Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 72 in total

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  1. Frequency of mutant CYP1A1, NAT2 and GSTM1 alleles in normal Indians and Malays
    Zhao B, Lee EJ, Wong JY, Yeoh PN, Gong NH
    Pharmacogenetics, 1995 Oct;5(5):275-80.
    PMID: 8563767
    Several xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, including CYP1A1, NAT2 and GSTM1, are subject to genetic polymorphisms. Because these enzymes are important for the detoxification and/or bioactivation of drugs and carcinogens, these polymorphisms have important implications in therapeutics and cancer susceptibility. The distributions of CYP1A1, NAT2 and GSTM1 genotype frequencies in unrelated individuals of the Indian (n = 139) and Malay (n = 146) populations were characterized by the polymerase chain reaction. The respective allelic frequencies of wild-type and mutant alleles of CYP1A1 were 0.82 and 0.18 for the Indians, and 0.69 and 0.31 for the Malays. The frequencies of wild-type, M1, M2 and M3 of NAT2 among Indians were 0.44, 0.20, 0.32 and 0.04 respectively. The corresponding NAT2 allelic frequencies in Malays were 0.41, 0.12, 0.38 and 0.09. The GSTM1*A allele could not be amplified in 33.1% of Indians and 61.6% of Malays. At least one GSTM1*B allele was detected in 7.2% and 7.5% of the respective populations. The allelic frequencies of CYP1A1, NAT2 and GSTM1 among Malays are similar to previously reported frequencies among Chinese in the region. These findings will be of importance in the determination of cancer risks in these populations.
  2. Improved high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of omeprazole in human plasma
    Yuen KH, Choy WP, Tan HY, Wong JW, Yap SP
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2001 Feb;24(4):715-9.
    PMID: 11272330
    A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of omeprazole in human plasma. Omeprazole and the internal standard, chloramphenicol, were extracted from alkalinized plasma samples using dichloromethane. The mobile phase was 0.05 M Na2HPO4-ACN (65:35, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5. Analysis was run at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min at a detection wavelength of 302 nm. The method was specific and sensitive with a detection limit of 2.5 ng/ml at a signal-to-noise ratio of 4:1. The limit of quantification was set at 5 ng/ml. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 5-1280 ng/ml. Mean recovery value of the extraction procedure was about 96%, while the within and between day coefficient of variation and percent error values of the assay method were all less than 14%.
  3. Estimated coefficient of variation values for sample size planning in bioequivalence studies
    Yuen KH, Wong JW, Yap SP, Billa N
    Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2001 Jan;39(1):37-40.
    PMID: 11204936
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present communication is to provide information regarding the intrasubject coefficent of variation obtained from 30 bioequivalence studies covering 16 drugs which can be used for estimation of sample size. Additionally, an attempt was also made to estimate the test power of each of the studies conducted.

    METHODS: The intrasubject coefficient of variation was estimated from the residual mean square error obtained from analysis of variance of the parameters AUC0-infinity, Cmax and Cmax/AUC0-infinity after logarithmic transformation. The test power in the analyses of the above parameters was subsequently estimated using nomograms provided by Diletti et al. [1991].

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Thirty products covering 16 drugs were studied in which 22 were immediate-release (including one dispersible tablet) and 8 were sustained-release formulations. The intrasubject coefficient of variation for the parameter AUC0-infinity was smaller than Cmax, and hence considerably more studies were able to attain a power of greater than 80% using 12 volunteers for the AUC0-infinity, compared to the Cmax. However, the variability in the Cmax could be reduced by using the parameter Cmax/ AUC0-infinity, and thus, provide a more realistic estimation of sample size, since the latter reflects only the rate of absorption and not both the rate and extent as in the case of Cmax [Endrenyi et al. 1991].

  4. Fulltext Comparative bioavailability study of two ketoconazole tablet preparations
    Yuen KH, Wong JW, Billa N, Choy WP, Julianto T
    Med J Malaysia, 1999 Dec;54(4):482-6.
