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Morphology, phylogeny, and toxicity of three Gambierdiscus species from the South China Sea, including a coral-killing bloom of G. carpenteri in reef tanks

Luo Z, Lin X, Liu X, Hii KS, Li H, Li Y, et al.

Mar Environ Res, 2025 Apr;206:107031.
PMID: 40024170 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107031

Gambierdiscus is a genus of benthic dinoflagellate commonly found in coral reef ecosystems. Some species produce neurotoxins, such as ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs), which have been linked to ciguatera poisoning (CP), an illness prevalent in tropical regions. In this study, three Gambierdiscus species, G. caribaeus, G. carpenteri, and G. vietnamensis were identified from coral reefs of the South China Sea based on detailed morphological and phylogenetic analyses. This is the first report of G. carpenteri along the Chinese coast, and a bloom of G. carpenteri in coral culture tank that caused coral mortality was documented. While no known CTXs and MTXs were detected in the newly isolated Gambierdiscus strains, 44-methylgambierone was present in all three species; further, G. carpenteri strains produced protonated adducts of Gambieric acids A and C. The results of MTT in vitro assay showed that G. vietnamensis exhibited the highest cytotoxicity to both cancerous and noncancerous cell lines, while G. caribaeus demonstrated moderate inhibition of noncancerous cells and colon adenocarcinoma, with lower toxicity against other colon cancer cell lines. In contrast, the bloom samples of G. carpenteri showed low cytotoxicity across all tested cell lines, suggesting that G. carpenteri may affect coral health through mechanisms beyond cytotoxicity. Higher nitrogen levels relative to phosphorus likely promoted the initiation of G. carpenteri blooms and sustained the high density in the culture tanks. The shading effect by the massive G. carpenteri mats likely limited the light intensity required by the corals, while elevated NH4+-N concentrations during the bloom period may further contribute to coral mortality. These findings underscore the effects of Gambierdiscus species influencing coral health, highlighting the need for further investigation into the mechanisms underlying the impacts on the reef ecosystems.

Matched MeSH terms: Ciguatera Poisoning
Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia, and domoic acid: New research since 2011

Bates SS, Hubbard KA, Lundholm N, Montresor M, Leaw CP

Harmful Algae, 2018 11;79:3-43.
PMID: 30420013 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.06.001

Some diatoms of the genera Pseudo-nitzschia and Nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a compound that caused amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) in humans just over 30 years ago (December 1987) in eastern Canada. This review covers new information since two previous reviews in 2012. Nitzschia bizertensis was subsequently discovered to be toxigenic in Tunisian waters. The known distribution of N. navis-varingica has expanded from Vietnam to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and Australia. Furthermore, 15 new species (and one new variety) of Pseudo-nitzschia have been discovered, bringing the total to 52. Seven new species were found to produce DA, bringing the total of toxigenic species to 26. We list all Pseudo-nitzschia species, their ability to produce DA, and show their global distribution. A consequence of the extended distribution and increased number of toxigenic species worldwide is that DA is now found more pervasively in the food web, contaminating new marine organisms (especially marine mammals), affecting their physiology and disrupting ecosystems. Recent findings highlight how zooplankton grazers can induce DA production in Pseudo-nitzschia and how bacteria interact with Pseudo-nitzschia. Since 2012, new discoveries have been reported on physiological controls of Pseudo-nitzschia growth and DA production, its sexual reproduction, and infection by an oomycete parasitoid. Many advances are the result of applying molecular approaches to discovering new species, and to understanding the population genetic structure of Pseudo-nitzschia and mechanisms used to cope with iron limitation. The availability of genomes from three Pseudo-nitzschia species, coupled with a comparative transcriptomic approach, has allowed advances in our understanding of the sexual reproduction of Pseudo-nitzschia, its signaling pathways, its interactions with bacteria, and genes involved in iron and vitamin B12 and B7 metabolism. Although there have been no new confirmed cases of ASP since 1987 because of monitoring efforts, new blooms have occurred. A massive toxic Pseudo-nitzschia bloom affected the entire west coast of North America during 2015-2016, and was linked to a 'warm blob' of ocean water. Other smaller toxic blooms occurred in the Gulf of Mexico and east coast of North America. Knowledge gaps remain, including how and why DA and its isomers are produced, the world distribution of potentially toxigenic Nitzschia species, the prevalence of DA isomers, and molecular markers to discriminate between toxigenic and non-toxigenic species and to discover sexually reproducing populations in the field.

