Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 58 in total

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  1. Update: Outbreak of acute febrile illness among athletes participating in Eco-Challenge-Sabah 2000--Borneo, Malaysia, 2000
    Stone SC, McNutt E
    Ann Emerg Med, 2001 Jul;38(1):83-4.
    PMID: 11423818
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases/statistics & numerical data
  2. Trend of malaria incidence in highly endemic provinces along the Thai borders, 1991-2001
    Konchom S, Singhasivanon P, Kaewkungwal J, Chupraphawan S, Thimasarn K, Kidson C, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2003 Sep;34(3):486-94.
    PMID: 15115117
    The intercountry border areas of Thailand have high malaria receptivity and vulnerability that present numerous problems in the control of malaria transmission. This study focused on the 30 provinces of Thailand situated next to neighboring countries, which can be divided into 4 groups: the Thai-Myanmar border (10 provinces), the Thai-Cambodia border (6 provinces), the Thai-Lao border (10 provinces) and the Thai-Malaysia border (4 provinces). The purpose of the present study was to describe the pattern and trend of malaria incidence in the highly endemic provinces along the Thai borders for the 11 years from 1991 to 2001. Analysis of trends showed the distribution of malaria parasites to have shifted from a preponderance of Plasmodium falciparum to Plasmodium vivax along the western border with Myanmar, the northern border with Lao PDR and along the eastern border with Cambodia whereas the southern border with Malaysia the pattern changed from a preponderance of P. vivax to P. falciparum, since 1997. There was a significant difference in annual parasite incidence between borders and non-border districts, especially along the Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodia borders. It is thus evident that all border districts should pay more attention to control of malaria transmission and the activities of the malaria surveillance system, and that monitoring and evaluation of the Thai Malaria Control Program needs to be performed consistently, including some areas where a few malaria cases were found as well as in malaria free areas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases*
  3. The prevalence of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes in Sekong Province, Lao PDR in relation to malaria transmission
    Vythilingam I, Phetsouvanh R, Keokenchanh K, Yengmala V, Vanisaveth V, Phompida S, et al.
    Trop Med Int Health, 2003 Jun;8(6):525-35.
    PMID: 12791058
    A longitudinal study was conducted on the prevalence of Anopheles in three malaria endemic villages in Sekong province, in the southern region of Lao PDR, from August 2000 to October 2001. All night, human landing collections took place in August and October 2000 and April and October 2001, and blood smears were taken for malaria parasites during the same period. Mosquitoes were tested for sporozoite antigen using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In August 2000 (wet season) and April 2001 (dry season) the ovaries of the mosquitoes were examined for parity. A total of 16 species of Anopheles were caught in the study sites of which An. dirus A, An. maculatus sl and An. jeyporiensis were positive for sporozoites. The entomological inoculation rate (EIR) ranged from 0.06 to 0.25. There was a good correlation between EIR and vectorial capacity in the wet season, especially in Pai Mai where the prevalence of malaria was also high during the wet seasons (11.8 and 10.53). An. dirus A showed ambivalence in their choice of feeding as approximately 50% attacked man indoors and an equal proportion outdoors. An dirus A was the main vector in Pai Mai. The parous rate did not significantly differ between the wet and dry season, although it was higher in the dry season. In Takaio the parasite prevalence ranged from 8.7% (dry season) to 37.1% (wet season) and An. jeyporiensis was the vector, and the risk of infection was 0.85 in the dry season while 0.99 in the wet season. In Toumgno An. maculatus sl was the vector and infection was found only in August and October 2000. However, malaria prevalence ranged from 9.69 to 20.4% and was equally high in the dry season. Cattle were also present close to the houses in all the villages and this might be a contributory factor in the prevalence of malaria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  4. Spray application of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti strain AM65-52) against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Ae. albopictus Skuse populations and impact on dengue transmission in a dengue endemic residential site in Malaysia
    Tan AW, Loke SR, Benjamin S, Lee HL, Chooi KH, Sofian-Azirun M
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2012 Mar;43(2):296-310.
