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The slow ape: High infant survival and long interbirth intervals in wild orangutans

van Noordwijk MA, Utami Atmoko SS, Knott CD, Kuze N, Morrogh-Bernard HC, Oram F, et al.

J Hum Evol, 2018 12;125:38-49.
PMID: 30502896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.004

Orangutans (Pongo spp.) are reported to have extremely slow life histories, including the longest average interbirth intervals of all mammals. Such slow life history can be viable only when unavoidable mortality is kept low. Thus, orangutans' survivorship under natural conditions is expected to be extremely high. Previous estimates of orangutan life history were based on captive individuals living under very different circumstances or on small samples from wild populations. Here, we combine birth data from seven field sites, each with demographic data collection for at least 10 years (range 12-43 years) on wild orangutans to better document their life history. Using strict criteria for data inclusion, we calculated infant survival, interbirth intervals and female age at first reproduction, across species, subspecies and islands. We found an average closed interbirth interval of 7.6 years, as well as consistently very high pre-weaning survival for males and females. Female survival of 94% until age at first birth (at around age 15 years) was higher than reported for any other mammal species under natural conditions. Similarly, annual survival among parous females is very high, but longevity remains to be estimated. Current data suggest no major life history differences between Sumatran and Bornean orangutans. The high offspring survival is remarkable, noting that modern human populations seem to have reached the same level of survival only in the 20th century. The orangutans' slow life history illustrates what can be achieved if a hominoid bauplan is exposed to low unavoidable mortality. Their high survival is likely due to their arboreal and non-gregarious lifestyle, and has allowed them to maintain viable populations, despite living in low-productivity habitats. However, their slow life history also implies that orangutans are highly vulnerable to a catastrophic population crash in the face of drastic habitat change.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning*
Isolation of Bifidobacteria infantis and its antagonistic activity against ETEC 0157 and Salmonella typhimurium S-285 in weaning foods

Yusof RM, Haque F, Ismail M, Hassan Z

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2000 Jun;9(2):130-5.
PMID: 24394399

Probiotic organism Bifidobacteria was isolated from the faeces of breast-fed infants at Universiti Putra Malaysia. Trypticase phytone peptone yeast extract agar (TPY) was used as a selective media for the isolation. Morphological examination of the isolates indicated that Bifidobacteria was Gram-positive rods in nature, curved with characteristics of V and Y shapes. The organisms were non-catalase producing, non-nitrate reducing, non-motile, had an absence of indole and were unable to liquify gelatin. The ratios of acetic and lactic acids were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using carbohydrate fermentation profile test API-CH-50 kits, 20 Bifidobacteria strains had been identified: they were the species of Bifidobacteria infantis and two different sub-species, mainly infantis and lacentis. Based on a wide zone of inhibition, three suitable strains of B. infantis, Bifi-11, Bifi-19 and Bifi-20, were tested in weaning foods for antimicrobial activity towards two human pathogens: E. coli-0157 (World Health Organization) and Salmonella typhimurium S-285. The pH, titratable acidity of weaning foods and total colony count for Bifidobacteria, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium were recorded at 3-h intervals for 30 h. It was found that after 9 h of incubation of weaning foods, the pH declined to < 3.6 from pH 6.0, whereas titratable acidity increased from 0.026 to 0.08%. It was indicated that Bifidobacteria inhibited E. coli better than did S typhimurium due to low pH. After 24 h of incubation, approximately 98% of E. coli was inhibited by Bifidobacteria. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of Bifidobacteria strains in weaning foods towards the growth of enteropathogenic E. coli and S. typhimurium was solely due to low pH and the production of volatile acid components by the organism.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Breastfeeding and waiting time to conception for Malay women: a tale of two surveys

VanLandingham M

Soc Biol, 1993 1 1;40(3-4):215-23.
PMID: 8178190

This study investigates the unusual relationship between breastfeeding and waiting time to conception in Malaysia as reported in Goldman et al. (1987). Using data from the Malaysian World Fertility Survey (MWFS), Goldman and her colleagues (1987) find that noncontracepting Malaysian women have an unusually long waiting time to conception, given their relatively short durations of breastfeeding. This study provides a similar analysis using data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey (MFLS) and finds a more typical relationship. I conclude that the distinction between full and partial breastfeeding made to respondents of the MFLS probably led to more reliable responses to questions about breastfeeding duration, especially for women who breastfeed for long durations.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
The influence of folate and methionine on intestinal tumour development in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model