    PMID: 11072466
    The bioavailability of a generic preparation of ketoconazole (Zorinax from Xepa-Soul Pattinson, Malaysia) was evaluated in comparison with the innovator product (Nizoral from Janssen Pharmaceutica, Switzerland). Eighteen healthy male volunteers participated in the study conducted according to a two-way crossover design. The bioavailability was compared using the parameters, total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-infinity), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax). No statistically significant difference was observed between the values of the two products in all the three parameters. Moreover, the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC0-infinity and Cmax values of Zorinax over Nizoral was found to lie between 0.82-1.04 and 0.83-1.02, respectively, being within the acceptable equivalence limit of 0.80-1.25. These findings indicate that the two preparations are comparable in the extent and rate of absorption. In addition, the elimination rate constant (ke) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd) were calculated. For both parameters, there was no statistically significant difference between the values obtained from the data of the two preparations. Moreover, the values are comparable to those reported in the literature.
  5. Bioequivalence of a generic metformin tablet preparation
    Yuen KH, Wong JW, Billa N, Julianto T, Toh WT
    Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 1999 Jul;37(7):319-22.
    PMID: 10442505
    The bioavailability of a generic preparation of metformin (Diabetmin from Hovid Sdn Bhd) was evaluated in comparison with a proprietary product (Glucophage from Lipha Pharma Ltd., UK).
  6. Comparative bioavailability study of two controlled-release pentoxifylline tablet preparations
    Yuen KH, Wong JW, Peh KK, Julianto T, Choy WP
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2000 Jul;26(7):803-7.
    PMID: 10872103
    The bioavailability of a generic preparation of pentoxifylline sustained-release (SR) tablet was evaluated in comparison with a proprietary product (Trental 400). For the study, 12 healthy male volunteers participated; the study was conducted according to a randomized, two-way crossover design. The bioavailability was compared using the parameters total area under the plasma level-time curve AUC0-infinity, peak plasma concentration Cmax, and time to reach peak plasma concentration Tmax. No statistically significant difference was observed between the values of the two products in all three parameters. The 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC0-infinity values of the generic pentoxifylline over those of Trental 400 was found to lie between 0.83 and 1.00, while that of the parameter Cmax was between 0.91 and 1.29. In addition, elimination half-life t1/2 and apparent volume of distribution Vd were calculated. There was no statistically significant difference between the t1/2 Vd values obtained from the data of the two preparations.
  7. Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tocotrienols in human plasma
    Yap SP, Julianto T, Wong JW, Yuen KH
    J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl, 1999 Dec 10;735(2):279-83.
    PMID: 10670741
    A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of vitamin E especially delta-, gamma- and alpha-tocotrienols in human plasma. The method entailed direct injection of plasma sample after deproteinization using a 3:2 mixture of acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran. The mobile phase comprised 0.5% (v/v) of distilled water in methanol. Analyses were run at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min with the detector operating at an excitation wavelength of 296 nm and emission wavelength of 330 nm. This method is specific and sensitive, with a quantification limit of approximately 40, 34 and 16 ng/ml for alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol, respectively. The mean absolute recovery values were about 98% while the within-day and between-day relative standard deviation and percent error values of the assay method were all less than 12.0% for alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 40-2500, 30-4000 and 16-1000 ng/ml for alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol, respectively. Application of the method in a bioavailability study for determination of the above compounds was also demonstrated.
  8. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under different food status
    Yap SP, Yuen KH, Wong JW
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2001 Jan;53(1):67-71.
    PMID: 11206194
    We have investigated the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under fed and fasted conditions in eight healthy volunteers. The volunteers were administered a single oral dose of mixed tocotrienols (300 mg) under fed or fasted conditions. The bioavailability of tocotrienols under the two conditions was compared using the parameters peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach peak plasma concentration (Tmax) and total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(o-infinity)). A statistically significant difference was observed between the fed and fasted logarithmic transformed values of Cmax (P < 0.01) and AUC(0-infinity) (P < 0.01) for all three tocotrienols. In addition, the 90% confidence intervals for the ratio of the logarithmic transformed AUC(0-infinity) values of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols under the fed state over those of the fasted state were found to lie between 2.24-3.40, 2.05-4.09 and 1.59-3.81, respectively, while those of the Cmax were between 2.28-4.39, 2.31-5.87 and 1.52-4.05, respectively. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the fed and fasted Tmax values of the three homologues. The mean apparent elimination half-life (t(1/2)) of alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienols was estimated to be 4.4, 4.3 and 2.3 h, respectively, being between 4.5- to 8.7-fold shorter than that reported for alpha-tocopherol. No statistically significant difference was observed between the fed and fasted t(1/2) values. The mean apparent volume of distribution (Vd/f) values under the fed state were significantly smaller than those of the fasted state, which could be attributed to increased absorption of the tocotrienols in the fed state.
