione (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG)] homeostasis. Therefore, recent studies focused on the sequenced application of GSH was performed in order to complement the existing limitation. Along with various innovative approaches in combinatory use with different bioactive compounds (proline, citric acid, ascorbic acid, melatonin), biostimulants (putrescine, Moringa leaf extract, selenium, humic acid), and microorganisms (cyanobacteria) have resulted in significant improvements when compared to the individual application of GSH. In this review, we reinforced our understanding of biosynthesis, metabolism and consolidated different roles of exogenous GSH in response to environmental stresses. Strategy was also taken by focusing on the recent progress of research in this niche area by covering on its individualized and combinatory applications of GSH prominently in response to the abiotic stresses. In short, the review provides a holistic overview of GSH and may shed light on future studies and its uses.
  3. Fulltext Recent Developments in Nanocellulose-Reinforced Rubber Matrix Composites: A Review
    Low DYS, Supramaniam J, Soottitantawat A, Charinpanitkul T, Tanthapanichakoon W, Tan KW, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Feb 12;13(4).
    PMID: 33673391 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040550
    Research and development of nanocellulose and nanocellulose-reinforced composite materials have garnered substantial interest in recent years. This is greatly attributed to its unique functionalities and properties, such as being renewable, sustainable, possessing high mechanical strengths, having low weight and cost. This review aims to highlight recent developments in incorporating nanocellulose into rubber matrices as a reinforcing filler material. It encompasses an introduction to natural and synthetic rubbers as a commodity at large and conventional fillers used today in rubber processing, such as carbon black and silica. Subsequently, different types of nanocellulose would be addressed, including its common sources, dimensions, and mechanical properties, followed by recent isolation techniques of nanocellulose from its resource and application in rubber reinforcement. The review also gathers recent studies and qualitative findings on the incorporation of a myriad of nanocellulose variants into various types of rubber matrices with the main goal of enhancing its mechanical integrity and potentially phasing out conventional rubber fillers. The mechanism of reinforcement and mechanical behaviors of these nanocomposites are highlighted. This article concludes with potential industrial applications of nanocellulose-reinforced rubber composites and the way forward with this technology.
  4. Cavitation technology - a greener processing technique for the generation of pharmaceutical nanoemulsions
    Sivakumar M, Tang SY, Tan KW
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2014 Nov;21(6):2069-83.
    PMID: 24755340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.03.025
    Novel nanoemulsion-based drug delivery systems (DDS) have been proposed as alternative and effective approach for the delivery of various types of poorly water-soluble drugs in the last decade. This nanoformulation strategy significantly improves the cell uptake and bioavailability of numerous hydrophobic drugs by increasing their solubility and dissolution rate, maintaining drug concentration within the therapeutic range by controlling the drug release rate, and reducing systemic side effects by targeting to specific disease site, thus offering a better patient compliance. To date, cavitation technology has emerged to be an energy-efficient and promising technique to generate such nanoscale emulsions encapsulating a variety of highly potent pharmaceutical agents that are water-insoluble. The micro-turbulent implosions of cavitation bubbles tear-off primary giant oily emulsion droplets to nano-scale, spontaneously leading to the formation of highly uniform drug contained nanodroplets. A substantial body of recent literatures in the field of nanoemulsions suggests that cavitation is a facile, cost-reducing yet safer generation tool, remarkably highlighting its industrial commercial viability in the development of designing novel nanocarriers or enhancing the properties of existing pharmaceutical products. In this review, the fundamentals of nanoemulsion and the principles involved in their formation are presented. The underlying mechanisms in the generation of pharmaceutical nanoemulsion under acoustic field as well as the advantages of using cavitation compared to the conventional techniques are also highlighted. This review focuses on recent nanoemulsion-based DDS development and how cavitation through ultrasound and hydrodynamic means is useful to generate the pharmaceutical grade nanoemulsions including the complex double or submicron multiple emulsions.
  5. Copper complexes with phosphonium containing hydrazone ligand: topoisomerase inhibition and cytotoxicity study
    Chew ST, Lo KM, Lee SK, Heng MP, Teoh WY, Sim KS, et al.
    Eur J Med Chem, 2014 Apr 9;76:397-407.
