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Fulltext Protein improvement of banana peel through sequential solid state fermentation using mixed-culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Candida utilis

Olorunnisola KS, Jamal P, Alam MZ

3 Biotech, 2018 Oct;8(10):416.
PMID: 30237963 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1435-4

Banana peel (BP) is a major waste produced by fruit processing industries. Pre-treatment of BP at different temperatures led to 40% reduction in saponin at 100 °C (from 9.5 to 5.7 mg/g). Sequential mixed culture of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) and Candida utilis (C. utilis) gave highest protein enrichment (88.93 mg/g). There is 26% increase in protein synthesis (from 88.93 to 111.78 mg/g) after media screening. Inclusion of KH2PO4, FeSO4·7H2O, wheat flour and sucrose in the media contributed positively to protein synthesis, while elevated concentration of urea, peptone, K2HPO4, KCl, NH4H2PO4, and MgSO4.7H2O are required to reach optimum protein synthesis. Total soluble sugar (TSS), total reducing sugar (TRS) and total carbohydrate (CHO) consumption varied with respect to protein synthesis in all experimental runs. Optimum protein synthesis required 6 days and inclusion of 5% sucrose, 0.6% NH4H2PO4, 0.4% KCl, and 0.5% MgSO4·7H2O as concentration media constituents to reach 140.95 mg/g protein synthesis equivalent to 300% increase over the raw banana peel protein content (35.0 mg/g).

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Antifungal and Mucoadhesive Properties of an Orally Administered Chitosan-Coated Amphotericin B Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC)

Ling JTS, Roberts CJ, Billa N

AAPS PharmSciTech, 2019 Mar 05;20(3):136.
PMID: 30838459 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1346-7

Surface-modified nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) represent a promising mode of drug delivery used to enhance retention of drugs at absorption site. Formulated chitosan-coated amphotericin-B-loaded NLC (ChiAmp NLC) had a size of 394.4 ± 6.4 nm, encapsulation and loading efficiencies of 86.0 ± 3% and 11.0 ± 0.1% respectively. Amphotericin-B release from NLCs was biphasic with no changes in physical properties upon exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Antifungal properties of Amphotericin-B and ChiAmpB NLC were comparable but ChiAmpB NLC was twice less toxic to red blood cells and ten times safer on HT-29 cell lines. In vitro mucoadhesion data were observed ex vivo, where ChiAmpB NLC resulted in higher retention within the small intestine compared to the uncoated formulation. The data strongly offers the possibility of orally administering a non-toxic, yet effective Amphotericin-B nanoformulation for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans/drug effects
Candida Skull Base Osteomyelitis: a Case Report and Literature Review

Krishnamoorthy M, Othman NAN, Hassan NEB, Hitam SB

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 2020;63(2):82-85.
PMID: 32771074 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2020.22

Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) also commonly known as malignant otitis externa was first described by Meltzer and Kelemen in 1959. Prior to the advent of the antibiotic era, this disease carried a poor prognosis with significant morbidity. It often proved fatal with mortality rates as high as 50%. Commonly seen in the immunocompromised patients, diabetes mellitus is an important associated comorbidity in the pathophysiologic development of this disease. Treatment is instituted by medical therapy with surgery having a limited role. Surgical intervention has a limited role, for example, in fungal SBO. Such cases may require local debridement and intraoperative tissue biopsies for histopathologic confirmation. This is to demonstrate fungal invasion into the skull base, as well as to exclude other sinister differential diagnoses like squamous cell carcinoma of temporal bone. In this case report, we present a rare case of candida SBO and the literature review.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
In vitro modulation of probiotic bacteria on the biofilm of Candida glabrata

Chew SY, Cheah YK, Seow HF, Sandai D, Than LT

Anaerobe, 2015 Aug;34:132-8.
PMID: 26028405 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.05.009