    PMID: 23082582
    A one year study was conducted to evaluate the impact of spray application of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), strain AM65-52 on vector populations and dengue transmission in a dengue endemic state in Malaysia. Residential sites with similar populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse were studied. One site was treated with spray application of Bti into all outdoor target vector habitats, which consisted of natural and artificial containers. The other site was not treated. The impact of spray application was measured with an indoor and outdoor ovitrap index (OI) and epidemiologic data. Significant reductions in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, OI were observed both indoors and outdoors, in treated sites compared to untreated sites (p < 0.05). OI reduction was achieved over time in the treated area. The OI was suppressed to below 10%. This was maintained for 4 weeks into the post-treatment phase. The outdoor OI at the untreated site remained at more than 40% for 38 weeks during the evaluation period. One dengue case occurred at the Bti treatment site at the beginning of the treatment phase, but no further cases were detected during the remainder of the treatment phase. However, there was an ongoing dengue outbreak in the untreated area with 15 serologically confirmed cases during weeks 37-54. Intensive fogging operations with pyrethroids at the untreated (Bti) site had a positive impact on Ae. albopictus, but not on Ae. aegypti.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  5. Space spraying of bacterial and chemical insecticides against Anopheles balabacensis Baisas for the control of malaria in Sabah, East Malaysia
    Seleena P, Lee HL, Chooi KH, Junaidih S
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2004 Mar;35(1):68-78.
    PMID: 15272747
    A pilot study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of space application of insecticides for the control of malaria in Ranau, a district in Sabah. A village each was treated monthly: with chemical adulticide--alpha cypermethrin (Fendona SC(R)/10SC(R)) at 2 g a.i./10,000 m2 in Pahu; with biological larvicides--Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Vectobac 12AS(R)) at 500 ml/10,000 m2 or B. sphaericus (Vectolex WG(R)) at 500 g/10,000 m2 in Pinawantai; and with a mixture of chemical adulticide and biological larvicide in Togop Laut. All sprayings were conducted using a portable mist blower. During the study period all villages, including Tarawas the untreated village, received the conventional malaria control measures. Entomological and epidemiological surveillance was used to measure the effectiveness of the space application. The entomological surveillance indicated that the An. balabacensis population was significantly reduced by alpha cypermethrin in Pahu and Togop Laut and B. sphaericus in Pinawantai; but was not reduced by B.t.i. in Pinawantai. There was a significant reduction in the number of malaria cases and in the slide positivity rate in the treated villages during the study period. The pilot study does indicate that space application of larvicides/adulticides or a mixture of both is able to reduce the malaria vector population and the malaria transmission. A larger scale study needs to be undertaken in a malarious village/province to determine whether space application of insecticides together with other malaria control measures will be able to eradicate malaria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases/prevention & control
  6. Skin and subcutaneous infections in south-east Asia
    Nor NM, Baseri MM
    Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 2015 Apr;28(2):133-8.
    PMID: 25706913 DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000150
    We reviewed current literature on four different skin and subcutaneous infections which are often touted as 'emerging diseases' of south-east Asia, namely melioidosis, penicilliosis, sporotrichosis and Mycobacterium marinum infection. Lack of consensus treatment guidelines, high treatment costs and limited investigative capability in certain endemic areas are among the challenges faced by managing physicians. With the increase in borderless travelling, it is hoped that this review will facilitate better understanding and heighten the clinical suspicion of such infections for clinicians in other parts of the world.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases*
  7. Should postpapillotomy screening for Ascaris lumbricoides infection be routine in communities endemic for ascariasis?
    Raj SM, Radzi M
    Am J Gastroenterol, 1999 Aug;94(8):2329.
    PMID: 10445590
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases*
  8. Scaling-up attention to nonmalaria acute undifferentiated fever
    Naing C, Kassim AI
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2012 Jun;106(6):331-2.
    PMID: 22541873 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.03.003
    Studies have reported that only a small fraction of fever cases in malaria-endemic areas are actually caused by malaria. Much greater emphasis is now needed to step up attention to the appropriate management of nonmalarial acute undifferentiated febrile illness. There is an overlap at the start of clinical manifestations of different febrile illnesses which makes it difficult to adhere to the clinical guidelines. The development of rigorous guidelines based on high quality research and a consensus from the core group of content experts are needed. An innovative financing mechanism for universal access to such appropriate management should also be considered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  9. Fulltext Retrospective review of dot enzyme immunoassay test for typhoid fever in an endemic area
    Jackson AA, Ismail A, Ibrahim TA, Kader ZS, Nawi NM
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1995 Dec;26(4):625-30.