Matched MeSH terms: Shellfish Poisoning*
Ethnopharmacology of some Buddleja species

Houghton PJ

J Ethnopharmacol, 1984 Aug;11(3):293-308.
PMID: 6482480

Buddleja species play a minor role in the ethnopharmacology of several areas of the world where they are indigenous. Phytochemical investigation of the genus has been somewhat neglected but a picture is emerging of the type of constituents which are present in reasonable quantities, namely iridoid and flavonoid glycosides. Many of the uses of Buddleja in folk medicine such as a topical antiseptic and a diuretic can be partially explained at least by the known biological activity of compounds identical or similar to those found in the genus. Other reputed uses are, as yet, without explantation due to the incomplete state of knowledge of the chemistry and, to an even greater extent, the pharmacology of Buddleja.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Extracts/poisoning
Fulltext Skin cancer caused by chronic arsenical poisoning--a report of three cases

Jaafar R, Omar I, Jidon AJ, Wan-Khamizar BW, Siti-Aishah BM, Sharifah-Noor-Akmal SH

Med J Malaysia, 1993 Mar;48(1):86-92.
PMID: 8341178

The association of arsenical poisoning with the development of skin cancer is well-known. In Malaysia, arsenic has been shown to coexist with tin in tin-mining land. Our preliminary investigation has shown that the level of arsenic in well water from a tin-mining area is high. We report 3 patients with cutaneous lesions typical of chronic arsenical poisoning such as hyperpigmentation, keratoses and skin cancer. These patients have positive histories of previous domicility in tin-mining areas. We conclude that these patients developed chronic arsenical poisoning from drinking well water polluted with arsenic from the tin-mining soil.

Matched MeSH terms: Arsenic Poisoning*
Suicide patterns in children and adolescents: a review from a pediatric institution in England

Zainum K, Cohen MC

Forensic Sci Med Pathol, 2017 Jun;13(2):115-122.
PMID: 28349246 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-017-9860-y

Suicide is a catastrophic event to both families and communities yet it is potentially preventable. This study aims to determine incidence and patterns of suicide in children and young adolescents in our region, raise awareness of this entity as a potentially preventable cause of death in this age group, and identify its possible associated risk factors. We retrospectively reviewed suicide cases presenting as sudden unexpected death in children and adolescents that underwent coronial post-mortems at our institution. This is the largest pathological review of completed suicide in children and young adolescents within a single institution in the United Kingdom. We identified 23 suicide cases during a 12 year period from 2003 to 2015, in which 18 cases (78%) were male and 5 cases (22%) were female. The age range was from 8 to 16 years (mean age 12.82 +/- 2.52 SD). With the exception of one case, all of the victims were Caucasian. The majority, 19 cases (81%), were found dead inside their place of residence, 15 of whom were discovered in their own bedrooms. Twenty-one cases (91%) died from neck compression due to hanging; 6 cases (26%) had used the cord of a dressing gown and 5 (22%) opted to use a belt as the ligature. Two cases (9%) that died from multiple-drug toxicity were female. In 7 cases (30.5%) there was evidence of self-harm and in 3 cases (13%) there was a history of previous suicide attempts. Petechial hemorrhages were found at autopsy in more than half of hanging victims and only three cases (14%) displayed dual distribution of post-mortem hypostasis (back and legs). Seven victims (30.5%) left some form of suicide message to family members and friends, 2 of which wrote the message on their arm. Parental separation, conflict with parents, and depression, were common amongst decedents prior to committing suicide. Substance abuse was uncommon in suicide within our cases. Valuable information is available from thorough review of suicide data in children and young adolescents from a single institution. Pathologists and clinicians can play crucial roles in identifying potential risk factors that may contribute to prevent future deaths.

Matched MeSH terms: Poisoning/mortality
Genetic diversity of clinical and environmental strains of Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden isolated in Malaysia

Thong KL, Goh YL, Radu S, Noorzaleha S, Yasin R, Koh YT, et al.

