MyMedR

Epidemiology and prevention of cervical cancer in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam

Domingo EJ, Noviani R, Noor MR, Ngelangel CA, Limpaphayom KK, Thuan TV, et al.

Vaccine, 2008 Aug 19;26 Suppl 12:M71-9.

PMID: 18945416 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.039

Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancers in women from Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly HPV-16 and 18, are consistently identified in cervical cancer cases regardless of geographical region. Factors that have been identified to increase the likelihood of HPV exposure or subsequent development of cervical cancer include young age at first intercourse, high parity and multiple sexual partners. Cervical cancer screening programs in these countries include Pap smears, single visit approach utilizing visual inspection with acetic acid followed by cryotherapy, as well as screening with colposcopy. Uptake of screening remains low in all regions and is further compounded by the lack of basic knowledge women have regarding screening as an opportunity for the prevention of cervical cancer. Prophylactic HPV vaccination with the quadrivalent vaccine has already been approved for use in Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand, while the bivalent vaccine has also been approved in the Philippines. However, there has been no national or government vaccination policy implemented in any of these countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

Isolation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from buffalo in Malaysia

Ibrahim A, Saw SP, Fatimah I, Saharee AA

Vet Rec, 1983 Mar 26;112(13):303-4.

PMID: 6302973

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears/veterinary

Fulltext Effectiveness of audio-visual and print media intervention on knowledge of cervical health among rural women in Southern India

Nagamma T, Ashok L, Konuri A, Chandrasekaran V

Niger Postgrad Med J, 2020 11 7;27(4):343-347.

PMID: 33154288 DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_148_20

Background: Cervical cancer health education programmes are not accessible to rural women in developing countries.

Objective: Our study aimed at assessing the health literacy about cervical cancer amongst the rural women in Udupi district, southern India, before and following intervention using audio-visual aid/face-to-face interactive sessions versus pamphlets alone.

Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study. A total of 166 women participated in the study. Participant groups were allocated into two interventional (Experimental/Control) groups. Participants in the experimental group received education through the video followed by face-to-face interaction with a health educator while those in the control group received a pamphlet. A validated questionnaire was used to assess knowledge about numerous risk factors, Pap smear test and treatment of cervical cancer (pre- and post-intervention test). The findings are presented as frequencies and percentages. Paired responses were compared for individual questions using McNemar test and P < 0.05 was fixed as statistically significant.

Results: Former to the intervention, 13.5% and 19.1% in the experimental and control groups, respectively, felt that personal hygiene was important to prevent cervical cancer. Both the groups had very limited knowledge regarding risk factors (93.6%; 94%), symptoms (96.3%; 97.6%) and knowledge that Pap smears can reduce the risk of cervical cancer (91.7%; 93.9%). The change in knowledge pre-and post-intervention in both groups increased significantly.

Conclusion: Intervention with face-to-face interactive sessions showed a positive impact on knowledge regarding cervical cancer. These findings indicate both methods can be effective in providing health education in the community.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

Fulltext Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and hybrid capture II (HCII) assay for the detection of human papillomavirus in cervical scrapings

Saini R, Shen TH, Othman NH, Santhanam J, Othman N, Tang TH

Med J Malaysia, 2007 Aug;62(3):206-9.

PMID: 18246908 MyJurnal

In order to investigate the reliability of detecting HPV DNA in cervical smears, we compared the performance of nested MY/GP PCR and FDA approved-Hybrid Capture II (HCII) using clinical cervical scrapings from 40 patients. It was found that PCR was more sensitive (81.8%) in comparison to HCII (36.4%) in detecting HPV although specificity of HCII was much higher (96.6%) than PCR (58.6%). The Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of both the techniques were quite similar but Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of HCII was much higher (80.0%) compared to PCR (42.9%). While the HCII method showed good specificity for HPV detection, its lack of sensitivity as compared to PCR may be a drawback for diagnostic use.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

Fulltext Post-menopausal smear patterns--a review of vaginal smears in 480 women

Pillay B, Yap SK, Lim GL

Med J Malaysia, 1992 Mar;47(1):38-43.