    PMID: 9139364
    Typhoid fever remains a common problem in Malaysia, but for its diagnosis both blood culture and the Widal test have drawbacks. A dot enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed which detects IgM and IgG antibodies to a specific 50 kDa outer membrane protein on Salmonella typhi. This study was performed among outpatients attending the university hospital in Kelantan, a state on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia where typhoid is endemic. The dot EIA was done on 149 outpatients of all ages in whom typhoid was suspected. Of these, 60 were not analysable due to insufficient data. The other 89 were retrospectively classed as typhoid (total = 21), or not typhoid (total = 68). The criteria for diagnosis of typhoid was either, blood culture was positive, or with blood culture negative, temperature was at least 38 degrees C and Widal O and/or H titer greater than or equal to 1/160. We then compared the diagnosis with the EIA result. For the result where either IgM or IgG was positive, sensitivity was 90%, specificity 91% and negative predictive value 97%. For IgM positive, specificity was 100%. But the specificity of IgG positive alone was reduced by six false positives, which were probably due to persistence of IgG after acute infection. Other cases were found where IgG positive alone appeared in the first week of typhoid fever, probably due to rapid response in a second or subsequent infection. We also found that IgM-producing patients were significantly younger than those showing IgG alone positive.
    Study site: Community Medicine clinic, Accident & emergency department, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  10. Fulltext Residual malaria in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia: the situation, challenges and climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria
    Al-Mekhlafi HM, Madkhali AM, Ghailan KY, Abdulhaq AA, Ghzwani AH, Zain KA, et al.
    Malar J, 2021 Jul 13;20(1):315.
    PMID: 34256757 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03846-4
    BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia and Yemen are the only two countries in the Arabian Peninsula that are yet to achieve malaria elimination. Over the past two decades, the malaria control programme in Saudi Arabia has successfully reduced the annual number of malaria cases, with the lowest incidence rate across the country reported in 2014. This study aims to investigate the distribution of residual malaria in Jazan region and to identify potential climatic drivers of autochthonous malaria cases in the region.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 1 April 2018 to 31 January 2019 in Jazan region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, which targeted febrile individuals attending hospitals and primary healthcare centres. Participants' demographic data were collected, including age, gender, nationality, and residence. Moreover, association of climatic variables with the monthly autochthonous malaria cases reported during the period of 2010-2017 was retrospectively analysed.

    RESULTS: A total of 1124 febrile subjects were found to be positive for malaria during the study period. Among them, 94.3 and 5.7% were infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, respectively. In general, subjects aged 18-30 years and those aged over 50 years had the highest (42.7%) and lowest (5.9%) percentages of malaria cases. Similarly, the percentage of malaria-positive cases was higher among males than females (86.2 vs 13.8%), among non-Saudi compared to Saudi subjects (70.6 vs 29.4%), and among patients residing in rural rather than in urban areas (89.8 vs 10.2%). A total of 407 autochthonous malaria cases were reported in Jazan region between 2010 and 2017. Results of zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis showed that monthly average temperature and relative humidity were the significant climatic determinants of autochthonous malaria in the region.

    CONCLUSION: Malaria remains a public health problem in most governorates of Jazan region. The identification and monitoring of malaria transmission hotspots and predictors would enable control efforts to be intensified and focused on specific areas and therefore expedite the elimination of residual malaria from the whole region.

    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases/statistics & numerical data
  11. Fulltext Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as an epidemiologic tool in the investigation of laboratory acquired Salmonella typhi infection
    Koay AS, Jegathesan M, Rohani MY, Cheong YM
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1997 Mar;28(1):82-4.
    PMID: 9322288
    Strains of Salmonella typhi implicated in two separate cases of laboratory acquired infection from patients and the medical laboratory technologists who processed the patients' samples were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Although all four isolates were of bacteriophage type E1, PFGE was able to demonstrate that the strains responsible for the two laboratory acquired cases were not genetically related. The PFGE patterns of the isolates from the MLTs were found to be identical to those of the corresponding patients after digestion with restriction enzyme AvrII. This provided genetic as well as epidemiological evidence for the source of the laboratory acquired infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases*
  12. Fulltext Primary dapsone resistant Mycobacterium leprae in a non endemic country
    Jamil A, Noor NM, Osman AS, Baseri MM, Muthupalaniappen L
    Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol, 2013 Jul-Aug;79(4):527-9.