Teh AH, Symonds E, Bull C, Clifton P, Fenech M

Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res, 2012 05 22;751(1):64-75.
PMID: 22627043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.05.001

Folate and methionine are critical for one-carbon metabolism impacting DNA synthesis, repair, and methylation processes, as well as polyamine synthesis. These micronutrients have been implicated in colorectal cancer risk. There are, however, inconsistencies within the literature, with some studies showing restriction to have tumour-inhibitory effects, whereas others suggest excess to have adverse outcomes. We conducted a review of the published data to examine the accumulated evidence for involvement of dietary folate and/or methionine restriction or excess in intestinal tumour development in the Apc(Min/+) mouse model, which is genetically prone to develop such cancers. Thirteen publications were selected for evaluation based on the following inclusion criteria: (i) use of Apc(Min/+) mouse model; (ii) interventions using dietary folate and/or methionine; and (iii) primary outcome measures focused on intestinal tumour development. We found that nutritional modulation of folate and methionine was shown to have different effects on intestinal cancer in the Apc(Min/+) mouse, depending on the dosage, duration and timing of intervention, and interaction of the Apc(Min/+) genotype with other genetic factors affecting folate and DNA methylation metabolism. Although some studies showed that folate deficiency before tumorigenesis tended to increase risk of tumour formation, there are inconsistencies regarding whether excess folate post-weaning or after tumour initiation increases intestinal tumour burden. Altogether, the pooled data do not appear to indicate a difference in effect on intestinal tumour incidence between post-weaning diets that are folate deficient or folate adequate. The Apc(Min/+) mouse is a useful model for assessment of the impact of dietary folate on intestinal tumour development, but further research is required to understand the reasons for these inconsistencies amongst studies based on likely mechanisms, including modulation of nucleotide synthesis, DNA methylation, and chromosomal instability, which may affect the rate of cellular division and its control.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Modified rapid shallow breathing index adjusted with anthropometric parameters increases predictive power for extubation failure compared with the unmodified index in postcardiac surgery patients

Takaki S, Kadiman SB, Tahir SS, Ariff MH, Kurahashi K, Goto T

J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 2015 Feb;29(1):64-8.
PMID: 25620140 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2014.06.022

The aim of this study was to determine the best predictors of successful extubation after cardiac surgery, by modifying the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) based on patients' anthropometric parameters.

Matched MeSH terms: Ventilator Weaning/adverse effects; Ventilator Weaning/methods*
Fulltext The effects of nicotine on foetal loss, postnatal growth and plasma oestrogen and progesterone levels in rats

Siti Norashikin Mohd Tambeh, Sumitabha Ghosh, Mohd Hamim Rajikin

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2019;4(2):75-81.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the effects of nicotine on foetal loss,
postnatal growth and corresponding levels of oestrogen and progesterone in pregnant rats.
Methods: Subcutaneous injection of nicotine tartrate (7.5 mg/kg/day) was administered to
groups of pregnant rats; with treatment scheduled from day 1 through day 5, day 5 through
day 9 or day 1 through day 9 of pregnancy. On day 10 of pregnancy, laparotomy was
performed to count the number of blastocyst implantation sites. During parturition, the
number of viable pups was recounted and statistically compared with the controls. One
group of rats which received nicotine from day 1 through day 9 of pregnancy was sacrificed
on day 16 of pregnancy, and circulating levels of oestrogen and progesterone were
measured. Upon delivery, the birth weight of the pups was measured, and their weights were
recorded until weaning. Results: There was a significant increase in foetal loss particularly in
rats which received nicotine from day 5 through day 9 and from day 1 through day 9 of
pregnancy. There was also significantly lower birth weight of pups in all groups; however,
this pattern did not continue until weaning. Plasma oestrogen level was significantly elevated
with a significant decrease in the plasma progesterone level. Conclusions: Nicotine
administration during pregnancy showed an increase in foetal loss with a corresponding
increase in oestrogen and decrease in progesterone levels. Although the birth weight of the
pups was low, there was catch-up growth in the pups.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Effect of melatonin supplementation on pregnancy outcome in Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley rats