A conspicuous new concept of pathogens living as the microbial societies in the human host rather than free planktonic cells has raised considerable concerns among scientists and clinicians. Fungal biofilms are communities of cells that possess distinct characteristic such as increased resistance to the immune defence and antimycotic agents in comparison to their planktonic cells counterpart. Therefore, inhibition of the biofilm may represent a new paradigm for antifungal development. In this study, we aim to evaluate the in vitro modulation of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)-causing Candida glabrata biofilms using probiotic lactobacilli strains. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14 were shown to have completely inhibited C. glabrata biofilms and the results were corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed scanty structures of the mixed biofilms of C. glabrata and probiotic lactobacilli strains. In addition, biofilm-related C. glabrata genes EPA6 and YAK1 were downregulated in response to the probiotic lactobacilli challenges. The present study suggested that probiotic L. rhamnosus GR-1 and L. reuteri RC-14 strains inhibited C. glabrata biofilm by partially impeding the adherence of yeast cells and the effect might be contributed by the secretory compounds produced by these probiotic lactobacilli strains. Further investigations are required to examine and identify the biofilm inhibitory compounds and the mechanism of probiotic actions of these lactobacilli strains.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida glabrata/genetics; Candida glabrata/growth & development; Candida glabrata/physiology*
Fulltext "Nature cures:" An alternative herbal formulation as a denture cleanser

Sushma R, Sathe TT, Farias A, Sanyal PK, Kiran S

Ann Afr Med, 2017;16(1):6-12.
PMID: 28300045 DOI: 10.4103/aam.aam_43_16

BACKGROUND: Candida albicans is one of the microorganisms which harbor the oral cavity, especially in elderly. However, the incidence of existence of this increases in patients using removable dental prosthesis. There is therefore a need to test the anticandidal efficacy of these cost-effective, easily available products to be used as routine denture cleansers.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES: (1) To evaluate antifungal properties of triphala churna on the heat cure denture base material. (2) To evaluate the antifungal effect of chlorhexidine gluconate on the heat cure denture base material. (3) To compare the antifungal effect of triphala churna and chlorhexidine gluconate with a control. (4) To evaluate which among triphala churna and chlorhexidine gluconate has a better antifungal property on the heat cure denture base material.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study population consisted of sixty dentures wearers from those attending the Outpatient Department of Prosthodontics of the School of Dentistry, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad. Swabs were collected from the dentures before and after the use of triphala and chlorhexidine. The swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar and the total Candida counts were determined.
CONCLUSION: Triphala as an antifungal is shown to have more efficacy than the conventional chlorhexidine mouthwash. Résumé Arrière-plan: Candida albicans est l'un des micro-organismes qui abritent la cavité buccale surtout chez les personnes âgées. Cependant, l'incidence de l'existence de cette augmentation chez les patients utilisant des prothèses dentaires amovibles. Il est donc nécessaire de tester l'efficacité anticancédique de ces produits rentables et faciles à utiliser pour être utilisés comme nettoyants de routine pour prothèses dentaires. Buts et Objectifs: (1) Évaluer les propriétés antifongiques de Triphala churna sur le matériau de base de la prothèse thermo-durcissable. (2) Évaluer l'effet antifongique du gluconate de chlorhexidine sur le matériau de base de la prothèse thermo-durcissable. (3) Comparer l'effet antifongique de Triphala churna et du gluconate de chlorhexidine avec un témoin. (4) Évaluer lequel parmi Triphala churna et le gluconate de chlorhexidine a une meilleure propriété antifongique sur le matériel de base de la prothèse de durcissement à chaud. Matériaux et Méthode: La population de l'étude était constituée de soixante porteurs de prothèses dentaires de ceux qui fréquentaient le Département de Prosthodontie de l'École des Sciences Dentaires de l'Institut Krishna des Sciences Médicales de l'Université de Karad. Des prélèvements ont été effectués sur les prothèses avant et après l'utilisation de Triphala et de chlorhexidine. On a cultivé les écouvillons sur de l'agar Sabouraud dextrose et on a déterminé le nombre total de candida.
CONCLUSION: Triphala comme un anti fongique est démontré pour avoir plus d'efficacité que le lavage de la bouche classique chlorhexidine.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans/drug effects*; Candida albicans/isolation & purification
The Pitfall of Utilizing a Commercial Biochemical Yeast Identification Kit to Detect Candida auris