    PMID: 24602785 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.02.049
    Four new copper(II) complexes containing phosphonium substituted hydrazone (L) with the formulations [CuL]Cl(3), [Cu(phen)L]Cl(4), [Cu(bpy)L]Cl(5), [Cu(dbpy)L]Cl(6), (where L = doubly deprotonated hydrazone; phen = 1,10'-phenanthroline; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine; dbpy = 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) have been synthesized. The compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic methods and in the case of crystalline products by X-ray crystallography. The cytotoxicity and topoisomerase I (topo I) inhibition activities of these compounds were studied. It is noteworthy that the addition of N,N-ligands to the copper(II) complex lead to the enhancement in the cytotoxicity of the compounds, especially against human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line (PC-3). Complex 4 exhibits the highest activity against PC-3 with the IC₅₀ value of 3.2 μΜ. The complexes can also inhibit topo I through the binding to DNA and the enzyme.
  6. Synthesis of a DNA-targeting nickel (II) complex with testosterone thiosemicarbazone which exhibits selective cytotoxicity towards human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP)
    Heng MP, Sinniah SK, Teoh WY, Sim KS, Ng SW, Cheah YK, et al.
    Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2015 Nov 5;150:360-72.
    PMID: 26057090 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.095
    Testosterone thiosemicarbazone, L and its nickel (II) complex 1 were synthesized and characterized by using FTIR, CHN, (1)H NMR, and X-ray crystallography. X-ray diffraction study confirmed the formation of L from condensation of testosterone and thiosemicarbazide. Mononuclear complex 1 is coordinated to two Schiff base ligands via two imine nitrogens and two tautomeric thiol sulfurs. The cytotoxicity of both compounds was investigated via MTT assay with cisplatin as positive reference standard. L is more potent towards androgen-dependent LNCaP (prostate) and HCT 116 (colon). On the other hand, complex 1, which is in a distorted square planar environment with L acting as a bidentate NS-donor ligand, is capable of inhibiting the growth of all the cancer cell lines tested, including PC-3 (prostate). It is noteworthy that both compounds are less toxic towards human colon cell CCD-18Co. The intrinsic DNA binding constant (Kb) of both compounds were evaluated via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Both compounds showed Kb values which are comparable to the reported Kb value of typical classical intercalator such as ethidium bromide. The binding constant of the complex is almost double compared with ligand L. Both compounds were unable to inhibit the action topoisomerase I, which is the common target in cancer treatment (especially colon cancer). This suggest a topoisomerase I independent-cell death mechanism.
  7. Nickel and zinc complexes of testosterone N4-substituted thiosemicarbazone: Selective cytotoxicity towards human colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 and their cell death mechanisms
    Heng MP, Sim KS, Tan KW
    J Inorg Biochem, 2020 07;208:111097.
    PMID: 32438269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111097
    Two new Schiff base ligands (TE and TF) were prepared from conjugation of testosterone with 4-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide, respectively. Their nickel (NE and NF) and zinc (ZE and ZF) complexes were reported. X-ray crystallography revealed a distorted square planar geometry was adopted by NE. The compounds demonstrated excellent selectivity towards the colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 despite their weak preferences towards the prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP). Against HCT 116, all these compounds were able to arrest cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induce apoptosis via mitochondria-dependent (TE, NE, and TF) and extrinsic apoptotic pathway (ZE, NF, and ZF). Moreover, only ZE was able to act as topoisomease I poison and halt its enzymatic reactions although all compounds presented excellent affinity towards DNA.
  8. Fulltext Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanocellulose-Stabilized Pickering Emulsions
    Lee KK, Low DYS, Foo ML, Yu LJ, Choong TSY, Tang SY, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Feb 23;13(4).
    PMID: 33672331 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040668
    While the economy is rapidly expanding in most emerging countries, issues coupled with a higher population has created foreseeable tension among food, water, and energy. It is crucial for more sustainable valorization of resources, for instance, nanocellulose, to address the core challenges in environmental sustainability. As the complexity of the system evolved, the timescale of project development has increased exponentially. However, research on the design and operation of integrated nanomaterials, along with energy supply, monitoring, and control infrastructure, has seriously lagged. The development cost of new materials can be significantly reduced by utilizing molecular simulation technology in the design of nanostructured materials. To realize its potential, nanocellulose, an amphiphilic biopolymer with the presence of rich -OH and -CH structural groups, was investigated via molecular dynamics simulation to reveal its full potential as Pickering emulsion stabilizer at the molecular level. This work has successfully quantified the Pickering stabilization mechanism profiles by nanocellulose, and the phenomenon could be visualized in three stages, namely the initial homogenous phase, rapid formation of micelles and coalescence, and lastly the thermodynamic equilibrium of the system. It was also observed that the high bead order was always coupled with a high volume of phase separation activities, through a coarse-grained model within 20,000 time steps. The outcome of this work would be helpful to provide an important perspective for the future design and development of nanocellulose-based emulsion products, which cater for food, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical industries.
