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  1. Carcinosarcoma of the palate: report of a case with a diagnosis of sarcomatoid metastasis by fine needle aspiration cytology
    Jayaram G, Elsayed EM
    Acta Cytol., 2005 Sep-Oct;49(5):520-4.
    PMID: 16334029
    BACKGROUND: Carcinosarcoma (sarcomatoid carcinoma) is a rare tumor with a high predilection for the aerodigestive tract. Cytologic diagnosis of metastatic carcinosarcoma has been reported in very few cases.

    CASE: An 84-year-old woman presented with a 2-cm-diameter, right cervical lymph node that was referred for fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). She had received radiotherapy for a palatal squamous cell carcinoma 2 years earlier. The FNAC smears had a sarcomatoid appearance. Repeat fine needle aspiration was performed, with cytologic and immunocytochemical staining. Careful consideration of the cytologic and immunophenotypic features led to an impression of carcinosarcoma. Histologic sections of the palatal biopsy that had been previously diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma were reviewed, and a final diagnosis of carcinosarcoma was established.

    CONCLUSION: Metastasis of rare lesions, such as carcinosarcoma may be confusing and difficult to diagnose on FNAC, especially when the cytologic sample shows a predominantly sarcomatoid component. The difficulty is compounded when the sarcomatoid component happens to have been overlooked on the initial histologic assessment. With representative cytologic sampling, immunocytochemical staining and review of the histologic material, the correct diagnosis was achieved in this case.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  2. Cystic lesion of the parotid gland with squamous metaplasia mistaken for squamous cell carcinoma. A case report
    Jayaram G, Pathmanathan R, Khanijow V
    Acta Cytol., 1998 Nov-Dec;42(6):1468-72.
    PMID: 9850664
    BACKGROUND: The diverse range of diseases that affect the salivary glands may lead to problems and pitfalls in cyto-diagnosis. While false negative diagnosis of cystic salivary gland tumors is well known, false positive cytodiagnosis in nonneoplastic salivary cysts is less well documented.

    CASE: An 85-year-old female presented with a painless left parotid gland swelling of three months' duration. Fine needle aspiration cytology yielded fluid, smears of which showed keratinizing squamous cells with nuclear atypia leading to a cytologic diagnosis of cystic squamous cell carcinoma. A total radical parotidectomy followed. Histopathologic study showed cystic dilatation of many of the salivary ducts, which were lined with metaplastic squamous epithelium that showed atypia. There was no evidence of squamous cell carcinoma.

    CONCLUSION: Squamous metaplasia is known to occur in benign salivary gland lesions, such as pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumors, as well as in salivary duct cysts and necrotizing sialometaplasia. However, atypical squamous metaplasia of salivary duct cysts mimicking squamous cell carcinoma on cytology is unusual.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  3. Time trends in upper gastrointestinal diseases and Helicobacter pylori infection in a multiracial Asian population--a 20-year experience over three time periods
    Leow AH, Lim YY, Liew WC, Goh KL
    Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2016 Apr;43(7):831-7.
    PMID: 26847417 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13550
    Marked epidemiological changes in upper gastrointestinal diseases and Helicobacter pylori infection have taken place in the Asian Pacific region. In particular, differences with respect to race in the multiracial Asian population in Malaysia have been important and interesting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  4. Carcinoma of the vulva in pregnancy: a rare occurrence
    Sivanesaratnam V, Pathmanathan R
    Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol, 1990 Sep;16(3):207-10.
    PMID: 2088243
    A rare case of squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed in early pregnancy in a 28-year-old woman is described. At the time of radical surgery, which was carried out in the puerperium, the growth had already advanced to Stage IV disease. The rapid growth of the tumor seen in this patient suggests that although treatment needs to be individualised, the definitive radical surgery should not be delayed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  5. Factors involved in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Malaysia
    Khoo SP, Shanmuhasuntharam P, Mahadzir WM, Tay KK, Latif A, Nair S
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 1998;10(1):49-51.
    PMID: 10050209 DOI: 10.1177/101053959801000111
    The delay in the diagnosis of oral cancer has been variously reported as being contributed by the clinicians, patients or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the referral pattern of 65 patients eventually diagnosed as having oral squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed that 50% of the patients delayed seeking professional help for more than 3 months after being aware of the lesion. The majority of the patients consulted medical practitioners as the first source of help. The mean clinicians' and patients' delay were 10.3 weeks and 28.9 weeks respectively. Dental practitioners showed a tendency to refer more advanced lesions compared to the medical practitioners. The findings raise the concern that lack of patients' awareness, misdiagnosis by clinicians and late detection by dental practitioners prevail thus calling for urgent measures towards early detection of the disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  6. Comparison of Serum Fucose Levels in Leukoplakia and Oral Cancer Patients
    Rai NP, Anekar J, Shivaraja Shankara YM, Divakar DD, Al Kheraif AA, Ramakrishnaiah R, et al.
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2015;16(17):7497-500.
    PMID: 26625751
    BACKGROUND: Tumor markers, designated as a broad group of substances produced by malignancies, could be in the form of biochemical substances, immunological substances, cell surface changes and genetic alterations. Cancer, a disorder of cellular behavior is characterized by alteration of serum glycoproteins. L-fucose, a hexose, which is the terminal sugar in most of the plasma glycoproteins, may be useful as a tumor marker for the detection, monitoring and prognostic assessment of malignancies. The aim of the study was to ascertain the role of serum fucose as a biomarker for early detection of oral cancer and to compare serum fucose levels in healthy controls, leukoplakia and oral cancer patients.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 60 (100.0%) subjects, who were grouped as 20 (33.3%) control subjects, 20 (33.3%) squamous cell carcinoma patients and 20 (33.3%) leukoplakia patients. Fucose estimation was done using UV-visible spectrophotometry based on the method as adopted by Winzler using cysteine reagent. The results were analyzed statistically using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests.