Ding CH, Situ SF, Steven A, Razak MFA

Ann Clin Lab Sci, 2019 09;49(4):546-549.
PMID: 31471347

Candida auris is an emerging pathogenic yeast responsible for nosocomial infections with high mortality, on a global scale. A 65-year-old woman with hypovolemic shock and severe metabolic acidosis was intubated and admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Shortly after admission, she developed ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, which necessitated treatment with high-dose ampicillin-sulbactam. Two weeks later, a yeast was cultured from her blood. It formed pale pink colonies on CHROMagar Candida medium and produced predominantly oval budding yeast cells with the occasional rudimentary pseudohyphae on cornmeal agar. ID 32 C identified the yeast as Candida sake However, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and sequencing of the D1/D2 region of the 28S rRNA gene identified the yeast as C. auris.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida/cytology; Candida/drug effects; Candida/growth & development; Candida/isolation & purification*
The effect of water activity on modified lipase during esterification

Salleh AB, Taib M, Basri M, Ampon K, Yunus WM, Razak CN

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1996 Oct 12;799:328-31.
PMID: 8958097
Matched MeSH terms: Candida/enzymology*
Water activity effect on lipase immobilized onto different compositions of poly(HEMA-MMA)

Esa NM, Yunus WM, Ahmad MB, Basri M, Razak CN, Salleh AB

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1998 Dec 13;864:489-92.
PMID: 9928130
Matched MeSH terms: Candida/enzymology
Effect of reductive alkylation of Candida rugosa lipase on its enantioselective esterification reaction

Basri M, Th'ng BL, Razak CN, Salleh AB

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1998 Dec 13;864:192-7.
PMID: 9928091
Matched MeSH terms: Candida/enzymology*
Biochemical properties of xylose reductase prepared from adapted strain of Candida tropicalis

Rafiqul IS, Sakinah AM

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2015 Jan;175(1):387-99.
PMID: 25300602 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1269-4

Xylose reductase (XR) is an intracellular enzyme, which catalyzes xylose to xylitol conversion in the microbes. It has potential biotechnological applications in the manufacture of various commercially important specialty bioproducts including xylitol. This study aimed to prepare XR from adapted strain of Candida tropicalis and to characterize it. The XR was isolated from adapted C. tropicalis, cultivated on Meranti wood sawdust hemicellulosic hydrolysate (MWSHH)-based medium, via ultrasonication, and was characterized based on enzyme activity, stability, and kinetic parameters. It was specific to NADPH with an activity of 11.16 U/mL. The enzyme was stable at pH 5-7 and temperature of 25-40 °C for 24 h and retained above 95 % of its original activity after 4 months of storage at -80 °C. The K m of XR for xylose and NADPH were 81.78 mM and 7.29 μM while the V max for them were 178.57 and 12.5 μM/min, respectively. The high V max and low K m values of XR for xylose reflect a highly productive reaction among XR and xylose. MWSHH can be a promising xylose source for XR preparation from yeast.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida tropicalis/enzymology*
Immobilization of lipase from Candida rugosa on layered double hydroxides for esterification reaction

Rahman MB, Basri M, Hussein MZ, Rahman RN, Zainol DH, Salleh AB

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2004 8 12;118(1-3):313-20.
PMID: 15304759