PMID: 1387448

Cytohormonal evaluation was done on the vaginal smears of 480 normal, asymptomatic, post-menopausal women whose ages ranged from 36 to 74 years. About 50% showed atrophic smears consistent with total oestrogen lack. 41% had mild to moderately proliferative smears compatible with sub-optimal oestrogen stimulus. 9% showed a highly proliferative pattern typical of unopposed oestrogen effect and in this group two women had atypical endometrial cells in their smears, which subsequently were found to come from an atypical endometrial hyperplasia and an endometrial adenocarcinoma-in-situ. The clinical relevance of cytohormonal studies in post-menopausal women is briefly discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

Fulltext Cytopathologic changes associated with intrauterine contraceptive devices. A review of cervico-vaginal smears in 350 women

Pillay B, Gregory AR, Subbiah M

Med J Malaysia, 1994 Mar;49(1):74-7.

PMID: 8057995

Cervico-vaginal smears from 350 IUCD users were analysed to ascertain the range of abnormalities induced in the genital tract of these women. Alteration of the microbial environment, inflammatory, degenerative, reparative and proplastic epithelial changes were the salient cytological findings. The clinical implications of these are briefly discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

Fulltext A Malaysian Well Person's Clinic--review of patients seen between April and December 1995

Chan SC

Med J Malaysia, 1997 Mar;52(1):53-9.

PMID: 10968053

The Well Man & Well Woman's Clinic in Ipoh Hospital provides screening for coronary risk factors and early detection of cancer. This retrospective review of 1095 patients screened between April and December 1995 showed 48% had one or more coronary risk factors--1 risk (29%), 2 risks (14%), 3 or more risks (5%). Modifiable risks included hypertension (10%), obesity (9%), diabetes mellitus (8%) and smoking (7%). Sixteen abnormal Papanicolaou smears and six cancers (three cervical, two breast and one ovarian) were detected. Public response was good. There is a need for clinics offering comprehensive screening in Malaysian primary health care.

Study site: The Well Man & Well Woman's Clinic in Ipoh Hospital

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

Fulltext Torulopsis glabrata in vaginitis

Chin CS, Cheong YM

Med J Malaysia, 1988 Sep;43(3):250-1.

PMID: 3241585

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

Fulltext Knowledge and practice of breast self examination and Pap smear screening among a group of electronics women workers

Chee HL, Rashidah S, Shamsuddin K, Sharifah Zainiyah SY

Med J Malaysia, 2003 Aug;58(3):320-9.

PMID: 14750370

A total of 486 Malaysian women electronics workers participated in a study of reproductive health knowledge and cancer screening. The practice of Breast Self Examination (BSE) was found to be related to educational attainment; while ever having had a Pap smear was found to be related to being older than 30 years old, being ever married, living with family or relatives, and not staying in hostels. Knowledge on reproductive health was found to be higher for older women, married women, living with family or relatives, not staying in hostels, ever having done BSE and ever having had a Pap smear.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

The early detection of unsuspected carcinoma of cervix in Malaysia by exfoliative cytological screening

Sinnathuray TA, Lau KS

Med J Malaysia, 1973 Dec;28(2):70-4.

PMID: 4276263

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

Group B streptococci in a maternity unit

Jamal F, Mohamed R, Zainal Z, Arshat H

Med J Malaysia, 1979 Jun;33(4):349-51.

PMID: 574917

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

THE USE OF RADIATION RESPONSE IN SELECTING THE METHOD OF TREATMENT OF CARCINOMA CERVICIS UTERI

CHESTERMAN JN

Med J Malaysia, 1963 Jun;17:263-8.

PMID: 14060502

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

VALUE OF EXFOLIATIVE CERVICAL CYTOLOGY IN THE DETECTION OF UNSUSPECTED CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX

SINNATHURAY TA

Med J Malaysia, 1963 Dec;18:77-82.

PMID: 14117284

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

Fulltext A review of cervical cancer research in Malaysia

Zaridah S

Med J Malaysia, 2014 Aug;69 Suppl A:33-41.