  9. Fulltext Initial testing of a pixelated silicon detector prototype in proton therapy
    Wroe AJ, McAuley G, Teran AV, Wong J, Petasecca M, Lerch M, et al.
    J Appl Clin Med Phys, 2017 Sep;18(5):315-324.
    PMID: 28719019 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.12120
    As technology continues to develop, external beam radiation therapy is being employed, with increased conformity, to treat smaller targets. As this occurs, the dosimetry methods and tools employed to quantify these fields for treatment also have to evolve to provide increased spatial resolution. The team at the University of Wollongong has developed a pixelated silicon detector prototype known as the dose magnifying glass (DMG) for real-time small-field metrology. This device has been tested in photon fields and IMRT. The purpose of this work was to conduct the initial performance tests with proton radiation, using beam energies and modulations typically associated with proton radiosurgery. Depth dose and lateral beam profiles were measured and compared with those collected using a PTW parallel-plate ionization chamber, a PTW proton-specific dosimetry diode, EBT3 Gafchromic film, and Monte Carlo simulations. Measurements of the depth dose profile yielded good agreement when compared with Monte Carlo, diode and ionization chamber. Bragg peak location was measured accurately by the DMG by scanning along the depth dose profile, and the relative response of the DMG at the center of modulation was within 2.5% of that for the PTW dosimetry diode for all energy and modulation combinations tested. Real-time beam profile measurements of a 5 mm 127 MeV proton beam also yielded FWHM and FW90 within ±1 channel (0.1 mm) of the Monte Carlo and EBT3 film data across all depths tested. The DMG tested here proved to be a useful device at measuring depth dose profiles in proton therapy with a stable response across the entire proton spread-out Bragg peak. In addition, the linear array of small sensitive volumes allowed for accurate point and high spatial resolution one-dimensional profile measurements of small radiation fields in real time to be completed with minimal impact from partial volume averaging.
  10. Automated otolith image classification with multiple views: an evaluation on Sciaenidae
    Wong JY, Chu C, Chong VC, Dhillon SK, Loh KH
    J Fish Biol, 2016 Aug;89(2):1324-44.
    PMID: 27364089 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13039
    Combined multiple 2D views (proximal, anterior and ventral aspects) of the sagittal otolith are proposed here as a method to capture shape information for fish classification. Classification performance of single view compared with combined 2D views show improved classification accuracy of the latter, for nine species of Sciaenidae. The effects of shape description methods (shape indices, Procrustes analysis and elliptical Fourier analysis) on classification performance were evaluated. Procrustes analysis and elliptical Fourier analysis perform better than shape indices when single view is considered, but all perform equally well with combined views. A generic content-based image retrieval (CBIR) system that ranks dissimilarity (Procrustes distance) of otolith images was built to search query images without the need for detailed information of side (left or right), aspect (proximal or distal) and direction (positive or negative) of the otolith. Methods for the development of this automated classification system are discussed.
  11. The effects of Euphorbia hirta on the ultrastructure of the murine liver, kidney and aorta
    Wong JY, Chen YS, Chakravarthi S, Judson JP, L SR, Er HM
    Exp Ther Med, 2013 Nov;6(5):1247-1250.