Synthesis of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of Zn/Al-NO3- hydrotalcite (HIZAN) and Zn/Al-diocytyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) nanocomposite (NAZAD) with a molar ratio of Zn/Al of 4:1 were carried out by coprecipitation through continuous agitation. Their structures were determined using X-ray diffractometer spectra, which showed that basal spacing for LDH synthesized by both methods was about 8.89 A. An expansion of layered structure of about 27.9 A was observed to accommodate the surfactant anion between the interlayer. This phenomenon showed that the intercalation process took place between the LDH interlayer. Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized onto these materials by physical adsorption method. It was found that the protein loading onto NAZAD is higher than HIZAN. The activity of immobilized lipase was investigated through esterification of oleic acid and 1-butanol in hexane. The effects of pore size, surface area, reaction temperature, thermostability of the immobilized lipases, storage stability in organic solvent, and leaching studies were investigated. Stability was found to be the highest in the nanocomposite NAZAD.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida/enzymology*
Lipase immobilized on poly(VP-co-HEMA) hydrogel for esterification reaction

Basri M, Samsudin S, Ahmad MB, Razak CN, Salleh AB

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 1999 Sep;81(3):205-17.
PMID: 15304777

Lipase from Candida rugosa was immobilized by entrapment on poly(N-vinyl- 2-pyrrolidone-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly[VP-co-HEMA]) hydrogel, and divinylbenzene was the crosslinking agent. The immobilized enzymes were used in the esterification reaction of oleic acid and butanol in hexane. The activities of the immobilized enzymes and the leaching ability of the enzyme from the support with respect to the different compositions of the hydrogels were investigated. The thermal, solvent, and storage stability of the immobilized lipases was also determined. Increasing the percentage of composition of VP from 0 to 90, which corresponds to the increase in the hydrophilicity of the hydrogels, increased the activity of the immobilized enzyme. Lipase immobilized on VP(%):HEMA(%) 90:10 exhibited the highest activity. Lipase immobilized on VP(%):HEMA(%) 50:50 showed the highest thermal, solvent, storage, and operational stability compared to lipase immobilized on other compositions of hydrogels as well as the native lipase.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized onto Acid-Functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes for Sustainable Production of Methyl Oleate

Che Marzuki NH, Mahat NA, Huyop F, Buang NA, Wahab RA

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2015 Oct;177(4):967-84.
PMID: 26267406 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1791-z

The chemical production of methyl oleate using chemically synthesized fatty acid alcohols and other toxic chemicals may lead to significant environmental hazards to mankind. Being a highly valuable fatty acid replacement raw material in oleochemical industry, the mass production of methyl oleate via environmentally favorable processes is of concern. In this context, an alternative technique utilizing Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) physically adsorbed on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been suggested. In this study, the acid-functionalized MWCNTs prepared using a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 (1:3 v/v) was used as support for immobilizing CRL onto MWCNTs (CRL-MWCNTs) as biocatalysts. Enzymatic esterification was performed and the efficiency of CRL-MWCNTs was evaluated against the free CRL under varying conditions, viz. temperature, molar ratio of acid/alcohol, solvent log P, and enzyme loading. The CRL-MWCNTs resulted in 30-110 % improvement in the production of methyl oleate over the free CRL. The CRL-MWCNTs attained its highest yield (84.17 %) at 50 °C, molar ratio of acid/alcohol of 1:3, 3 mg/mL of enzyme loading, and iso-octane (log P 4.5) as solvent. Consequently, physical adsorption of CRL onto acid-functionalized MWCNTs has improved the activity and stability of CRL and hence provides an environmentally friendly means for the production of methyl oleate.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida
Enzymatic Production of Bioxylitol from Sawdust Hydrolysate: Screening of Process Parameters

Rafiqul IS, Sakinah AM, Zularisam AW

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2015 Jun;176(4):1071-83.
PMID: 25904039 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1630-2