J Clin Microbiol, 2002 Jul;40(7):2498-503.
PMID: 12089269

The incidence of food-borne salmonellosis due to Salmonella enterica serotype Weltevreden is reported to be on the increase in Malaysia. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtyping method was used to assess the extent of genetic diversity and clonality of Salmonella serotype Weltevreden strains from humans and the environment. PFGE of XbaI-digested chromosomal DNA from 95 strains of Salmonella serotype Weltevreden gave 39 distinct profiles with a wide range of Dice coefficients (0.27 to 1.00), indicating that PFGE is very discriminative and that multiple clones of Salmonella serotype Weltevreden exist among clinical and environmental isolates. Strains of one dominant pulsotype (pulsotype X1/X2) appeared to be endemic in this region, as they were consistently recovered from humans with salmonellosis between 1996 and 2001 and from raw vegetables. In addition, the sharing of similar PFGE profiles among isolates from humans, vegetables, and beef provides indirect evidence of the possible transmission of salmonellosis from contaminated raw vegetables and meat to humans. Furthermore, the recurrence of PFGE profile X21 among isolates found in samples of vegetables from one wet market indicated the persistence of this clone. The environment in the wet markets may represent a major source of cross-contamination of vegetables with Salmonella serotype Weltevreden. Antibiotic sensitivity tests showed that the clinical isolates of Salmonella serotype Weltevreden remained drug sensitive but that the vegetable isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare clinical and environmental isolates of Salmonella serotype Weltevreden in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Food Poisoning/microbiology*
Fulltext Identification of Fish Species and Toxins Implicated in a Snapper Food Poisoning Event in Sabah, Malaysia, 2017

Dao HV, Uesugi A, Uchida H, Watanabe R, Matsushima R, Lim ZF, et al.

Toxins (Basel), 2021 09 15;13(9).
PMID: 34564661 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090657

In the coastal countries of Southeast Asia, fish is a staple diet and certain fish species are food delicacies to local populations or commercially important to individual communities. Although there have been several suspected cases of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in Southeast Asian countries, few have been confirmed by ciguatoxins identification, resulting in limited information for the correct diagnosis of this food-borne disease. In the present study, ciguatoxin-1B (CTX-1B) in red snapper (Lutjanus bohar) implicated in a CFP case in Sabah, Malaysia, in December 2017 was determined by single-quadrupole selected ion monitoring (SIM) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Continuous consumption of the toxic fish likely resulted in CFP, even when the toxin concentration in the fish consumed was low. The identification of the fish species was performed using the molecular characterization of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene marker, with a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Lutjanus. This is the first report identifying the causative toxin in fish-implicated CFP in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Ciguatera Poisoning/epidemiology
Association between aflatoxin M1 excreted in human urine samples with the consumption of milk and dairy products

Mohd Redzwan S, Rosita J, Mohd Sokhini AM, Nurul Aqilah AR

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 2012 Dec;89(6):1115-9.
PMID: 23052590 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0853-y

This study aimed to find the association between urinary aflatoxin M(1) level and milk and dairy products consumption. Of 160 morning urine samples collected, aflatoxin M(1) was detected in 61.3 % samples (n = 98) [mean ± SD = 0.0234 ± 0.0177 ng/mL; range = 0-0.0747 ng/mL]. Of these positive samples, 67.3 % (n = 66) had levels above the limit of detection. Respondents with intake of milk and dairy products above median (67.79 g/day) had significantly high level of AFM(1) compared to those with low intake. A significant and positive association (φ = 0.286) was found between milk and dairy products consumption and urinary aflatoxin M(1) level.

Matched MeSH terms: Poisoning/epidemiology*
N-acetylcysteine-induced headache in hospitalized patients with acute acetaminophen overdose

Zyoud SH, Awang R, Sulaiman SA, Al-Jabi SW

Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 2011 Jun;25(3):405-10.
PMID: 20584210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00831.x

Intravenous N-acetylcysteine (IV-NAC) is usually regarded as a safe antidote to acetaminophen overdose. However, during infusion of the loading dose, adverse drug reactions such as a headache may occur. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of headache in patients presenting to hospital after acetaminophen overdose and to determine which clinical findings are most predictive of headache among these patients. This is a retrospective cohort study of hospital admissions for acute acetaminophen overdose that was conducted over a period of 4 years from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2008. Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and predictors of headache were analyzed. spss 15 was used for data analysis. Two-hundred and fifty-five patients were studied; their mean age was 23.1 ± 1.6; 83.9% of them were women and 14.9% had a headache during hospitalization. Headache among patients was significantly associated with IV-NAC administration (P = 0.001), intentional ingestion of drug (P = 0.04), acetaminophen concentration above 'possible toxicity' treatment line (P = 0.04), a high acetaminophen concentration (P = 0.04), and a long hospital stay (P = 0.03). Multiple logistic regression showed a significant risk factor for headache in patients administered IV-NAC (P = 0.04). We recorded a high frequency of headache in patients with acute acetaminophen overdose in our geographical area. This study suggests that among those patients, the use of IV-NAC is associated with an increased risk of headache.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetaminophen/poisoning*
Lung abscess rather than pneumatocele following kerosene ingestion