PMID: 25417949 MyJurnal

Despite cervical cancer being potentially preventable, it is the second most common cancer among women in Malaysia. One hundred and five articles related to Cervical Cancer were found in a search through a database dedicated to indexing all original data relevant to medicine published in Malaysia between the years 2000-2013. Fifty seven articles were selected and reviewed for the articles' clinical relevance and future research implications. This article reviews the various aspects of cervical cancer in Malaysia, mainly persistent infection of high risk human papillomavirus (HPV), primary prevention (HPV vaccination), screening method (Pap smear issues), and the attitude and knowledge of various groups of Malaysian women that contributed to the failure to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Most of the studies focused on prevention, Pap smear issues, HPV DNA testing, HPV vaccination and various recommendations for prevention of cervical cancer. Secondary prevention by screening is still an important aspect because even with HPV vaccination, screening still plays an important role as vaccination does not cover all high risk HPVs. There is a need to seriously consider a properly organised screening programme, taking into consideration what we already know about the attitude and knowledge of Malaysian women, economic factors and psychosocial issues of the screening method. There is also a large gap in clinical studies on the outcome, management and survival of cervical cancer patients in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

Fulltext Adequacy of cellular material in split-sampling of cervical scrapings for routine cancer screening: an analysis of 702 smears

Othman N, Othman NH

Malays J Pathol, 2012 Dec;34(2):115-21.

PMID: 23424773 MyJurnal

The aim of this study was to examine cells (split-sample) that were retained on sampling devices used to collect conventional Pap smears (primary smears) in order to evaluate specimen adequacy and cytological diagnosis of scrapings that are routinely discarded.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears/methods*

Villoglandular adenocarcinoma of cervix--a tumour with bland cytological features: report of a case missed on cytology

Jayaram G, Razak A

Malays J Pathol, 2003 Dec;25(2):139-43.

PMID: 16196371

The diagnosis of villoglandular adenocarcinoma of cervix on cytological smears is often missed due to the relatively bland cytological features of this tumour. A 45-year-old female with an exophytic cervical growth had three cervical smears reported as unsatisfactory. A cervical biopsy followed by Wertheim's hysterectomy showed a villoglandular adenocarcinoma (VGA) of cervix. Vaginal recurrence of VGA was again missed on the first post-operative vault smear. The second and third vault smears showed characteristic features of VGA that enabled correct identification. Review of some of the smears previously reported as unsatisfactory showed architectural features of VGA in the three dimensional (3-D) fragments that were previously considered to be benign.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

Comparative study of cytologic and colposcopic findings in preclinical cervical cancer

Maziah AM, Sharifah NA, Yahya A

Malays J Pathol, 1991 Dec;13(2):105-8.

PMID: 1823091

Seventy-seven patients who had PAP smear cytology and colposcopic examination in a 2-year period between 1988 and 1989 were reviewed. Those with findings indicative or suspicious of malignancy were subjected to biopsy. All 50 patients thus biopsied were confirmed to have preclinical cancer on histological examination. Compared against histology, PAP smear cytology gave an accuracy rate of 90% (5 false negatives) and colposcopy gave an accuracy rate of 94% (3 false negatives). These results demonstrate that the two techniques are useful as screening tests for preclinical cervical cancer. The results are improved if they are used complementarily. However, there was poor specificity in the categorisation of cervical cancer by both methods. This was probably due to the subjectiveness of the two procedures. The study also raised the possibility of a higher incidence of preclinical cervical cancer in the Chinese ethnic group.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears*

Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of p16/Ki-67 dual staining and HPV DNA testing of abnormal cervical cytology in the detection of histology proven cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and above (CIN 2+)

Tay TKY, Lim KL, Hilmy MH, Thike AA, Goh ST, Song LH, et al.

Malays J Pathol, 2017 Dec;39(3):257-265.