Singh HJ, Saleh HI, Gupalo S, Omar E

Sheng Li Xue Bao, 2013 Apr 25;65(2):149-57.
PMID: 23598870

Although melatonin supplementation is known to influence numerous physiological functions, little is however known of its effects on pregnancy outcome. This study investigated the effects of melatonin supplementation on pregnancy outcome in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats aged 12-13 weeks. Upon confirmation of proestrus, each female rat was housed overnight with a male of the same strain. On the next morning, following confirmation of mating (vaginal smear), WKY female rats were isolated into individual metabolic cages and given 0, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg per day of melatonin in drinking water from day 1 of pregnancy to day 21 postpartum. SD females were given 0 or 100 mg/kg per day of melatonin. Maternal weight, duration of pregnancy, litter size, birth weight and body weight of pups up to day 42, and pup mortality were recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures. Compared to controls, maternal weight gain during pregnancy was significantly lower in melatonin-supplemented dams (P < 0.01). Litter size was significantly smaller in melatonin-supplemented dams (P < 0.01). Mean birth weight of pups was significantly lower only in pups of dams given 100 mg/kg per day of melatonin (P < 0.001). Mean body weight of pups of dams given melatonin was significantly lower than controls (P < 0.01). Pup mortalities were 9.5% and 21.6% in WKY dams given 25 and 100 mg/kg per day of melatonin respectively, and all pup deaths occurred after day 21 of weaning. The results suggest that melatonin supplementation during antenatal and postpartum period appears to adversely affect litter size, pup growth and mortality in WKY and SD rats. The precise mechanism causing the death is not clear.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Effect of melatonin supplementation and cross-fostering on renal glutathione system and development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Siew-Keah L, Sundaram A, Sirajudeen KN, Zakaria R, Singh HJ

J Physiol Biochem, 2014 Mar;70(1):73-9.
PMID: 23975651 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0282-3

Antenatal and postnatal environments are hypothesised to influence the development of hypertension. This study investigates the synergistic effect of cross-fostering and melatonin supplementation on the development of hypertension and renal glutathione system in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In one experiment, 1-day-old male SHR pups were fostered to either SHR (shr-SHR) or Wistar-Kyoto rats, (shr-WKY). In a concurrent experiment, SHR dams were given melatonin in drinking water (10 mg/kg body weight) from day 1 of pregnancy. Immediately following delivery, 1-day-old male pups were fostered either to SHR (Mel-shr-SHR) or WKY (Mel-shr-WKY) dams receiving melatonin supplementation until weaning on day 21. Upon weaning, melatonin supplementation was continued to these pups until the age of 16 weeks. Systolic blood pressures (SBP) were recorded at the age of 4, 6, 8, 12 and 16 weeks. Renal antioxidant activities were measured. Mean SBP of shr-WKY, Mel-shr-SHR and Mel-shr-WKY was significantly lower than that in shr-SHR until the age of 8 weeks. At 12 and 16 weeks of age, mean SBP of Mel-shr-WKY was lower than those in non-treated shr-SHR and shr-WKY pups but was not significantly different from that in Mel-shr-SHR. Renal glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were significantly higher in Mel-shr-SHR and Mel-shr-WKY at 16 weeks of age. It appears that combination of cross-fostering and melatonin supplementation exerts no synergistic effect on delaying the rise in blood pressure in SHR. The elevated GPx and GST activities are likely to be due to the effect of melatonin supplementation.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Fulltext High-dose ulinastatin improves postoperative oxygenation in patients undergoing aortic valve surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass: A retrospective study

Rhee KY, Sung TY, Kim JD, Kang H, Mohamad N, Kim TY

J Int Med Res, 2018 Mar;46(3):1238-1248.
PMID: 29332409 DOI: 10.1177/0300060517746841

Objective To determine whether pre-treatment with high-dose ulinastatin provides enhanced postoperative oxygenation in patients who have undergone aortic valve surgery with moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods Patients who underwent aortic valve surgery with moderate hypothermic CPB were retrospectively evaluated. In total, 94 of 146 patients were included. The patients were classified into one of two groups: patients in whom ulinastatin (10,000 U/kg followed by 5,000 U/kg/h) was administered during CPB (Group U, n = 38) and patients in whom ulinastatin was not administered (Group C, n = 56). The PaO2/FiO2 ratio was calculated at the following time points: before CPB (pre-CPB), 2 h after weaning from CPB (post-CPB), and 6 h after arrival to the intensive care unit (ICU-6). The incidence of a low PaO2/FiO2 ratio was also compared among the time points. Results Group U showed a significantly higher PaO2/FiO2 ratio (F(4, 89.0) = 657.339) and a lower incidence of lung injury (PaO2/FiO2 ratio