Xylose-rich sawdust hydrolysate can be an economic substrate for the enzymatic production of xylitol, a specialty product. It is important to identify the process factors influencing xylitol production. This research aimed to screen the parameters significantly affecting bioxylitol synthesis from wood sawdust by xylose reductase (XR). Enzymatic bioxylitol production was conducted to estimate the effect of different variables reaction time (2-18 h), temperature (20-70 °C), pH (4.0-9.0), NADPH (1.17-5.32 g/L), and enzyme concentration (2-6 %) on the yield of xylitol. Fractional factorial design was followed to identify the key process factors. The screening design identified that time, temperature, and pH are the most significant factors influencing bioxylitol production among the variables with the values of 12 h, 35 °C, and 7.0, respectively. These conditions led to a xylitol yield of 71 % (w/w). This is the first report on the statistical screening of process variables influencing enzyme-based bioxylitol production from lignocellulosic biomass.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida tropicalis/enzymology; Candida tropicalis/chemistry
Modified enzymes for reactions in organic solvents

Salleh AB, Basri M, Taib M, Jasmani H, Rahman RN, Rahman MB, et al.

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2002 10 25;102-103(1-6):349-57.
PMID: 12396136

Recent studies on biocatalysis in water-organic solvent biphasic systems have shown that many enzymes retain their catalytic activities in the presence of high concentrations of organic solvents. However, not all enzymes are organic solvent tolerant, and most have limited and selective tolerance to particular organic solvents. Protein modification or protein tailoring is an approach to alter the characteristics of enzymes, including solubility in organic solvents. Particular amino acids may play pivotal roles in the catalytic ability of the protein. Attaching soluble modifiers to the protein molecule may alter its conformation and the overall polarity of the molecule. Enzymes, in particular lipases, have been chemically modified by attachment of aldehydes, polyethylene glycols, and imidoesters. These modifications alter the hydrophobicity and conformation of the enzymes, resulting in changes in the microenvironment of the enzymes. By these modifications, newly acquired properties such as enhancement of activity and stability and changes in specificity and solubility in organic solvents are obtained. Modified lipases were found to be more active and stable in organic solvents. The optimum water activity (a(w)) for reaction was also shifted by using modified enzymes. Changes in enantioselective behavior were also observed.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida/classification; Candida/enzymology
Reductive alkylation of lipase: experimental and molecular modeling approaches

Rahman RN, Tejo BA, Basri M, Rahman MB, Khan F, Zain SM, et al.

Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2004 8 12;118(1-3):11-20.
PMID: 15304735

Candida rugosa lipase was modified via reductive alkylation to increase its hydrophobicity to work better in organic solvents. The free amino group of lysines was alkylated using propionaldehyde with different degrees of modification obtained (49 and 86%). Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy of the lipase in aqueous solvent showed that such chemical modifications at the enzyme surface caused a loss in secondary and tertiary structure that is attributed to the enzyme unfolding. Using molecular modeling, we propose that in an aqueous environment the loss in protein structure of the modified lipase is owing to disruption of stabilizing salt bridges, particularly of surface lysines. Indeed, molecular modeling and simulation of a salt bridge formed by Lys-75 to Asp-79, in a nonpolar environment, suggests the adoption of a more flexible alkylated lysine that may explain higher lipase activity in organic solvents on alkylation.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida/enzymology
An in vitro study on the anti-adherence effect of Brucea javanica and Piper betle extracts towards oral Candida

Nordin MA, Wan Harun WH, Abdul Razak F

Arch Oral Biol, 2013 Oct;58(10):1335-42.
PMID: 23915676 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.07.001

The adherence of Candida to mucosal surfaces is the initial step for successful invasive process of the oral cavity. The study aimed to investigate the effect of two plant extracts on the non-specific and specific bindings of oral candida.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida/drug effects*
Isolation and characterization of Enterococcus faecium DSM 20477 with ability to secrete antimicrobial substance for the inhibition of oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans UKMCC 1019

Ng ZJ, Zarin MA, Lee CK, Phapugrangkul P, Tan JS

Arch Oral Biol, 2020 Feb;110:104617.
PMID: 31794906 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104617

Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are the main oral pathogens which contribute to dental caries that affects all ages of human being.
OBJECTIVES: This study focuses on the potential of crude cell free supernatant (CCFS) from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to inhibit of the growth of S. mutans UKMCC 1019.
DESIGN: A total of 61 CCFS from LAB strains were screened for their inhibitory ability against S. mutans UKMCC 1019 by broth microdilution method. The selected LAB with highest antimicrobial activity was identified and its CCFS was characterized for pH stability, temperature tolerance, enzyme sensitivity, metabolism of carbohydrates, enzymatic activities and antimicrobial activity against S. mutans UKMCC 1019 and C. albicans UKMCC 3001 by well diffusion assay. The effect of CCFS on cell structure of S. mutans UKMCC 1019 was observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
RESULTS: The CCFS from isolate CC2 from Kimchi showed the highest inhibition against S. mutans UKMCC 1019, which was 76.46 % or 4406.08 mm2/mL and it was identified to be most closely related to Enterococcus faecium DSM 20477 based on 16 s rRNA sequencing. The CCFS of E. faecium DSM 20477 had high tolerance to acidic and alkaline environment as well as high temperature. It also shows high antifungal activities against C. albicans UKMCC 3001 with 2362.56 mm2/mL. Under TEM, the cell walls and the cytoplasm membrane of S. mutans UKMCC 1019 were disrupted by the antimicrobial substance, causing cell lysis.
CONCLUSIONS: Hence, the CCFS from E. faecium DSM 20477 is a potential bacteriocin in future for the treatment of dental caries.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans
Antibacterial, antifungal and anticonvulsant evaluation of novel newly synthesized 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)ethyl]-1H-benzo[d][1, 2,3]triazoles

Rajasekaran A, Murugesan S, AnandaRajagopal K

Arch Pharm Res, 2006 Jul;29(7):535-40.
PMID: 16903071

Several novel 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) ethyl]-1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazoles (3a-h) have been synthesized by the condensation of 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-benzotriazole (2) and appropriate acid chlorides. 1-[2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-ethyl]-1H-benzotriazole (2) was synthesized by reacting 3-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazol-1-yl)propanenitrile with sodium azide and ammonium chloride in the presence of dimethylformamide. The synthesized compounds were characterized by IR and PMR analysis. The titled compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity by the cup plate method and anticonvulsant activity evaluated by the maximal electroshock induced convulsion method in mice. All synthesized compounds exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Compounds 5-(2-(1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazo-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)(4-aminophenyl)methanone 3d and 5-(2-(1 H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazo-1-yl)ethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)(2-aminophenyl)methanone 3e elicited excellent anticonvulsant activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida albicans/drug effects; Candida albicans/growth & development
Kinetics study of palm oil hydrolysis using immobilized lipase Candida rugosa in packed bed reactor

Min CS, Bhatia S, Kamaruddin AH

Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 1999 Sep-Nov;27(5-6):417-21.
PMID: 10595442

Continuous hydrolysis of palm oil triglyceride in organic solvent using immobilized Candida rugosa on the Amberlite MB-1 as a source of immobilized lipase was studied in packed bed reactor. The enzymatic kinetics of hydrolysis reaction was studied by changing the substrate concentration, reaction temperature and residence time(tau) in the reactor. At 55 degrees C, the optimum water concentration was found to be 15 % weight per volume of solution (%w/v). The Michaelis-Menten kinetic model was used to obtain the reaction parameters, Km(app) and V max(app). The activation energies were found to be quite low indicating that the lipase-catalyzed process is controlled by diffusion of substrates. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic model was found to be suitable at low water concentration 10-15 %w/v of solution. At higher water concentration, substrate inhibition model was used for data analysis. Reactor operation was found to play an important role in the palm oil hydrolysis kinetic.

Matched MeSH terms: Candida/enzymology

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