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  1. Fulltext Evaluation of WHO monoclonal antibody kit for diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections
    Khairullah NS, Lam SK
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1995 Jun;26(2):263-7.
    PMID: 8629057
    In 1990 and 1991, six laboratories located in the WHO Western Pacific Region (WPR) and South East Asian Region (SEAR) were selected, based on their experience in the immunofluorescence antibody technique (IFAT), to participate in the evaluation of a WHO monoclonal antibody (Mab) kit to detect respiratory syncytial (RS) virus, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Despite differences in the initial standardization procedures, the WHO monoclonal antibodies were found to be of high quality, sensitivity and specificity when tested on clinical specimens. The constant supply of affordable high quality reagents from WHO would enable their use in clinical virological laboratories in the developing countries as well as promote the utilization of IFAT as an adjunct to cell culture isolation in the diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
  2. A case-control study of influenza vaccine effectiveness among Malaysian pilgrims attending the Haj in Saudi Arabia
    Mustafa AN, Gessner BD, Ismail R, Yusoff AF, Abdullah N, Ishak I, et al.
    Int J Infect Dis, 2003 Sep;7(3):210-4.
    PMID: 14563225
    To determine influenza vaccine effectiveness against clinically defined influenza-like illness among Malaysian pilgrims attending the Haj in Saudi Arabia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology
  3. Molecular analysis of isolates from influenza B outbreaks in the U.S. and Nepal, 2005
    Daum LT, Canas LC, Klimov AI, Shaw MW, Gibbons RV, Shrestha SK, et al.
    Arch Virol, 2006 Sep;151(9):1863-74.
    PMID: 16736092
    Currently circulating influenza B viruses can be divided into two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages referred to by their respective prototype strains, B/Yamagata/16/88 and B/Victoria/2/87, based on amino acid differences in the hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein. During May and July 2005, clinical specimens from two early season influenza B outbreaks in Arizona and southeastern Nepal were subjected to antigenic (hemagglutinin inhibition) and nucleotide sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA1), neuraminidase (NA), and NB genes. All isolates exhibited little reactivity with the B/Shanghai/361/2002 (B/Yamagata-like) vaccine strain and significantly reduced reactivity with the previous 2003/04 B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (B/Victoria-like) vaccine strain. The majority of isolates were antigenically similar to B/Hawaii/33/2004, a B/Victoria-like reference strain. Sequence analysis indicated that 33 of 34 isolates contained B/Victoria-like HA and B/Yamagata-like NA and NB proteins. Thus, these outbreak isolates are both antigenically and genetically distinct from the current Northern Hemisphere vaccine virus strain as well as the previous 2003-04 B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (B/Victoria lineage) vaccine virus strain but are genetically similar to B/Malaysia/2506/2004, the vaccine strain proposed for the coming seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Since these influenza B outbreaks occurred in two very distant geographical locations, these viruses may continue to circulate during the 2006 season, underscoring the importance of rapid molecular monitoring of HA, NA and NB for drift and reassortment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/genetics*; Influenza B virus/immunology; Influenza B virus/isolation & purification*
  4. [The 2005-2006 influenza season in the Netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2006-2007 season]
    Rimmelzwaan GF, de Jong JC, Donker GA, Meijer A, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD
    Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 2006 Oct 7;150(40):2209-14.
    PMID: 17061434
    The first sign of influenza activity in the Netherlands during the 2005-2006 influenza season was the isolation of influenza viruses in the last week of 2005. From Week 1 of 2006 onwards, an increase in clinical influenza activity was also observed that did not return to baseline levels until Week 15. Two waves of influenza activity were observed with peak incidences of 13.8 and 9.8 influenza-like illnesses per 10,000 inhabitants on Weeks 7 and 12, respectively. The first wave of influenza was caused primarily by influenza B viruses, whereas the second wave was caused predominantly by influenza A/H3N2 viruses. The influenza B viruses appeared to belong to two different phylogenetic lineages and were antigenically distinguishable from the vaccine strain. The isolated influenza A/H3N2 viruses were closely related to the vaccine strain for this subtype and only minor antigenic differences with the vaccine strain were observed for a limited number of isolates. Only a small number of influenza A/H1N1 viruses were isolated, which all closely resembled the H1N1 vaccine strain. For the 2006-2007 influenza season, the World Health Organization has recommended the following vaccine composition: A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2), A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) and B/Malaysia/2506/05.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology*; Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
  5. Effectiveness of influenza vaccination in prevention of influenza-like illness among inhabitants of old folk homes
    Isahak I, Mahayiddin AA, Ismail R
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2007 Sep;38(5):841-8.