    PMID: 24223653
    Euphorbia hirta is widely used in traditional remedies and has been used cross-culturally for generations against maladies such as asthma, skin ailments and hypertension. Previous studies have demonstrated that Euphorbia hirta has antibacterial activity, and have also indicated certain antimolluscidal, antimalarial and anti-inflammatory properties, the latter of which have been suggested to be more pronounced than those of the rheumatological drug, etanercept. To date, no studies have identified the anatomical effects of this herb on the organs of test animals. This study aimed to identify the effects of Euphorbia hirta on the ultrastructure of the murine liver, kidney and aorta. A total of 32 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; three groups were fed with aqueous extracts of Euphorbia hirta at doses of 1, 10 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, every alternate day for 50 days, while one group served as a control. The animals were later sacrificed and the liver, kidney and aorta harvested for examination by electron microscopy. The aorta showed no ultrastructural changes across the groups. Renal and hepatic tissue from the treated groups demonstrated dose-dependent injuries, which showed architectural damage beginning in the nuclei and spreading outwards. Taking into consideration the properties of Euphorbia hirta that have been described in previous studies, in addition to the results from the present study, it appears that the herb may exhibit similar effects to those of the quinolone group of antibiotics. Further in-depth investigations are required into the potential effects of Euphorbia hirta, deleterious and otherwise.
  12. Improved oral bioavailability of artemisinin through inclusion complexation with beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins
    Wong JW, Yuen KH
    Int J Pharm, 2001 Oct 04;227(1-2):177-85.
    PMID: 11564552
    The bioavailability of beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin artemisinin complexes was evaluated in comparison with a normal commercially available preparation, Artemisinin 250. Twelve healthy male volunteers participated in the study conducted according to a three-way crossover design. The bioavailability was compared using the parameters, total area under the plasma level-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)), peak plasma concentration (C(max)), and time to reach peak plasma concentration (T(max)). A statistically significant difference was observed between the values of the complexes and Artemisinin 250 for the three parameters. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the values of the beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin complexes. Moreover, the 90% confidence interval for the ratio of the AUC(0-infinity) values of the beta-cyclodextrin complex over those of Artemisinin 250 was estimated to be between 1.51-2.04, while that of C(max) was between 1.73-2.93. For the gamma-cyclodextrin complex, the respective intervals were 1.30-1.76 and 1.43-2.43. These findings indicated that the beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin complexes had a much higher rate and extent of bioavailability compared to Artemisinin 250. In addition, the absorption of artemisinin was observed to be poor and negligible when the preparations started to arrive in the colon. This could be attributed to poor dissolution of artemisinin in the semi-solid faecal matter in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract.
  13. Therapeutic equivalence of a low dose artemisinin formulation in falciparum malaria patients
    Wong JW, Yuen KH, Nagappan S, Shahul WS, Ho SS, Gan EK, et al.
    J Pharm Pharmacol, 2003 Feb;55(2):193-8.
    PMID: 12631411
    We have evaluated the therapeutic equivalence of a beta-cyclodextrin-artemisinin complex at an artemisinin dose of 150 mg, with a commercial reference preparation, Artemisinin 250 at a recommended dose of 250 mg. One hundred uncomplicated falciparum malarial patients were randomly assigned to orally receive either beta-cyclodextrin-artemisinin complex (containing 150 mg artemisinin) twice daily for five days or the active comparator (containing 250 mg artemisinin) twice daily for five days. The patients were hospitalized for seven days and were required to attend follow up assessments on days 14, 21, 28 and 35. All patients in both treatment groups were cured of the infection and achieved therapeutic success. At day seven of treatment, all patient blood was clear of the parasites and the sublingual temperature of all patients was less than 37.5 degrees C. Moreover, the parasite clearance time in both treatment groups was similar, being approximately three days after initiation of treatment. Comparable plasma artemisinin concentrations were observed between patients in both treatment groups at 1.5 and 3.0 h, although slightly higher levels were obtained with patients in the beta-cyclodextrin-artemisinin complex-treated group. The beta-cyclodextrin-artemisinin complex at a dose of 150 mg artemisinin was therapeutically equivalent to 250 mg Artemisinin 250. Additionally, patients receiving beta-cyclodextrin-artemisinin complex showed less variability in their plasma artemisinin concentrations at 1.5 h post-dosing, which suggested a more consistent rate of drug absorption.
  14. Inclusion complexation of artemisinin with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins
    Wong JW, Yuen KH
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2003 Oct;29(9):1035-44.