    PMID: 23760326 DOI: 10.4103/0378-6323.113096
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases*
  13. Prevalence of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia
    Jamaiah I, Rohela M, Nissapatorn V, Maizatulhikma MM, Norazlinda R, Syaheerah H, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2005;36 Suppl 4:196-201.
    PMID: 16438209
    Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever have been known to be endemic and reportable diseases in Malaysia since 1971. Major outbreaks occurred in 1973, 1982 and in 1998. For the past few decades until now. many studies have been performed to investigate the importance of these two diseases in Malaysia. A retrospective study was carried out in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Klang to find the prevalence of these diseases. The data was collected from the record department of this hospital starting from the year 1999 until 2003 (5 years). A total of 6,577 cases of dengue fever and 857 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported. From the year 2000 onwards, cases of dengue fever had increased tremendously. However for the year 2001, there was a slight decrease in the reported cases. Most cases occurred in 2003, increasing from 674 in 1999 to 2,813 in 2003. Highest incidence was seen in Malay males more than 12 years of age. However, the cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever declined tremendously throughout the years. Most cases occurred in 1999 with 674 cases, then declining to only one in the year 2001 before it increased to 60 and 72 in the years 2002 and 2003, respectively. Most cases occurred in patients above 12 years old, the majority of which were Malay males.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  14. Population dynamics of adult mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in malaria endemic villages of Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia
    Ali WN, Ahmad R, Nor ZM, Ismail Z, Lim LH
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2011 Mar;42(2):259-67.
    PMID: 21710845
    Mosquitoes in malaria endemic areas needs to be monitored constantly in order to detect demographic changes that could affect control measures. A 12-month mosquito population survey was conducted in several malaria endemic areas in Pos Lenjang, Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia. Collection of mosquitoes using a human landing catch technique was carried out indoors and outdoors for 12 hours from 7:00 PM to 7:00 AM for 42 nights. Anopheles maculatus Theobald (31.0%), Armigeres flavus Leicester (11.3%), Armigeres annulitarsis Leicester (11.0%), Culex vishnui Theobald (9.6%) and Aedes albopictus Skuse (7.0%) were the predominant species caught in the study area. The salivary gland and midgut of all anopheline mosquitoes were dissected to determine the presence of malaria parasites but none were positive. A high rate of human biting by An. maculatus was detected during December, but the rate was lower in January. Mosquito larvae were carried by the rapid current of the river downstream causing a decrease in the larvae population. Of the five predominant species, only Ar. annulitarsis exhibited a significant positive correlation in numbers with monthly rainfall (p < 0.05). An. maculatus biting activity peaked during 10:00 PM to 11:00 PM. Ae. albopictus, Ar. annulitarsis, and Ar. flavus exhibited similar activities which peaked during 7:00 PM to 8.00 PM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases/prevention & control*
  15. Fulltext Plasmodium vivax population structure and transmission dynamics in Sabah Malaysia
    Abdullah NR, Barber BE, William T, Norahmad NA, Satsu UR, Muniandy PK, et al.
    PLoS One, 2013;8(12):e82553.