    PMID: 18041300
    The aims of the study were to determine the attack rate of influenza-like illness among inhabitants of five old folk homes nationwide using influenza vaccine as a probe and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in prevention of influenza-like illness. We conducted a nonrandomized, single-blind placebo control study from June 2003 to February 2004. VAXIGRIP(R) 2003 Southern hemisphere formulation was used. Among 527 subjects, the attack rates of influenza-like illness in the influenza vaccine group were 6.4, 4.6 and 2.4% during the first, second and third 2-month periods, respectively. The attack rates of influenza-like illness in the placebo group were 17.7, 13.8 and 10.1%. Influenza vaccination reduced the risk of contracting influenza-like illness by between 14, and 45%. The vaccine effectiveness in reducing the occurrence of influenza-like illness ranged from 55 to 76%, during the 6-month study followup. The presence of cerebrovascular diseases significantly increased the risk of influenza-like illness (p < 0.005). Vaccine recipients had fewer episodes of fever, cough, muscle aches, runny nose (p < 0.001) and experience fewer sick days due to respiratory illness. Subjects who received influenza vaccination had clinically and statistically significant reductions in the attack rate of influenza-like illness. Our data support influenza vaccination of persons with chronic diseases and >50 year olds living in institutions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology
  6. [The 2006/'07 influenza season in the Netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2007/'08 season]
    de Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Donker GA, Meijer A, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD
    Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd, 2007 Sep 29;151(39):2158-65.
    PMID: 17957994
    The influenza epidemic of 2006/'07 began late in the season, like the two previous influenza epidemics. In week 8 a peak of modest height was reached. As usual, the causal strains were mainly A/H3N2 viruses and to a lesser extent A/H1N1 and B viruses. A new A/H1N1 virus variant has emerged, an event that on average takes place only every 10 years. However, almost all A/H1N1 virus isolates belonged to the old variant and were similar to the vaccine virus. The A/H3N2 virus isolates appeared to deviate from the vaccine strain, but after antigenic cartographic analysis and correction for low avidity they proved also closely related to the vaccine strain. The few type B virus isolates belonged to the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage, whereas the used B vaccine virus had been chosen from the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage. The vaccine therefore will have provided almost optimal protection against the circulating influenza A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 viruses but not against the influenza B viruses. For the 2007/'08 influenza season the World Health Organization has recommended the following vaccine composition: A/Solomon Islands/3/06 (H1N1) (new), A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2), and B/Malaysia/2506/04.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology
  7. Molecular characterization of influenza viruses circulating in Northern Italy during two seasons (2005/2006 and 2006/2007) of low influenza activity
    Pariani E, Amendola A, Zappa A, Bianchi S, Colzani D, Anselmi G, et al.
    J Med Virol, 2008 Nov;80(11):1984-91.