  9. A rhodamine based chemosensor for solvent dependent chromogenic sensing of cobalt (II) and copper (II) ions with good selectivity and sensitivity: Synthesis, filter paper test strip, DFT calculations and cytotoxicity
    Chan WC, Saad HM, Sim KS, Lee VS, Ang CW, Yeong KY, et al.
    Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2021 Jun 23;262:120099.
    PMID: 34198119 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120099
    A new chemosensor 1 was synthesized by reacting rhodamine B hydrazide and 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, which was then characterized by spectroscopic techniques and single crystal X-ray crystallography. Sensor 1 has the ability to sense Co2+/Cu2+ ions by "naked-eye" with an apparent colour change from colourless to pink in different solvent system, MeCN and DMF respectively. Furthermore, it can selectively detect Co2+/Cu2+ among wide range of different metal ions, and it exhibits low detection limit of 4.425 × 10-8 M and 1.398 × 10-7 M respectively. Binding mode of the two complexes were determined to be 1:1 stoichiometry for Co2+ complex and 1:2 stoichiometry for Cu2+ complex through Job's plot, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, reversibility of the sensor 1 as copper (II) ion detector was determined by using EDTA and the results showed that sensor 1 can be reused for at least 6 cycles. Other than that, a low cost chemosensor test strips were fabricated for the convenient "naked-eye" detection of Co2+ and Cu2+ in pure aqueous media. The MTT assay was conducted in order to determine the cytotoxicity of sensor 1 towards human cell lines.
  10. Colour detection thresholds in faces and colour patches
    Tan KW, Stephen ID
    Perception, 2013;42(7):733-41.
    PMID: 24344549
    Human facial skin colour reflects individuals' underlying health (Stephen et al 2011 Evolution & Human Behavior 32 216-227); and enhanced facial skin CIELab b* (yellowness), a* (redness), and L* (lightness) are perceived as healthy (also Stephen et al 2009a International Journal of Primatology 30 845-857). Here, we examine Malaysian Chinese participants' detection thresholds for CIELab L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) colour changes in Asian, African, and Caucasian faces and skin coloured patches. Twelve face photos and three skin coloured patches were transformed to produce four pairs of images of each individual face and colour patch with different amounts of red, yellow, or lightness, from very subtle (deltaE = 1.2) to quite large differences (deltaE = 9.6). Participants were asked to decide which of sequentially displayed, paired same-face images or colour patches were lighter, redder, or yellower. Changes in facial redness, followed by changes in yellowness, were more easily discriminated than changes in luminance. However, visual sensitivity was not greater for redness and yellowness in nonface stimuli, suggesting red facial skin colour special salience. Participants were also significantly better at recognizing colour differences in own-race (Asian) and Caucasian faces than in African faces, suggesting the existence of cross-race effect in discriminating facial colours. Humans' colour vision may have been selected for skin colour signalling (Changizi et al 2006 Biology Letters 2 217-221), enabling individuals to perceive subtle changes in skin colour, reflecting health and emotional status.
  11. Fulltext Daily Consumption of a Fruit and Vegetable Smoothie Alters Facial Skin Color
    Tan KW, Graf BA, Mitra SR, Stephen ID
    PLoS One, 2015;10(7):e0133445.