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Fulltext Effects of maternal diet and exercise during pregnancy on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and fat of weanling rats

Raipuria M, Bahari H, Morris MJ

PLoS One, 2015;10(4):e0120980.
PMID: 25853572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120980

Obesity during pregnancy contributes to the development of metabolic disorders in offspring. Maternal exercise may limit gestational weight gain and ameliorate these programming effects. We previously showed benefits of post-weaning voluntary exercise in offspring from obese dams. Here we examined whether voluntary exercise during pregnancy influences lipid and glucose homeostasis in muscle and fat in offspring of both lean and obese dams. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed chow (C) or high fat (F) diet for 6 weeks before mating. Half underwent voluntary exercise (CE/FE) with a running wheel introduced 10 days prior to mating and available until the dams delivered; others remained sedentary (CS/FS). Male and female pups were killed at postnatal day (PND)19 and retroperitoneal fat and gastrocnemius muscle were collected for gene expression. Lean and obese dams achieved similar modest levels of exercise. At PND1, both male and female pups from exercised lean dams were significantly lighter (CE versus CS), with no effect in those from obese dams. At PND19, maternal obesity significantly increased offspring body weight and adiposity, with no effect of maternal exercise. Exercise significantly reduced insulin concentrations in males (CE/FE versus CS/FS), with reduced glucose in male FE pups. In males, maternal obesity significantly decreased muscle myogenic differentiation 1 (MYOD1) and glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) mRNA expressions (FS vs CS); these were normalized by exercise. Maternal exercise upregulated adipose GLUT4, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) mRNA expression in offspring of dams consuming chow. Modest voluntary exercise during pregnancy was associated with lower birth weight in pups from lean dams. Maternal exercise appeared to decrease the metabolic risk induced by maternal obesity, improving insulin/glucose metabolism, with greater effects in male than female offspring.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning*
Feeding soywaste or pellet on performance and carcass characteristics of post-weaning kids

Rahman MM, Khadijah WE, Abdullah RB

Trop Anim Health Prod, 2016 Aug;48(6):1287-90.
PMID: 27116608 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-016-1065-y

Twelve Jermasia kids were individually housed in pens to study the effects of soywaste on growth performance and carcass characteristics and to compare such effects with commercial pellet. Kids were divided into a pellet group and a soywaste group, including six kids (3 males and 3 females) in each group. Pellet or soywaste was offered to kids at a rate of 2.0 % dry matter (DM) of body weight/day in addition to Napier grass ad libitum. In last 10 days of experiment, kids were housed in metabolism crates for faeces collection. At the end of the experiment, three males from each group were slaughtered. Kids fed soywaste diet consumed more grass and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) than those fed pellet. The same trend was found for the digestibilities of DM, organic matter (OM) and NDF. Conversely, kids fed soywaste diet consumed less soywaste supplement than kids fed pellet. No treatment effects were observed on total intakes of DM, OM and crude protein (CP) including CP digestibility. Similarly, no effects were found on carcass and non-carcass components, except for lean, lean to fat ratio and kidney weight which were higher for kids fed soywaste diet. Results indicate that soywaste is effective as a feed for growing kids.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Determinants of Breastfeeding Practices and Success in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Population

Pang WW, Aris IM, Fok D, Soh SE, Chua MC, Lim SB, et al.

Birth, 2016 Mar;43(1):68-77.
PMID: 26643773 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12206

BACKGROUND: Many countries in Asia report low breastfeeding rates and the risk factors for early weaning are not well studied. We assessed the prevalence, duration, and mode of breastfeeding (direct or expressed) among mothers of three Asian ethnic groups.
METHODS: Participants were 1,030 Singaporean women recruited during early pregnancy. Data collected included early breastfeeding experiences, breastfeeding duration, and mode of breastfeeding. Full breastfeeding was defined as the intake of breast milk, with or without water. Cox regression models were used to identify factors associated with discontinuation of any and full breastfeeding. Logistic regression analyses assessed the association of ethnicity with mode of breastfeeding.
RESULTS: At 6 months postpartum, the prevalence of any breastfeeding was 46 percent for Chinese mothers, 22 percent for Malay mothers, and 41 percent for Indian mothers; prevalence of full breastfeeding was 11, 2, and 5 percent, respectively. More Chinese mothers fed their infants expressed breast milk, instead of directly breastfeeding them, compared with the other two ethnic groups. Duration of any and full breastfeeding were positively associated with breastfeeding a few hours after birth, higher maternal age and education, and negatively associated with irregular breastfeeding frequency and being shown how to breastfeed. Adjusting for maternal education, breastfeeding duration was similar in the three ethnic groups, but ethnicity remained a significant predictor of mode of breastfeeding.
CONCLUSIONS: The low rates and duration of breastfeeding in this population may be improved with breastfeeding education and support, especially in mothers with lower education. Further work is needed to understand the cultural differences in mode of feeding and its implications for maternal and infant health.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning*
Nutrient intake, growth performance and nutrient digestibility of pre- and post-weaning Dorper lambs fed varying crude protein level