    PMID: 14606667
    The present study was conducted to investigate the inclusion complexation of artemisinin (ART) with natural cyclodextrins (CyD), namely alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CyDs with the aim of improving its solubility and dissolution rate. Complex formation in aqueous solution and solid state was studied by solubility analysis, dissolution, and thermal analysis. Solubility diagrams indicated that the complexation of ART and the three CyDs occurred at a molar ratio of 1:1, and showed a remarkable increase in ART solubility. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters calculated by using the van't Hoff equation revealed that the complexation process was associated with negative enthalpy of formation and occurred spontaneously. The complexation capability of CyDs with ART increased in the order of alpha- < gamma- < beta-CyDs and could be ascribed to the structural compatibility between the molecular size of ART and the diameter of the CyD cavities. Dissolution profiles of the three complexes demonstrated an increased rate and extent of dissolution compared with those of their respective physical mixtures and a commercial preparation. In solid-state analysis, using differential scanning calorimetry, the gamma-CyD was capable of complexing the highest percentage of ART, followed by beta- and alpha-CyDs. The respective estimated percentage of ART complexed by the CyDs were 85%, 40%, and 12%.
  15. The state of lipid control in patients with diabetes in a public health care centre
    Wong JS, Tan F, Lee PY
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2007;19(3):16-21.
    PMID: 18330400 DOI: 10.1177/101053950701900304
    Achieving treatment targets has been difficult in treating diabetic patients. This cross-sectional study describes the lipid profiles of patients with diabetes mellitus at a public primary health care centre in Sarawak, Malaysia. The targets for lipid control were based on the International Diabetes Federation recommendation (2002). 1031 patients (98% Type 2 Diabetes) were studied. Fasting lipid profiles were available in 990 (96%) patients. The mean total cholesterol was 5.3 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, Triglycerides 1.90 +/- 1.26 mmol/L, HDL-C 1.28 +/- 0.33 mmol/L and LDL-C 3.2 +/- 0.9 mmol/L. Overall, 22% of patients achieved the treatment target for LDL-C level < 2.6mmol/L. 67% of patients had HDL-C > 1.1 mmol/L and 42% of patients had a target TG level below 1.5 mmol/L. Of the 40% of patients who received lipid-lowering drug, 17% achieved LDL-C target, 50% had LDL-C 2.6-4.4 mmol/ L and 33% have LDL-C > 4.0 mmol/L. For the remaining 60% not receiving any lipid lowering therapy, 68% had LDL-C between 2.6-4.0 mmol/L and 7% had LDL-C level > 4 mmol/L. Dyslipidemia is still under-treated despite the availability of effective pharmacological agents and the greatly increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients.
  16. Fulltext Glycaemic control of diabetic patients in an urban primary health care setting in Sarawak: the Tanah Puteh Health Centre experience
    Wong JS, Rahimah N
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 Aug;59(3):411-7.
    PMID: 15727390 MyJurnal
    Achieving glycaemic goals in diabetics has always been a problem, especially in a developing country with inadequate facilities such as in Sarawak in Malaysia. There are no reported studies on the control of diabetes mellitus in a diabetic clinic in the primary health care setting in Sarawak. This paper describes the profile of 1031 patients treated in Klinik Kesihatan Tanah Puteh Health Centre. The mean age was 59 years, the mean BMI 27 kg/m2. There was a female preponderance and mainly type-2 diabetes. Mean HbA1c was 7.4%. Glycaemic control was optimal in 28% (HbA1c <6.5%), fair in 34% (HbA1c 6.5-7.5%) and poor in 38% (HbA1c >7.5%). Reasonable glycaemic control can be achieved in the primary health care setting in Sarawak.
    Study site: Klinik Kesihatan Tanah Puteh, Sarawak, Malaysia
  17. Intracranial aneurysms in Sarawak General Hospital over a 30-month period
    Wong JS, Ng KH, Wong SH
    J Clin Neurosci, 2004 Apr;11(3):254-8.