    PMID: 18814246 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21323
    The influenza activity and circulation of influenza viruses in Lombardy (the most populous Italian region) were observed during two consecutive seasons (2005/2006 and 2006/2007) characterized by low influenza activity by the Italian Influenza Surveillance Network. The molecular characteristics of circulating viruses were analyzed to evaluate the introduction of new variants and emergence of vaccine-escape viruses. In both seasons, the epidemic in Lombardy was sustained almost exclusively by influenza A viruses, accounting for 80.5% and 93.6% of total detections, respectively, and the co-circulation of A/H3 viruses belonging to distinct phylogenetic groups was observed. The A/H1N1 viruses isolated during the 2005/2006 season were closely related to A/New Caledonia/20/99, while the hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of the A/H1N1 viruses from the 2006/2007 season exhibited a greater diversity. These viruses were A/Solomon Islands/3/2006-like and showed several variants. All B isolates were similar to B/Malaysia/2506/2004 belonging to the B/Victoria/2/87-lineage. Influenza B virus was the dominant virus in Europe in the 2005/2006 season and accounted for the 20% of total detections in Lombardy. Overall, the viruses studied presented heterogeneity in their HA sequences suggesting the circulation of a miscellaneous set of variants during the two seasons notwithstanding the medium-low activity of influenza. The importance of virological surveillance of influenza viruses is recognized widely and the molecular characterization of the viruses, especially in vaccinated subjects, is of particular importance to evaluate the introduction and circulation of new variants.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/classification*; Influenza B virus/isolation & purification*
  8. Capture of cell culture-derived influenza virus by lectins: strain independent, but host cell dependent
    Opitz L, Zimmermann A, Lehmann S, Genzel Y, Lübben H, Reichl U, et al.
    J Virol Methods, 2008 Dec;154(1-2):61-8.
    PMID: 18840469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.09.004
    Strategies to control influenza outbreaks are focused mainly on prophylactic vaccination. Human influenza vaccines are trivalent blends of different virus subtypes. Therefore and due to frequent antigenic drifts, strain independent manufacturing processes are required for vaccine production. This study verifies the strain independency of a capture method based on Euonymus europaeus lectin-affinity chromatography (EEL-AC) for downstream processing of influenza viruses under various culture conditions propagated in MDCK cells. A comprehensive lectin binding screening was conducted for two influenza virus types from the season 2007/2008 (A/Wisconsin/67/2005, B/Malaysia/2506/2004) including a comparison of virus-lectin interaction by surface plasmon resonance technology. EEL-AC resulted in a reproducible high product recovery rate and a high degree of contaminant removal in the case of both MDCK cell-derived influenza virus types demonstrating clearly the general applicability of EEL-AC. In addition, host cell dependency of EEL-AC was studied with two industrial relevant cell lines: Vero and MDCK cells. However, the choice of the host cell lines is known to lead to different product glycosylation profiles. Hence, altered lectin specificities have been observed between the two cell lines, requiring process adaptations between different influenza vaccine production systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/growth & development*; Influenza B virus/isolation & purification*
  9. Fulltext Component-specific effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine as monitored through a sentinel surveillance network in Canada, 2006-2007
    Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Dickinson J, Petric M, Mak A, Fonseca K, et al.
    J Infect Dis, 2009 Jan 15;199(2):168-79.
    PMID: 19086914 DOI: 10.1086/595862
    Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) is reformulated annually to contain representative strains of 2 influenza A subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) and 1 B lineage (Yamagata or Victoria). We describe a sentinel surveillance approach to link influenza variant detection with component-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/genetics; Influenza B virus/immunology; Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
  10. Fulltext Immune response to influenza vaccine in children with inflammatory bowel disease
    Lu Y, Jacobson DL, Ashworth LA, Grand RJ, Meyer AL, McNeal MM, et al.
    Am J Gastroenterol, 2009 Feb;104(2):444-53.
    PMID: 19174786 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2008.120
    Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently receive immunosuppressive therapy. The immune response in these patients to vaccines has not been well studied. We conducted a prospective, open label study to evaluate the serologic response to influenza vaccine in children with IBD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology*
  11. Cross-reactive antibodies in middle-aged and elderly volunteers after MF59-adjuvanted subunit trivalent influenza vaccine against B viruses of the B/Victoria or B/Yamagata lineages
    Camilloni B, Neri M, Lepri E, Iorio AM
    Vaccine, 2009 Jun 24;27(31):4099-103.