    RESULTS: Results showed a high significance in serum fucose in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and leukoplakia subjects compared to normal controls. There was a gradual increase in the values noted from control to leukoplakia and to squamous cell carcinoma.

    CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of serum fucose may be a reliable marker and can be used as an effective diagnostic biomarker in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  7. p16(INK4a) is a useful marker of human papillomavirus integration allowing risk stratification for cervical malignancies
    Cheah PL, Looi LM, Teoh KH, Mun KS, Nazarina AR
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(2):469-72.
    PMID: 22524808
    The present study was conducted to assess utility of p16(INK4a) immunopositivity as a surrogate marker for genomic integration of high-risk human papillomavirus infection (hrHPV). A total of 29 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSILs), 27 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) and 53 invasive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), histologically-diagnosed between 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2008 at the University of Malaya Medical Centre were stained for p16(INK4a) (CINtec Histology Kit (REF 9511, mtm laboratories AG, Heidelberg, Germany). Immunopositvity was defined as diffuse staining of the squamous cell cytoplasm and or nucleus (involving > 75% of the intraepithelial lesions or SCCs). Staining of basal and parabasal layers of intraepithelial lesions was pre-requisite. One (3.4%) LSIL, 24 (88.9%) HSIL and 46 (86.8%) SCC were p16(INK4a) immunopositive. All normal squamous epithelium did not express p16(INK4). p16(INK4a) expression was significantly lower (p<0.05) in LSIL compared with HSIL and SCC with no difference in expression between HSIL and SCC.The increased p16(INK4a) immunopositivity in HSIL and SCC appears in line with the integrated existence of the hrHPV and may provide more insightful information on risk of malignant transformation of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions than mere hrHPV detection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  8. Fulltext Cervical cancer screening: patients understanding in major hospitals in Malaysia
    Othman NH, Devi BC, Halimah Y
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009 Oct-Dec;10(4):569-74.
    PMID: 19827871
    We studied women with cervical cancer to determine whether they had had a Pap smear within the 3 years preceding cancer development and their understanding of screening for this cancer. The study had 2 parts; Pathology Data and Survey Data. For pathology data, all cases of cervical cancer diagnosed in 2000-2006 were retrieved from eight hospitals and Pap smear history was obtained from clinical records. For the Survey data; patients who were still undergoing treatment in some of these hospitals and three others were administered structured questionnaires to determine their awareness about screening. The results showed 1431 cases of cervical cancer in women aged 25-85 were diagnosed in these hospitals. Most had not had a Pap smear within 3 years before cancer development. The percentages of patients who had had Pap smear ranged from 0-12%. Questionnaires were returned by 221 patients; 56.3% had none or only primary education and 61.1% had a household income of RM 1,000 or less. Level of education and the household income were strongly associated (p<0.05) with knowledge and having had a Pap test. The main reasons cited for not having had a Pap smear were "Never heard about it" (36.2%), "Shy" (10.4%), "Afraid to do it" (13.1%), "Think the test is not important" (8.1%) and "No encouragement from family" (4.5%). A large majority (95.9%) of the patients did not know the optimal interval. In conclusion, a large number of cervical cancer patients had not had a Pap smear within 3 years preceding cancer development and most had inadequate knowledge about this screening test.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  9. Fulltext A patient with nodular skin swelling
    Khajotia R, Raman S, Rajadurai P, Yaacob W
    Aust Fam Physician, 2010 Apr;39(4):219-20.
    PMID: 20372682
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  10. Fulltext Palm oil thorn-induced squamous cell carcinoma with underlying burns scar
    Qi Qi C, Ajit Singh V
    BMJ Case Rep, 2012;2012.
    PMID: 22865804 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006401
    Marjolin's ulcers are malignancies that arise from previously traumatised, chronically inflamed or scarred skin. We present a case with childhood burns, who had repeated irritation of his forearm skin with palm oil thorns that eventually led to malignant change.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  11. Fulltext Squamous Cell Carcinoma Biomarker Sensing on a Strontium Oxide-Modified Interdigitated Electrode Surface for the Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
    Wang H, Lakshmipriya T, Chen Y, Gopinath SCB
    Biomed Res Int, 2019;2019:2807123.