Panadi M, Mat K, Rahman MM, Khan MAKG, Balakrishnan M, Rusli ND

Trop Anim Health Prod, 2021 Oct 13;53(5):515.
PMID: 34647184 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02953-3

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of varying crude protein (CP) levels on intake, growth performances and nutrient digestibility of Dorper lambs at pre- and post-weaning period. Twenty lambs at 7 days old with an initial body weight of 2.91 kg were individually penned and randomly assigned into four (4) dietary groups using a randomised complete block design. In Trial I, pre-weaning lambs were fed with creep feeding (CF) diet containing 14% crude protein (CP) as a control diet (CON14), 16% (CF16), 18% (CF18) and 20% (CF20) of CP for 84 days. Following Trial 1, the animals were fed with a growing ration (GR) diet for 96-day feeding trial. The diets consisted of 11% CP as a control diet (CON11), 14% (GR14), 16% (GR16) and 18% (GR18) of CP. The water was available ad libitum and the feed intake was measured daily by the difference of feed offered and refused. The increase of CP level resulted in a linear increase of dry matter intake (DMI), nutrient intake and average daily gain (ADG) in pre- and post-weaning lambs. The DMI (g/day) of lambs fed with CF20 (1059.92) was significantly higher (p 0.05) compared to those fed with CF16 (217.95). For post-weaning lambs, GR16 had significantly higher ADG than CON11 (43.14), but it was no difference with GR14 (72.94) and GR18 (69.41). However, increased CP level resulted in linear increase of DM, ash, organic matter (OM) and CP digestibility. The present finding suggested that the optimum CP level for pre- and post-weaning Dorper lambs in Malaysia was 16% and 14%, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Knowledge and practice concerning the use of oral rehydration salts among mothers living in urban slum areas of Kuala Lumpur

Osman A

Family Physician, 1991;3:28-30.

A study was conducted in an urban slum area of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, to determine the health status of the children under 6 years old and the knowledge and practice associated with diarrhoeal diseases and use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) among mothers in the area. It was seen that the health status of the children was poor with one fifth of them born underweight, 33% experiencing more than 6 spells of illness per year and a high percentage of them suffering from diarrhoeal diseases (4.3%). Child care practice was associated with urban lifestyles with early weaning, short term breast-feeding and early introduction of solid and bottle feeding. Knowledge and practice of mothers concerning child care was inadequate to support healthy living. Knowledge of diarrhoeal diseases and the effectivenss of oral rehydration salts was poor. Only 47.7% of mothers knew about ORS and 27.8% ever used it when their chidlren suffered from diarrhoea. Health care system dependence was shown by the high percentage of mothers immediately bringing to a doctor's attention (75.6%).

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Fulltext An infant with kwashiorkor: the forgotten disease

Nurjasmine Aida Jaman, Nor Azam Kamaruzaman, Abdul Hadi Said

Malaysian Family Physician, 2020;15(2):46-49.
MyJurnal

Undernutrition remains a major public health concern, especially in developing countries. Despite
being rich in resources, Malaysia is still home to children sufering from severe undernutrition.
Tis paper presents the case of a 5-month-old boy with kwashiorkor stemming from improper
weaning which was overlooked. Tis case highlights the importance of recognizing the early signs of
kwashiorkor to allow for early referrals for proper management and prevent its possible complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Trends in infant feeding in developing countries

Notzon F

Pediatrics, 1984 Oct;74(4 Pt 2):648-66.
PMID: 6384917
Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Fulltext Tenderness and cooking loss in meat of male dorper sheep weaned at different ages

Norhayati, Z., Wan Zahari, M., Shanmugavelu, S., Dzulfazly, A.

Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2019;31(1):43-44.
MyJurnal

This study was conducted to evaluate the meat quality of Dorper sheep weaned at different ages. 3 cuts of sirloin from 3 animals in each treatment groups were used in this study. 9 lambs were grouped into 3 different weaning groups (G1,G2, G3) of 30, 60 and 90 days, respectively. G3 was served as control group based on current practice. When the animals reached the age of 270 days, 3 out of 9 lambs from each of the treated groups were slaughtered for meat quality analysis. Results from this study shows no significant (P

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Fulltext How Infants and Young Children Learn About Food: A Systematic Review

Mura Paroche M, Caton SJ, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, Houston-Price C

Front Psychol, 2017;8:1046.
PMID: 28790935 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01046

Early childhood is a critical time for establishing food preferences and dietary habits. In order for appropriate advice to be available to parents and healthcare professionals it is essential for researchers to understand the ways in which children learn about foods. This review summarizes the literature relating to the role played by known developmental learning processes in the establishment of early eating behavior, food preferences and general knowledge about food, and identifies gaps in our knowledge that remain to be explored. A systematic literature search identified 48 papers exploring how young children learn about food from the start of complementary feeding to 36 months of age. The majority of the papers focus on evaluative components of children's learning about food, such as their food preferences, liking and acceptance. A smaller number of papers focus on other aspects of what and how children learn about food, such as a food's origins or appropriate eating contexts. The review identified papers relating to four developmental learning processes: (1) Familiarization to a food through repeated exposure to its taste, texture or appearance. This was found to be an effective technique for learning about foods, especially for children at the younger end of our age range. (2) Observational learning of food choice. Imitation of others' eating behavior was also found to play an important role in the first years of life. (3) Associative learning through flavor-nutrient and flavor-flavor learning (FFL). Although the subject of much investigation, conditioning techniques were not found to play a major role in shaping the food preferences of infants in the post-weaning and toddler periods. (4) Categorization of foods. The direct effects of the ability to categorize foods have been little studied in this age group. However, the literature suggests that what infants are willing to consume depends on their ability to recognize items on their plate as familiar exemplars of that food type.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Prevalence of and management factors contributing to Cryptosporidium sp. infection in pre-weaned and post-weaned calves in Johor, Malaysia

Muhid A, Robertson I, Ng J, Ryan U

Exp Parasitol, 2011 Feb;127(2):534-8.
PMID: 21050848 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.10.015

A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify species and determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp. shedding in pre-weaned and post-weaned dairy calves and to identify management factors that may be contributing to disease. A total of 240 calf faecal samples were collected from 16 farms in two districts in Johor, Malaysia, and screened by PCR. The overall Cryptosporidium prevalence was 27.1%. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in pre-weaned calves was 32.4% for C. parvum, 26.5% for C. bovis, followed by C. andersoni (20.6%), C. ryanae (11.8%) and mixed sp. (8.8%). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium species in post-weaned calves was 35% for C. bovis followed by C. andersoni and C. ryanae (30% each) and mixed sp. (5%). Subtyping analysis of 8 of the 11 C. parvum isolates at the gp60 locus identified five isolates as IIdA15G1, one as IIa18A3R1 and two isolates as IIa17G2R1. Management factors that increased the risk of Cryptosporidium infection included having other cattle farms close by, feeding calves with saleable milk, keeping pre-weaned calves in pens with slatted floors and keeping post-weaned calves in pens with a sand floor.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning
Prevalence of Giardia spp. infection in pre-weaned and weaned calves in relation to management factors

Muhid A, Robertson I, Ng J, Yang R, Ryan U

Vet J, 2012 Jan;191(1):135-7.
PMID: 21339075 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.01.007

Two hundred and forty calf faecal samples from 16 Malaysian farms were screened by PCR for Giardia spp. The overall prevalence was 12.5% and the overall farm prevalence was 68.8% (11/16 farms). The prevalence in pre-weaned and weaned calves was 16.7% and 8.3%, respectively. Sequence analysis of 25 isolates identified all as G. duodenalis assemblage E. Management factors associated with an increased risk of infection with Giardia spp. included keeping weaned calves in pens with sand floors and calf age. Keeping pre-weaned calves in pens with concrete floors and calving in single cow calving areas decreased the risk.

Matched MeSH terms: Weaning

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