    PMID: 14975412
    This is a prospective study conducted from February 2000 to July 2002 in a single neurosurgeon neurosurgical service in the state of Sarawak, Malaysia. There were 66 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage or intracranial aneurysm presenting to this hospital over the study period. Fifty cases had their aneurysms clipped. Eighty percent of our patients were operated within 48 h of presentation. Forty-four percent presented with poor WFNS grades of 4 and 5. We had a 20% operative mortality and 29% total management mortality. Twenty-nine (58%) of the operated cases had a favorable outcome with a mean follow-up of 32 weeks. Multiple aneurysms were less common. The diagnosis of aneuysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and clipping of aneurysms have increased dramatically over the previous two and half years indicating an increased awareness of the diagnosis and treatment. This series supports the previously reported beliefs that the lower rate of aneurymal subarachnoid hemorrhage in developing countries is likely due to both underdiagnosis and undertreatment. Good results can be achieved in developing countries with early diagnosis and intensive management.
  18. Fulltext Proteinuria in diabetic patients in a primary health care setting in Sarawak
    Wong JS
    Med J Malaysia, 2005 Jun;60(2):146-50.
    PMID: 16114154 MyJurnal
    Diabetic nephropathy is now the number one cause of end stage renal failure in Malaysia. This places a huge burden on patients and the health care system especially in developing countries with limited health care resources, such as in Sarawak in East Malaysia. This study describes the prevalence of proteinuria/microalbuminuria in diabetic patients treated in Klinik Kesihatan Tanah Puteh. Early detection of proteinuria/microalbuminuria allows remedial measures to be taken to retard the progression of nephropathy. Forty-eight percent of the cases had proteinuria and microalbuminuria was found in 16%. Seventy-eight percent of cases with proteinuria were on treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers. Seventy-five percent of patients had hypertension but only 6% achieved the targeted BP of < 130/80 mmHg.
    Study site: Diabetic clinic of Klinik Kesihatan Tanah Puteh, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
  19. Fulltext A case of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis successfully removed via endoscopic argon plasma coagulation (APC) with no evidence of recurrence
    Wong JL, Tie ST, Lee J, Kannan SK, Rashid Ali MR, Ibrahim A, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2014 Aug;69(4):195-6.
    PMID: 25500852 MyJurnal
    Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a benign disease caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), characterized by the formation of recurrent, epithelial neoplastic lesions in the airways. While benign, they can cause significant airway obstruction in some cases. Difficulties in treatment arise from the recurrent nature of the lesions despite repeated procedures. Other known procedures that result in deep tissue damage also cause unacceptable collateral damage to the underlying airway mucosa. We describe a case of recurrent papillomatosis that was successfully treated with argon plasma coagulation ( APC) when laser and electrocautery ablation had failed in the past. After the papillomatasis was treated with APC, there is no recurrence on repeat scope at 4 months and 9 months after the initial procedure. The procedure was done as a day case and there is no complication from the procedure. The property of the APC that allows it to cause only superficial thermal damage to the tissue makes it a suitable adjunct therapy to the treatment of papillomas, which are usually superficial lesions.
  20. Fulltext Back to basic: bio-burden on hands of health care personnel in tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia
    Wong JL, Siti Azrin AH, Narizan MI, Norliah Y, Noraida M, Amanina A, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2014 Sep;31(3):534-9.
    PMID: 25382481 MyJurnal
    Hands of Health Care Personnel (HCP) are one of the most common vehicles for the transmission of infection. Microorganisms can survive well on the hands of HCP for a certain duration. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to bring awareness to HCP that their hands can actually be contaminated with many microorganisms. These microbes on the hands of HCP can potentially infect their patients if they do not comply with the proper hand hygiene practice. This cross-sectional study was conducted at a randomly selected Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and general ward in a hospital. Twenty five HCP from each ward were randomly selected and their hands were imprinted on blood culture plates. Microorganism growth were quantified and identified. Data were analyzed and presented as descriptive analysis. One hundred blood agar plates were processed and analyzed. Majority (71%) of the samples had more than 50 colony-forming units (CFU) and only 17% of the samples had less than 25 CFU. Microorganisms identified include Staphylococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp., Moraxella, Delftiaacidovorans and fungi. All isolated microorganisms were antibiotic sensitive strain. This study showed that the hands of HCP were contaminated with many microorganisms. Therefore, it is imperative that HCP must practice proper hand hygiene when taking care of their patients in the wards.
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