    PMID: 31080815 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2807123
    Cervical cancer is a life-threatening complication, appearing as the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lining of the cervix. Every year, increasing numbers of cervical cancer cases are reported worldwide. Different identification strategies were proposed to detect cervical cancer at the earlier stages using various biomarkers. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) is one of the potential biomarkers for this diagnosis. Nanomaterial-based detection systems were shown to be efficient with different clinical biomarkers. In this study, we have demonstrated strontium oxide-modified interdigitated electrode (IDE) fabrication by the sol-gel method and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and high-power microscopy. Analysis of the bare devices indicated the reproducibility with the fabrication, and further pH scouting on the device revealed that the reliability of the working pH ranges from 3 to 9. The sensing surface was tested to detect SCC-Ag against its specific antibody; the detection limit was found to be 10 pM, and the sensitivity was in the range between 1 and 10 pM as calculated by 3σ. The specificity experiment was carried out using major proteins from human serum, such as albumin and globulin. SCC-Ag was shown to be selectively detected on the strontium oxide-modified IDE surface.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  12. Identification of Optimal Reference Genes for Normalization of RT-qPCR Data in Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Tissues of Human Uterine Cervix
    Tan SC, Ismail MP, Duski DR, Othman NH, Bhavaraju VM, Ankathil R
    Cancer Invest, 2017 Mar 16;35(3):163-173.
    PMID: 28301252 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1278767
    This study aimed to identify the most stably expressed reference genes from a panel of 32 candidate genes for normalization of reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of human uterine cervix. Overall, PUM1, YWHAZ, and RPLP0 were identified as the most stably expressed genes in paired cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. The results were further stratified by the state of malignancy of the tissues, histopathological type of the cancer, and the human papillomavirus-type.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  13. Erythematous verrucous plaque on the hand
    Yee EY, Choon SE
    Cutis, 2018 Oct;102(4):223;230;231.
    PMID: 30489556
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  14. Caveolin 1 (Cav-1) and actin-related protein 2/3 complex, subunit 1B (ARPC1B) expressions as prognostic indicators for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)
    Auzair LB, Vincent-Chong VK, Ghani WM, Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, Lee CE, et al.
    Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2016 Jul;273(7):1885-93.
    PMID: 26138391 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3703-9
    Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and Actin-Related Protein 2/3 Complex, Subunit 1B (ARPC1B) have been implicated in various human cancers, yet its role in tumorigenesis remains controversial. Therefore, this study aims to determine the protein expression of these two genes in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and to evaluate the clinical and prognostic impact of these genes in OSCC. Protein expressions of these two genes were determined by immunohistochemistry technique. The association between Cav-1 and ARPC1B with clinico-pathological parameters was evaluated by Chi-square test (or Fisher exact test where appropriate). Correlation between the protein expressions of these 2 genes with survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. Cav-1 and ARPC1B were found to be significantly over-expressed in OSCC compared to normal oral mucosa (p = 0.002 and p = 0.033, respectively). Low level of ARPC1B protein expression showed a significant correlation with lymph node metastasis (LNM) (p = 0.010) and advanced tumor staging (p = 0.003). Kaplan-Meier survival analyses demonstrated that patients with over-expression of Cav-1 protein were associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.030). Adjusted multivariate Cox regression model revealed that over-expression of Cav-1 remained as an independent significant prognostic factor for OSCC (HRR = 2.700, 95 % CI 1.013-7.198, p = 0.047). This study demonstrated that low-expression of ARPC1B is significantly associated with LNM and advanced tumor staging whereas high expression of Cav-1 can be a prognostic indicator for poor prognosis in OSCC patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  15. Serological markers in the diagnosis of histopathological types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
    Sam CK, Prasad U, Pathmanathan R
    Eur J Surg Oncol, 1989 Aug;15(4):357-60.
    PMID: 2547665