    PMID: 26186449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133445
    Consumption of dietary carotenoids or carotenoid supplements can alter the color (yellowness) of human skin through increased carotenoid deposition in the skin. As fruit and vegetables are the main dietary sources of carotenoids, skin yellowness may be a function of regular fruit and vegetable consumption. However, most previous studies have used tablets or capsules to supplement carotenoid intake, and less is known of the impact of increased fruit and vegetable consumption on skin color. Here, we examined skin color changes in an Asian population (Malaysian Chinese ethnicity) over a six week dietary intervention with a carotenoid-rich fruit smoothie. Eighty one university students (34 males, 47 females; mean age 20.48) were assigned randomly to consuming either a fruit smoothie (intervention group) or mineral water (control group) daily for six weeks. Participants' skin yellowness (CIELab b*), redness (a*) and luminance (L*) were measured at baseline, twice during the intervention period and at a two-week follow-up, using a handheld reflectance spectrophotometer. Results showed a large increment in skin yellowness (p<0.001) and slight increment in skin redness (p<0.001) after 4 weeks of intervention for participants in the intervention group. Skin yellowness and skin redness remained elevated at the two week follow up measurement. In conclusion, intervention with a carotenoid-rich fruit smoothie is associated with increased skin redness and yellowness in an Asian population. Changes in the reflectance spectrum of the skin suggest that this color change was caused by carotenoid deposition in the skin.
  12. Fulltext Skin Color Preferences in a Malaysian Chinese Population
    Tan KW, Stephen ID
    Front Psychol, 2019;10:1352.
    PMID: 31275195 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01352
    Facial skin color influences the perceived health and attractiveness of Caucasian faces, and has been proposed as a valid cue to aspects of physiological health. Similar preferences for skin color have previously been found in African participants, while different preferences have been found among mainland Chinese participants. Here, we asked Malaysian Chinese participants (ethnic Chinese living in an Asian country with high levels of exposure to Western culture) to manipulate the skin color of Malaysian Chinese, Caucasian, and African faces to make them "look as healthy as possible." Participants chose to increase skin yellowness to a greater extent than to increase skin redness to optimize healthy appearance. The slight reduction in skin lightness chosen was not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. While broadly in line with the preferences of Caucasian and African participants from previous studies, this differs from mainland Chinese participants. There may be a role for culture in skin color preferences, though methodological differences mean that further research is necessary to identify the cause of these differences in preferences.
  13. Fulltext Editorial: Perceptions of People: Cues to Underlying Physiology and Psychology
    Sulikowski D, Tan KW, Jones AL, Welling LLM, Stephen ID
    Front Psychol, 2020;11:643.
    PMID: 32322229 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00643
  14. Thiosemicarbazone Derivative Induces in vitro Apoptosis in Metastatic PC-3 Cells via Activation of Mitochondrial Pathway
    Sinniah SK, Tan KW, Ng SW, Sim KS
    Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 2017;17(5):741-753.
    PMID: 27671302 DOI: 10.2174/1871520616666160926110929
    BACKGROUND: Thiosemicarbazone (TSC) is a Schiff base that has been receiving considerable attention owing to its promising biological implication and remarkable pharmacological properties. The most promising drug candidate of this class would be Triapine (3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone) which has entered phase II clinical trials as a potent anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agent.

    OBJECTIVE: The current research aimed to synthesize several Schiff base ligands from (3-formyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) methyltriphenylphosphonium (T). Additionally, the current research aimed to study the growth inhibitory effect of triphenylphosphonium containing thiosemicarbazone derivatives on PC-3 cells by deciphering the mechanisms involved in cell death.

    METHOD: The compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods (infrared spectra, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRESIMS and X-ray crystallography) and the results were in conformity with the structure of the targeted compounds. Growth inhibitory effect of the compounds were performed against six human cell lines.

    RESULTS: DM(tsc)T displayed most potent activity against PC-3 cells with IC50 value of 2.64 ± 0.33 μM, surpassing that of the positive control cisplatin (5.47 ± 0.06 μM). There were marked morphological changes observed in DM(tsc)T treated cells stained with acridine orange and ethidium bromide which were indicative of cell apoptosis. Treatment with DM(tsc)T showed that the cell cycle is arrested in the G0/G1 phase after 72 hours. Mitochondrial membrane potential loss was observed in cells treated with DM(tsc)T, indicating the apoptosis could be due to mitochondria mediated pathway.

    CONCLUSION: This study indicates that DM(tsc)T would serve as a lead scaffold for rational anticancer agent development.

  15. Fulltext Diaqua-(1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane-κN,N,N,N)copper(II) bis-(4-methyl-benzoate) monohydrate
    Ahmad Tajidi NS, Abdullah N, Arifin Z, Tan KW, Ng SW
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2010;66(Pt 8):m890.