PMID: 29279588

INTRODUCTION: Human papillomavirus (HPV) testing is used as a means of triaging cervico-vaginal smears with low grade squamous abnormalities or as part of co-testing with cytology. While HPV testing has a high sensitivity, it has a low specificity in detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and above (CIN 2+) leading to unnecessary colposcopy referrals. We investigate the accuracy of the p16/Ki-67 dual immunocytochemical stain in determining the presence of CIN 2+ lesions on histology and its potential as a superior biomarker for triage.

METHODS: Liquid based cervico-vaginal cytology specimens with squamous abnormalities and corresponding histology from 97 women with subsequent colposcopy and biopsy were included. The specimens were then subjected to the dual stain and Roche Cobas 4800 multiplex real time PCR HPV DNA testing. The sensitivity and specificity of the dual stain and HPV testing were calculated using CIN 2+ on histology as a reference standard.

RESULTS: The sensitivity and specificity of the dual stain in detecting histology proven CIN 2+ was 93.7% and 76.5% while HPV testing was 85.7% and 14.7% respectively. Of the 44 women with ASCUS or LSIL on cytology, the dual stain also reduced the number of unnecessary colposcopy referrals from 27 to 7 when used as a triage marker compared to HPV testing.

CONCLUSION: p16/Ki-67 dual stain was more sensitive and specific than HPV testing in determining the presence of CIN 2+ on histology. It could triage low grade cervico-vaginal specimens more effectively and potentially help women avoid unnecessary colposcopies. Future studies are needed to further evaluate its role in cervical cancer screening programmes.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

Fulltext Cancer of the cervix - from bleak past to bright future; a review, with an emphasis on cancer of the cervix in malaysia

Nor Hayati O

Malays J Med Sci, 2003 Jan;10(1):13-26.

PMID: 23365496 MyJurnal

Cancer of the cervix has the potential to be eradicated since the initiating cause is known. There was not much known about this cancer until the time of the Renaissance. In Malaysia, it is the second most common cancer among females after breast cancer. The strategies on prevention in this country are still not optimal. This article highlights the problems and also discusses the pathogenesis of this disease. The key to prevention is screening and the future is the era of molecular pap smear.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

Fulltext Knowledge, attitude and practices on cervical cancer and its prevention among university female students

Eunice Lemson, Khin Soe Kyi

The Malaysian Journal of Nursing, 2018;9(4):86-92.

MyJurnal

Introduction: Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fifth most common cause of death caused by cancer
following other types of cancer (Parkin, Louie & Clifford, 2008). In Malaysia, cervical cancer is the third
most common cancer among women and the fourth most prevalent cause of death (Parkin et al., 2010;
Ministry of Health, Malaysia, MOH, 2006). Many studies indicated that knowledge of cervical cancer
would improve screening coverage and preventive practices among women. It is important for young
females to have appropriate knowledge and practices regarding cervical cancer and its prevention, since
they are vulnerable to get this kind of preventable disease.

Methodology: Adescriptive cross-sectional quantitative study design was used to find out the knowledge,
attitude and practices about cervical cancer and its prevention among the university female students in
Malaysia. Self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire
focused on the demographic characteristics, knowledge on causes, risks, attitude and practice regarding
prevention of cervical cancer.

Findings: In general, the respondents had moderate and low level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer
and risks factors. Majority (76%) of respondents knew that HPV vaccine could prevent occurrences of
cervical cancer. Most of the respondents did not know about the risks and symptoms of cervical cancer.
However, nearly two-third (72%) had positive attitude on cervical cancer whereas approximately one-third
(28%) showed their negative attitude towards cervical cancer. Regarding attitude statements, nearly all
statements were showed positive attitude except the fact that they were examined by male doctors for Pap
smear. Most of respondents (73% Vs 93% respectively) had never been vaccinated against cervical cancer
before, and never experienced the Pap smear test before.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the knowledge and practices regarding cervical cancer among the female
students at the study area were generally insufficient. There is a need for health education program among
them to increase their knowledge, awareness, and practices on cervical cancer and its prevention so as to
enhance the cervical screening rates among them and prevent occurrences of cervical cancer in their later
lives.

Matched MeSH terms: Vaginal Smears

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