    The titres of IgA against Epstein-Barr virus, viral capsid antigens and the titres of IgG against early antigen were found to be useful markers for the diagnosis of different histopathological types of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  16. Fulltext Immunohistochemical study of p16 INK4A and survivin expressions in cervical squamous neoplasm
    Tan GC, Norlatiffah S, Sharifah NA, Razmin G, Shiran MS, Hatta AZ, et al.
    Indian J Pathol Microbiol, 2010 Jan-Mar;53(1):1-6.
    PMID: 20090212 DOI: 10.4103/0377-4929.59173
    Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting Malaysian women. Despite the implementation of pap smear screening, many women are still diagnosed only in the advanced stage of cervical cancer. This could partly be due to failure of detection of its precursor lesions; hence the need to search for novel biomarkers to assist in the screening and diagnosis of cervical neoplasia. This study aims to determine the expression of p16INK4A and survivin as possible predictive biomarkers in cervical squamous neoplasm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
  17. Fulltext Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity: current practice and future directions in the clinic and laboratory
    Dionne KR, Warnakulasuriya S, Zain RB, Cheong SC
    Int J Cancer, 2015 Feb 1;136(3):503-15.
    PMID: 24482244 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28754
    Despite commendable progress in the prevention, detection, and treatment of a wide variety of solid tumor types, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains a significant health burden across the globe. OSCC carcinogenesis involves accumulation of genetic alterations that coincide with the multistep malignant transformation of normal oral epithelium. OSCC is often first diagnosed at late stages of the disease (advanced regional disease and/or metastasis). Delayed diagnosis precludes successful treatment and favorable outcomes. In clinical practice, opportunities exist to identify patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), which precede the development of cancer. This review addresses the current status of laboratory and clinical research on OPMDs, with emphasis on leukoplakia and erythroplakia. OSF is also presented, though there is a paucity of published studies on this disorder. We focus on findings that could translate into earlier diagnosis and more efficacious treatment of those lesions with significant malignant potential. We explore how markers of OPMD malignant transformation might be implemented into current diagnostic practice to help clinicians objectively stratify patients into treatment/follow-up groups according to relative risk. We provide an overview of recently concluded and ongoing OPMD chemoprevention trials. We describe laboratory OPMD models that can be used to not only to reveal the genetic and molecular intricacies of oral cancer but also to develop novel screening methods and therapeutic approaches. Finally, we call for targeted screening programs of at-risk populations in order to facilitate diagnosis and treatment of OPMD and early OSCC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  18. Chemiluminescence as a diagnostic aid in the detection of oral cancer and potentially malignant epithelial lesions
    Ram S, Siar CH
    Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 2005 Jul;34(5):521-7.
    PMID: 16053872
    Chemiluminescence was evaluated as a diagnostic aid in the detection of oral cancer and potentially malignant epithelial lesions (PMELs) by comparing it against 1% tolonium chloride mouth rinse. Forty-six clinically identified lesions [14 primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 26 PMELs and 6 benign lesions] and five cases of normal oral mucosa from 40 subjects (inclusive of 10 previously treated SCC cases) were examined with a commercial chemiluminescent kit (Vizilite) and tolonium chloride. Biopsy and histological verification of 31 lesions disclosed 14 SCC (45.2%), 10 epithelial dysplasias (32.3%), 5 lichen planus (16.1%) and 2 benign lesions (6.4%). For the remaining 15 lesions, a biopsy was not performed owing to patient's lack of consent or ill-health. The five cases of normal oral mucosa which tested negative for both tools were also not biopsied for ethical reasons. Sensitivity for Vizilite and tolonium chloride was 100% and 70.3%, respectively; and specificity was 14.2% for Vizilite and 25% for tolonium chloride. Their accuracy was 80.6% and 64.5%, respectively. Current findings suggest that chemiluminescence is a more reliable diagnostic tool than tolonium chloride in the detection of oral cancer and PMELs, and for follow-up of patients treated for the same.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  19. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen as an adjunct tumour marker in primary carcinoma of the lung
    Cheah PL, Liam CK, Yap SF, Looi LM
    J Clin Pathol, 1994 Jun;47(6):535-7.
    PMID: 8063936
    AIMS: To determine (1) the detection rate of primary carcinoma of the lung by serological assay of CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen); and (2) whether addition of seroassay of squamous cell carcinoma related antigen before treatment improves detection sensitivity.