    PMID: 21588135 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810026012
    The Cu(II) atom in the title salt, [Cu(C(10)H(24)N(4))(H(2)O)(2)](C(8)H(7)O(2))(2)·H(2)O, is chelated by the four N atoms of the 1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane (cyclam) ligand and is coordinated by two water mol-ecules in a Jahn-Teller-type of tetra-gonally distorted octa-hedral geometry. The cations, anions and lattice water mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a layer structure parallel to (001).
  16. Fulltext Diaqua-(1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane-κN,N,N,N)copper(II) bis-(2,3,4,5,6-penta-fluoro-benzoate) dihydrate
    Ahmad Tajidi NS, Abdullah N, Arifin Z, Tan KW, Ng SW
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2010;66(Pt 8):m889.
    PMID: 21588134 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810025705
    The Cu(II) atom in the title salt, [Cu(C(10)H(24)N(4))(H(2)O)(2)](C(6)F(5)CO(2))(2)·2H(2)O, is chelated by the four N atoms of the 1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane (cyclam) ligand and is coordinated by two water mol-ecules in a Jahn-Teller-type tetra-gonally distorted octa-hedral geometry. The Cu(II) atom lies on a center of inversion. The cations, anions and uncoordinated water mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer structure parallel to (001).
  17. Fulltext Diaqua-(1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane-κN,N,N,N)copper(II) dideca-noate dihydrate
    Ahmad Tajidi NS, Abdullah N, Arifin Z, Tan KW, Ng SW
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2010;66(Pt 8):m888.
    PMID: 21588133 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810025699
    The Cu(II) atom in the title salt, [Cu(C(10)H(24)N(4))(H(2)O)(2)][CH(3)(CH(2))(8)CO(2)](2)·2H(2)O, is chelated by the four N atoms of the 1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane (cyclam) ligand and is coordinated by two water mol-ecules in a Jahn-Teller-type tetra-gonally distorted octa-hedral geometry. The Cu(II) atom lies on a center of inversion. The cations, anions and uncoordinated water mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer structure parallel to (001).
  18. Fulltext Diaqua-(1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane-κN,N,N,N)copper(II) dihepta-noate dihydrate
    Ahmad Tajidi NS, Abdullah N, Arifin Z, Tan KW, Ng SW
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2010;66(Pt 8):m887.
    PMID: 21588132 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810025687
    The Cu(II) atom in the title salt, [Cu(C(10)H(24)N(4))(H(2)O)(2)][CH(3)(CH(2))(5)CO(2)](2)·2H(2)O, is chelated by the four N atoms of the 1,4,8,11-tetra-aza-cyclo-tetra-decane (cyclam) ligand and is coordinated by two water mol-ecules in a tetra-gonally Jahn-Teller-distorted octa-hedral geometry. The Cu(II) atom lies on a center of inversion. The cations, anions and uncoordinated water mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer structure parallel to (100). The alkyl chain of the anion is disordered over two positions in a 0.82 (1):0.18 (1) ratio.
  19. Fulltext (E)-1-(2,4,6-Trihy-droxy-benzyl-idene)-4-ethyl-thio-semicarbazide dihydrate
    Shawish HB, Tan KW, Maah MJ, Ng SW
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2010;66(Pt 9):o2230.
    PMID: 21588600 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810030783
    In the title mol-ecule, C(10)H(13)N(3)O(3)S·2H(2)O, the thio-semi-carbazide =N-NH-C(=S)-NH- fragment [torsion angle = 0.2 (1)°] is nearly coplanar with the benzene ring [dihedral angle = 2.4 (1)°]. The benzene ring and semicarbazide moiety are located on opposite sites of the C=N bond, showing an E configuration. The hy-droxy, imino and water H atoms are engaged in extensive hydrogen bonding, forming a three-dimensional network.
  20. Fulltext 5-Ethyl-5-methyl-4-phenyl-5H-1,2,4-triazol-3(4H)-thione
    Tan KW, Maah MJ, Ng SW
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2010;66(Pt 9):o2224.
    PMID: 21588595 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810030503
    The five-membered ring of the title compound Δ(1)-1,2,4-triazoline-5-thione, C(11)H(13)N(3)S, is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.009 Å); the phenyl ring is aligned at 84.6 (2)° with respect to the five-membered ring. The crystal studied was a racemic twin with an approximate 20% minor twin component. Weak inter-molecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure.
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