    PMID: 24358203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082553
    Despite significant progress in the control of malaria in Malaysia, the complex transmission dynamics of P. vivax continue to challenge national efforts to achieve elimination. To assess the impact of ongoing interventions on P. vivax transmission dynamics in Sabah, we genotyped 9 short tandem repeat markers in a total of 97 isolates (8 recurrences) from across Sabah, with a focus on two districts, Kota Marudu (KM, n = 24) and Kota Kinabalu (KK, n = 21), over a 2 year period. STRUCTURE analysis on the Sabah-wide dataset demonstrated multiple sub-populations. Significant differentiation (F ST  = 0.243) was observed between KM and KK, located just 130 Km apart. Consistent with low endemic transmission, infection complexity was modest in both KM (mean MOI  = 1.38) and KK (mean MOI  = 1.19). However, population diversity remained moderate (H E  = 0.583 in KM and H E  = 0.667 in KK). Temporal trends revealed clonal expansions reflecting epidemic transmission dynamics. The haplotypes of these isolates declined in frequency over time, but persisted at low frequency throughout the study duration. A diverse array of low frequency isolates were detected in both KM and KK, some likely reflecting remnants of previous expansions. In accordance with clonal expansions, high levels of Linkage Disequilibrium (I A (S) >0.5 [P<0.0001] in KK and KM) declined sharply when identical haplotypes were represented once (I A (S)  = 0.07 [P = 0.0076] in KM, and I A (S) = -0.003 [P = 0.606] in KK). All 8 recurrences, likely to be relapses, were homologous to the prior infection. These recurrences may promote the persistence of parasite lineages, sustaining local diversity. In summary, Sabah's shrinking P. vivax population appears to have rendered this low endemic setting vulnerable to epidemic expansions. Migration may play an important role in the introduction of new parasite strains leading to epidemic expansions, with important implications for malaria elimination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  16. Fulltext Molecular epidemiology of Plasmodium species prevalent in Yemen based on 18 s rRNA
    Al-Mekhlafi AM, Mahdy MA, A Azazy A, Fong MY
    Parasit Vectors, 2010 Nov 19;3:110.
    PMID: 21092097 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-110
    BACKGROUND: Malaria is an endemic disease in Yemen and is responsible for 4.9 deaths per 100,000 population per year and 43,000 disability adjusted life years lost. Although malaria in Yemen is caused mainly by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, there are no sequence data available on the two species. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of the Plasmodium species based on the molecular detection and to study the molecular phylogeny of these parasites.

    METHODS: Blood samples from 511 febrile patients were collected and a partial region of the 18 s ribosomal RNA (18 s rRNA) gene was amplified using nested PCR. From the 86 positive blood samples, 13 Plasmodium falciparum and 4 Plasmodium vivax were selected and underwent cloning and, subsequently, sequencing and the sequences were subjected to phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods.

    RESULTS: Malaria was detected by PCR in 86 samples (16.8%). The majority of the single infections were caused by P. falciparum (80.3%), followed by P. vivax (5.8%). Mixed infection rates of P. falciparum + P. vivax and P. falciparum + P. malariae were 11.6% and 2.3%, respectively. All P. falciparum isolates were grouped with the strain 3D7, while P. vivax isolates were grouped with the strain Salvador1. Phylogenetic trees based on 18 s rRNA placed the P. falciparum isolates into three sub-clusters and P. vivax into one cluster. Sequence alignment analysis showed 5-14.8% SNP in the partial sequences of the 18 s rRNA of P. falciparum.

    CONCLUSIONS: Although P. falciparum is predominant, P. vivax, P. malariae and mixed infections are more prevalent than has been revealed by microscopy. This overlooked distribution should be considered by malaria control strategy makers. The genetic polymorphisms warrant further investigation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  17. Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from human, food, and animal sources in Malaysia
    Ngoi ST, Lindstedt BA, Watanabe H, Thong KL
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2013;66(3):180-8.
    PMID: 23698477
    Salmonella Typhimurium is an important nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar associated with foodborne diseases in many parts of the world. This organism is the major causative agent of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in Malaysia. We aimed to investigate the genetic profiles of the strains isolated from clinical, zoonotic, and dietary sources in Malaysia using multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). By focusing on the 5 common variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) loci, we found that PFGE (D = 0.99) was more discriminative than MLVA (D = 0.76). The low MLVA score might be because of a lack of VNTR loci STTR6 (81.0%) and STTR10pl (76.2%). Both subtyping methods suggested that our S. Typhimurium strains were largely endemic with limited genetic variation. Furthermore, we observed that biphasic S. Typhimurium strains were dominant (99%) and multidrug resistance was prevalent (50%) within our sample pool. The most frequently observed phenotypes were resistance to compound sulfonamides (49%), tetracycline (51%), and streptomycin (52%). In this study, we documented the genetic relationship, antimicrobial resistance characteristics, and flagellar-phase dominance among S. Typhimurium strains found in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  18. Fulltext Mixed breeding of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus Skuse in four dengue endemic areas in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia
    Chen CD, Nazni WA, Lee HL, Seleena B, Mohd Masri S, Chiang YF, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):224-7.