    METHODS: A prospective study spanning 27 months was conducted at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Serum CEA (Abbott IMx) and serum squamous cell carcinoma antigen (Abbott IMx) from patients clinically suspected of having primary carcinoma of the lung, were assayed using the microparticle enzyme immunoassay method.

    RESULTS: Thirty seven cases of histologically confirmed primary lung carcinoma were studied. Of these, 17 were squamous cell carcinomas, 10 adenocarcinomas, nine small cell carcinomas, and one large cell carcinoma. The patients' ages ranged from 34-82 years. The male:female ratio was 3.6:1. Squamous cell carcinoma antigen was raised above the cutoff value of 1.5 ng/ml in 94.1% of squamous cell carcinomas, 20.0% of adenocarcinomas, and 11.1% of small cell carcinomas. By comparison, CEA was raised above the cutoff value of 3.0 ng/ml in 70.6% of squamous cell carcinomas, 77.8% of small cell carcinomas, and 100% of adenocarcinomas. CEA and squamous cell carcinoma antigen were not raised in the patient with large cell carcinoma and in 14 healthy volunteers. None of 15 patients with a variety of benign lung diseases showed a rise of CEA, while two patients--a 25 year old Indian woman with pneumonia and a 64 year old Malay man with bronchial asthma--had raised squamous cell carcinoma antigen values above the cutoff. Serum CEA and squamous cell carcinoma antigen values did not seem to correlate with stage or degree of differentiation of the tumours.

    CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that CEA is a good general marker for carcinoma, particularly adenocarcinoma. In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma antigen is more specific for squamous carcinoma.

    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
  20. Detection of host-specific immunogenic proteins in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
    Mu AK, Chan YS, Kang SS, Azman SN, Zain RB, Chai WL, et al.
    J Immunoassay Immunochem, 2014;35(2):183-93.
    PMID: 24295181 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2013.836535
    The main purpose of this article is to develop a new and reliable saliva-based clinical diagnostic method for the early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study used an immunoproteomic approach which allowed the detection of immunogenic host proteins in patients' samples using pooled human antibodies. In an attempt to investigate potential biomarkers of OSCC, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by immunoblotting of saliva from patients and controls were compared. The protein spots of interest were analyzed using 2-DE image analyzer and subsequently subjected to MALDI-TOF/TOF and then matched against NCBI database. The result showed that four protein clusters, namely Human Pancreatic Alpha-amylase (HPA), Human Salivary Amylase (sAA), keratin-10 (K-10), and Ga Module Complexed with Human Serum Albumin (GA-HSA), had exhibited immunoreactivity in western blot. The results are suggestive of the potential use of the differentially expressed saliva protein as tumor biomarkers for the detection of OSCC. However, further studies are recommended to validate this finding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis*
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