Abd Aziz A, Abdullah AF, Mahmud A

Br J Hosp Med (Lond), 2007 Nov;68(11):616-7.
PMID: 18087856 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2007.68.11.27686
Matched MeSH terms: Kerosene/poisoning*
Suicide and ethnicity in Malaysia

Murty OP, Cheh LB, Bakit PA, Hui FJ, Ibrahim ZB, Jusoh NB

Am J Forensic Med Pathol, 2008 Mar;29(1):19-22.
PMID: 19749611 DOI: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e31815b4c57

This article highlights methods of ending life in different ethnic groups. This inference is drawn from analysis of data from suicidal cases from the University Malaya Medical Centre mortuary. This study also looked at sex, age, social, and employment factors. Kuala Lumpur has sizeable populations of Muslims, Chinese, Indians and Indonesian, etc. This study is based on 251 cases of suicide that were reported at the University Malaya Medical Centre from 2000 to 2004. Malaysia has a population of 22,662,365 people with 3 major ethnic groups: Malay (58%), Chinese (24%), and Indians (8%) with a minority of "others" (10%), which includes foreigners, Sabahan, and Sarawakian. This research found suicides of 164 male (65%) and 87 female (35%) victims. Their age ranged from 15 to 80 years. The age group from 21 to 30 had the highest total cases of suicide (83 of 251; 33.1%). Among ethnic groups highest rate of suicide was among Chinese with a total of 120 cases (120 of 251; 47.8%). As far as lone method of suicide is concerned, hangings accounted for the highest proportion of cases (108 of 251; 43%). Among ethnic groups, jumping from height was the commonest method used by Chinese (49 of 120; 41%), Malay (9 of 16; 56%), and others (15 of 28; 53.4%); whereas, hanging was the commonest method of committing suicide by Indians (49 of 87); Muslims showed the lowest cases of suicide (18 of 251; 7.2%). In poisoning group Indian was the highest ethnic group who used this method (20 of 37; 54.1%).

Matched MeSH terms: Poisoning/mortality
Effects of delay in infusion of N-acetylcysteine on appearance of adverse drug reactions after acetaminophen overdose: a retrospective study

Zyoud SH, Awang R, Sulaiman SA, Al-Jabi SW

Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2010 Oct;19(10):1064-70.
PMID: 20712021 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1955

To investigate the relationship between different types of adverse drug reaction (ADR) and late time to N-acetylcysteine (NAC) infusion in patients presenting to the hospital with acetaminophen overdose.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetaminophen/poisoning*
Fulltext Dissemination of Salmonella enterica sequence types among ASEAN economic community countries

Patchanee P, Boonkhot P, Kittiwan N, Tadee P, Chotinun S

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2015 Jul;46(4):707-19.
PMID: 26867391

Food-borne illness caused by Salmonella enterica remains a public health problem and results in economic loss worldwide. With the up-coming establish- ment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) allowing unrestricted move- ment of labor and goods, there is a higher risk of pathogen transmission among the AEC countries. This study characterized and investigated the spatial and temporal associations of S. enterica strains isolated in AEC countries during 1940- 2012 compared with those isolated in northern-Thailand during 2011-2013. Of the 173 S. enterica strains examined, 68 sequence types (STs) and 32 clonal complexes (CCs) were identified by multi loci sequence typing. Twenty-one strains belonged to four sequence types new to AEC countries, and they constituted only two CCs. A number of strains originated from various countries with multiple hosts, were highlighted. There was evidence of strains circulating in the AEC region well over a decade. Such information will be important in formulating biosecurity measures, as well as in educating regarding the risk of disease transmission in AEC.

Matched MeSH terms: Salmonella Food Poisoning/microbiology*
Fulltext Epidemiological analysis of reported acute glyphosate poisoning in Malaysia: identifying risk factors and high-risk groups (2006-2023)

Razali MF, Amir Shah Ruddin NI, Abdul Rani NA, Mohamed F, Ahmad NI, Leong YH

BMJ Open, 2025 Jan 28;15(1):e092681.
PMID: 39880440 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-092681