    PMID: 17322826 MyJurnal
    Ovitrap surveillance was conducted in four dengue endemic areas in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia to determine the distribution and percentage of mixed breeding of both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The percentage of mixed breeding in all study sites both indoors and outdoors accounted for 10 to 32 % from the total ovitraps collected. Ae. aegypti was found at a higher frequency than Ae. albopictus in these ovitraps. This study again indicates that ovitrap is a sensitive tool to attract gravid females of more than one mosquito species to oviposit in the container.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  19. Fulltext Melioidosis transfusion transmitted infection in beta thalassemia patient’s
    Sahrol Nizam Bin Abu Bakar, Al-Afiq Alias, Masrah Tata
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):100-100.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Transfusion Transmitted Infections is occurring worldwide. The common organisms related reported in literature were Human Immunodefiency Virus, Hepatitis B and C Virus, bacterial contamination and Malaria par-asites. Meanwhile, Melioidosis is endemic disease in Malaysia and especially Sabah. Mortality due to Melioidosis septicaemia was also high. It ranges between 60%-80%. In Sabah, 74% of Thalassemia children were diagnosed with Bacteraemia Melioidosis and 50% had died due to the organisms. The incidence of Melioidosis Transfusion Transmitted Infection is rarely reported in the literature. Case Description: A 17-year-old girl was diagnosed having Beta thalassemia major since 5 years old and splenectomised 8 years ago. Currently on prophylaxis Penicillin and Ex-jade. She was admitted into hospital for monthly blood transfusion. Two days prior to admission, patient complained of having sore throat and cough but no fever and other complained. On examination, the tonsil enlarged and was treated as exudative tonsillitis. She was transfused with 2 pint packed cells within 2 days. No transfusion reaction noted. Day seven admission, she had high grade fever and redness of the right hand cannulation site and was treated as right hand cellulitis with intravenous Cloxacillin. Full blood count shows Total White Cell count was 24.9 x109 /L, Haemoglobin level was 9.3 g/dl and Platelets was 462x109/L. Blood for culture and sensitivity was taken and Chest X-ray noted haziness over the left mid and lower zone of the lung and was treated as Hospital Acquired Pneumonia. She was referred to tertiary hospital for further management. Her conditioned deteriorated and died at the casualty unit in the tertiary hospital. Blood culture was positive for Burkholderia pseudomallei. The case was reported to Dis-trict health office for further investigation. Blood donor tracing was done and was positive for Melioidosis through Elisa Antibody titre IgM for Melioidosis (1:320). The patient’s house and school were visited and investigated. All environmental samples were negative for Burkholderia pseudomallei. Conclusion: Its shows a relationship between blood donations infected with Burkholderia pseudomallei causing mortality of Beta Thalassemia patients. It is highly recommended to screen all blood products for communicable disease fatal organisms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases
  20. Melioidosis as an emerging global problem
    Dance DA
    Acta Trop, 2000 Feb 05;74(2-3):115-9.
    PMID: 10674638
    There is remarkably little known about the incidence of melioidosis outside a few countries (Thailand, Australia, Singapore and Malaysia). Presumably it is widespread in tropical south east Asia. Elsewhere there are tantalising glimpses of the tip of what may be a large iceberg. Since a specific diagnosis of melioidosis requires awareness on the part of clinicians, and the existence of a laboratory capable of isolating and identifying Burkholderia pseudomallei, a luxury not available in most rural tropical areas, the size of this iceberg is likely to remain unknown for the foreseeable future. There is mounting evidence that the disease is endemic in the Indian sub-continent and the Caribbean, and there have been unsubstantiated reports of recent cases in South Africa and the Middle East. It is unclear whether melioidosis has really spread to such areas relatively recently, or has been there but unrecognised for a long time. Almost all cases diagnosed in temperate climates have been imported from the tropics, with the exception of a unique outbreak which occurred in France in the mid-1970s. With increasing world wide travel of both humans and other animals, the potential exists for melioidosis to spread to new and fertile pastures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Endemic Diseases*
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