    PMID: 19410623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.078
    This study evaluated whether MF59-adjuvanted subunit trivalent influenza vaccine for the 2003/04 winter season (A/Moscow/10/99, H3N2; A/New Caledonia/20/99, H1N1; B/Hong Kong/330/01) would confer protection against mismatched and frequently co-circulating variants of influenza B/Victoria- and B/Yamagata-like virus strains. Haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies were measured in middle-aged and elderly volunteers against the homologous B/Victoria-like vaccine strain (B/Hong Kong/330/01) and against mismatched B/Victoria-like (B/Malaysia/2506/04) and B/Yamagata-like (B/Singapore/379/99 and B/Shanghai/361/02) strains. Immunization induced significant increases in the amounts of HI antibodies against all influenza B strains under investigation. However, the responses against the heterologous B/Shanghai/361/02 virus did not reach the desirable values of seroprotection. An age-dependent decline of the responses was found for B/Victoria-like antigens, but not for B/Yamagata-like strains. Although further studies are needed, our data support the recommendation of including influenza B viruses of the B/Victoria and B/Yamagata lineages in the future influenza vaccine preparations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology*
  12. Immunogenicity and tolerability of a virosome influenza vaccine compared to split influenza vaccine in patients with sickle cell anemia
    Souza AR, Braga JA, de Paiva TM, Loggetto SR, Azevedo RS, Weckx LY
    Vaccine, 2010 Jan 22;28(4):1117-20.
    PMID: 20116631 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.046
    The immunogenicity and tolerability of virosome and of split influenza vaccines in patients with sickle cell anemia (SS) were evaluated. Ninety SS patients from 8 to 34 years old were randomly assigned to receive either virosome (n=43) or split vaccine (n=47). Two blood samples were collected, one before and one 4-6 weeks after vaccination. Antibodies against viral strains (2006) A/New Caledonia (H1N1), A/California (H3N2), B/Malaysia were determined using the hemagglutinin inhibition test. Post-vaccine reactions were recorded over 7 days. Seroconversion rates for H1N1, H3N2 and B were 65.1%, 60.4% and 83.7% for virosome vaccine, and 68.0%, 61.7% and 68.0% for split vaccine. Seroprotection rates for H1N1, H3N2 e B were 100%, 97.6% and 69.7% for virosome, and 97.8%, 97.8% and 76.6% for split vaccine. No severe adverse reactions were recorded. Virosome and split vaccines in patients with sickle cell anemia were equally immunogenic, with high seroconversion and seroprotection rates. Both vaccines were well tolerated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology
  13. Detection of influenza A and B neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated ferrets and macaques using specific biotin-streptavidin conjugated antibodies
    Sirskyj D, Weltzin R, Golshani A, Anderson D, Bozic J, Diaz-Mitoma F, et al.
    J Virol Methods, 2010 Feb;163(2):459-64.
    PMID: 19913054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.11.014
    Several critical factors of an influenza microneutralization assay, utilizing a rapid biotin-streptavidin conjugated system for detecting influenza virus subtypes A and B, are addressed within this manuscript. Factors such as incubation times, amount of virus, cell seeding, sonication, and TPCK trypsin were evaluated for their ability to affect influenza virus neutralization in a microplate-based neutralization assay using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. It is apparent that the amount of virus used in the assay is the most critical factor to be optimized in an influenza microneutralization assay. Results indicate that 100xTCID(50) of influenza A/Solomon Islands/03/2006 (H1N1) virus overloads the assay and results in no, to low, neutralization, in both ferret and macaque sera, respectively, whereas using 6xTCID(50) resulted in significantly improved neutralization. Conversely, strong neutralization was observed against 100xTCID(50) of B/Malaysia/2506/04 virus. In this manuscript the critical factors described above were optimized and the results indicate that the described biotin-streptavidin conjugated influenza microneutralization assay is a rapid and robust method for detecting the presence of functional, influenza virus-neutralizing antibodies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology*
  14. Fulltext Influenza outbreaks during World Youth Day 2008 mass gathering
    Blyth CC, Foo H, van Hal SJ, Hurt AC, Barr IG, McPhie K, et al.
    Emerg Infect Dis, 2010 May;16(5):809-15.
    PMID: 20409371 DOI: 10.3201/eid1605.091136
    Influenza outbreaks during mass gatherings have been rarely described, and detailed virologic assessment is lacking. An influenza outbreak occurred during World Youth Day in Sydney, Australia, July 2008 (WYD2008). We assessed epidemiologic data and respiratory samples collected from attendees who sought treatment for influenza-like illness at emergency clinics in Sydney during this outbreak. Isolated influenza viruses were compared with seasonal influenza viruses from the 2008 influenza season. From 100 infected attendees, numerous strains were identified: oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) viruses, oseltamivir-sensitive influenza A (H1N1) viruses, influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and strains from both influenza B lineages (B/Florida/4/2006-like and B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like). Novel viruses were introduced, and pre-WYD2008 seasonal viruses were amplified. Viruses isolated at mass gatherings can have substantial, complex, and unpredictable effects on community influenza activity. Greater flexibility by public health authorities and hospitals is required to appropriately manage and contain these outbreaks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/genetics; Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
  15. Influenza B outbreak among influenza-vaccinated welfare home residents in Singapore
    Win MK, Chow A, Chen M, Lau YF, Ooi EE, Leo YS
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2010 Jun;39(6):448-52.
    PMID: 20625620
    INTRODUCTION: Outbreaks of acute respiratory illness occur commonly in long-term care facilities (LTCF), due to the close proximity of residents. Most influenza outbreak reports have been from temperate countries. This study reports an outbreak of influenza B among a highly immunised resident population in a welfare home in tropical Singapore, and discusses vaccine efficacy and the role of acute respiratory illness surveillance for outbreak prevention and control.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the period from 16 to 21 March 2007, outbreak investigations and active case finding were carried out among residents and nursing staff at the welfare home. Interviews and medical notes review were conducted to obtain epidemiological and clinical data. Hospitalised patients were tested for respiratory pathogens. Further genetic studies were also carried out on positive respiratory samples.

    RESULTS: The overall clinical attack rate was 9.4% (17/180) in residents and 6.7% (2/30) in staff. All infected residents and staff had received influenza immunisation. Fifteen residents were hospitalised, with 2 developing severe complications. Genetic sequencing revealed that the outbreak strain had an 8.2% amino acid difference from B/Malaysia/2506/2004, the 2006 southern hemisphere influenza vaccine strain, which the residents and staff had earlier received.

    CONCLUSIONS: A mismatch between the vaccine and circulating influenza virus strains can result in an outbreak in a highly immunised LTCF resident population. Active surveillance for acute respiratory illness in LTCFs could be implemented for rapid detection of antigenic drift. Enhanced infection control and other preventive measures can then be deployed in a timely manner to mitigate the effect of any outbreaks.

    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/immunology*
  16. Production of cell culture (MDCK) derived live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in a fully disposable platform process
    George M, Farooq M, Dang T, Cortes B, Liu J, Maranga L
    Biotechnol Bioeng, 2010 Aug 15;106(6):906-17.
    PMID: 20589670 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22753
    The majority of influenza vaccines are manufactured using embryonated hens' eggs. The potential occurrence of a pandemic outbreak of avian influenza might reduce or even eliminate the supply of eggs, leaving the human population at risk. Also, the egg-based production technology is intrinsically cumbersome and not easily scalable to provide a rapid worldwide supply of vaccine. In this communication, the production of a cell culture (Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)) derived live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) in a fully disposable platform process using a novel Single Use Bioreactor (SUB) is presented. The cell culture and virus infection was maintained in a disposable stirred tank reactor with PID control of pH, DO, agitation, and temperature, similar to traditional glass or stainless steel bioreactors. The application of this technology was tested using MDCK cells grown on microcarriers in proprietary serum free medium and infection with 2006/2007 seasonal LAIV strains at 25-30 L scale. The MDCK cell growth was optimal at the agitation rate of 100 rpm. Optimization of this parameter allowed the cells to grow at a rate similar to that achieved in the conventional 3 L glass stirred tank bioreactors. Influenza vaccine virus strains, A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1 strain), A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2 strain), and B/Malaysia/2506/04 (B strain) were all successfully produced in SUB with peak virus titers > or =8.6 log(10) FFU/mL. This result demonstrated that more than 1 million doses of vaccine can be produced through one single run of a small bioreactor at the scale of 30 L and thus provided an alternative to the current vaccine production platform with fast turn-around and low upfront facility investment, features that are particularly useful for emerging and developing countries and clinical trial material production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/growth & development*
  17. Seasonal influenza virus strains circulating in Malaysia from 2005 to 2009
    Saat Z, Abdul Rashid TR, Yusof MA, Kassim FM, Thayan R, Kuen LS, et al.
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2010 Nov;41(6):1368-73.
    PMID: 21329312
    From 2005 to 2009, the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Kuala Lumpur received a total of 7,117 respiratory specimens from patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) for influenza screening. Seasonal influenza virus was isolated from 17.3% of patients with ILI in 2005, 31.6% in 2006, 12.8% in 2007, 10.2% in 2008 and 13.5% in 2009. There were one or more influenza A and B virus strains circulating in Malaysia throughout the year, with distinctly a peak in May to August. The predominant circulating strains of seasonal influenza A were A/California/7/2004-like (H3N2) in 2005, A/New Caledonia/20/99-like (H1N1) in 2006, A/ Brisbane/10/2007-like (H3N2) in 2007 and 2008, and A/Perth/16/2009-like (H3N2) virus in 2009. The predominant circulating strains of influenza B were B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like in 2005, B/Malaysia/2506/2004-like in 2006, B/Florida/4/2006-like in 2007 and 2008, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like in 2009.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/isolation & purification*
  18. An influenza B outbreak during the 2007/2008 winter among appropriately immunized elderly people living in a nursing home
    Camilloni B, Neri M, Lepri E, Basileo M, Sigismondi N, Puzelli S, et al.
    Vaccine, 2010 Nov 3;28(47):7536-41.
    PMID: 20846530 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.064
    The study evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a trivalent subunit MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (A/Wisconsin/67/05 (H3N2), A/Solomon Islands/3/06 (H1N1) and B/Malaysia/2506/04) in preventing serologically diagnosed infections in a group of 67 institutionalized elderly volunteers during 2007/2008 winter, characterized by co-circulation of drifted A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B influenza viruses. Influenza vaccination induced a significant increase in the amounts of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies, both against the vaccine and the epidemic drifted strains. However, vaccination did not prevent the circulation of the new drifted influenza B virus (B/Florida/4/06-like), belonging to the B/Yamagata/16/88-lineage, antigenically and genetically distinct from B/Victoria/2/87-lineage viruses from which the vaccine B strain was derived.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/classification; Influenza B virus/genetics
  19. [Analysis of genetic features of influenza B virus in Hunan province from 2007 to 2010]
    Liu YZ, Zhao X, Huang YW, Chen Z, Li FC, Gao LD, et al.
    Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2012 Mar;46(3):258-63.
    PMID: 22800599
    To investigate the gene variations of influenza B virus isolated in Hunan province from 2007 to 2010.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/genetics*; Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
  20. [Genetic variation of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza B viruses isolated in Ningbo during 2010-2012]
    Hu FJ, Li YD, Jiao SL, Zhang S
    Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 2013 Dec;47(12):1100-4.
    PMID: 24529267
    To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of influenza B viruses and explore the genetic evolution characteristics of the hemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA) genes of local isolated strains in Ningbo, Southeast China, during 2010 to 2012.
    Matched MeSH terms: Influenza B virus/classification; Influenza B virus/genetics*; Influenza B virus/isolation & purification
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