OBJECTIVE: Glyphosate is widely used in Malaysian agriculture but poses a significant under-reported public health concern due to poisoning. This paper aims to study the epidemiology of glyphosate poisoning in Malaysia, assessing severity, identifying risk factors, and high-risk groups.
SETTING: All glyphosate-related data of the Malaysia National Poison Centre from 2006 to 2023.
PARTICIPANTS: Telephone inquiries of incidents involving glyphosate made by healthcare professionals across Malaysia. Information received was recorded according to WHO guidelines.
OUTCOMES: The outcome is to provide an overview of national glyphosate poisoning epidemiology, including identifying risk factors and high-risk groups to strategise appropriate measures.
RESULTS: A total of 4548 glyphosate poisoning cases were reported, with males comprising 67.3% of cases. The most affected age groups were 21-30 years (25.5%) and 31-40 years (23.5%). Ingestion was the primary exposure route (93.0%). Intentional poisonings, mainly suicides, accounted for 68.4% (n=3078) of cases. Among the 1420 unintentional cases, 78.2% resulted from ingestion exposures. The incidence rate declined from 1.17 per 100 000 in 2011 to 0.61 in 2023. Significant associations were found between intentional ingestion and sociodemographic factors. From 2013 to 2023, 73.7% of cases were minor, 11.5% moderate, 0.8% severe and 0.1% fatal.
CONCLUSIONS: In Malaysia, the reported intentional glyphosate poisoning most commonly affects young adults, resulting in generally minor to moderate symptoms. The study highlights the need for stricter regulations on glyphosate use and improved mental health support, to mitigate poisoning risks. Continued surveillance and public education are essential to address this public health issue.

Matched MeSH terms: Poisoning/epidemiology
Absorption of andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata and its effect on CCl(4)-induced oxidative stress in rats

Akowuah GA, Zhari I, Mariam A, Yam MF

Food Chem Toxicol, 2009 Sep;47(9):2321-6.
PMID: 19540299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.022

A simple and validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection has been used to determine the content of andrographolide (AP) and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (DIAP) in rat plasma after oral dose of methanol extract (1 g/kg body weight) of Andrographis paniculata leaf. An increase in plasma concentration of AP and DIAP was observed from 30 min to 3 h after oral administration of the extract. The maximum plasma concentrations of AP and DIAP were 1.42+/-0.09 microg/ml and 1.31+/-0.04 microg/ml, respectively. Fourteen days oral treatment of rats with the methanol extract (1 g/kg body weight) followed by CCl(4) administration preserved catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocytes, whereas plasma lipid peroxidation, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities were restored to values comparable with control values. Treatment of rats with CCl(4) did not showed significant alteration (p>0.05) in plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) as compare to values of control group.

Matched MeSH terms: Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/drug therapy*; Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning/metabolism
Association between gastrointestinal manifestations following acetaminophen poisoning and outcome in 291 acetaminophen poisoning patients

Zyoud SH, Awang R, Sulaiman SA, Al-Jabi SW

Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2010 May;19(5):511-7.
PMID: 20333776 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1940

Acetaminophen poisoning is a common clinical problem, and early identification of patients with more severe poisoning is key to improving outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Acetaminophen/poisoning*; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/poisoning*
Short communication: Diagnosis of lung cancer increases during the annual southeast Asian haze periods

Hassan A, Latif MT, Soo CI, Faisal AH, Roslina AM, Andrea YLB, et al.

Lung Cancer, 2017 11;113:1-3.
PMID: 29110834 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.08.025

There have been few but timely studies examining the role of air pollution in lung cancer and survival. The Southeast Asia haze is a geopolitical problem that has occurred annually since 1997 in countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. To date, there has been no study examining the impact of the annual haze in the presentation of lung cancer. Data on all lung cancers and respiratory admissions to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) from 1st January 2010 to 31th October 2015 were retrospectively collected and categorized as presentation during the haze and non-haze periods defined by the Department of Environment Malaysia. We report a lung cancer incidence rate per week of 4.5 cases during the haze compared to 1.8 cases during the non-haze period (p<0.01). The median survival for subjects presenting during the haze was 5.2 months compared to 8.1 months for the non-haze period (p<0.05). The majority of subjects diagnosed during the haze period initially presented with acute symptoms. Although this study could not suggest a cause and effect relationship of the annual haze with the incidence of lung cancer, this is the first study reporting a local air pollution-related modifiable determinant contributing to the increase in presentation of lung cancer in Southeast Asia.

Matched MeSH terms: Particulate Matter/poisoning
Lung injury related to consuming Sauropus androgynus vegetable

Wu CL, Hsu WH, Chiang CD, Kao CH, Hung DZ, King SL, et al.

J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 1997;35(3):241-8.
PMID: 9140317 DOI: 10.3109/15563659709001207

BACKGROUND: Taking Sauropus androgynus, a Malaysian food, to reduce weight began as a fad in Taiwan in 1994. Some advocates of this fad developed pulmonary dysfunction. The aim of this study is to report the lung injury in patients taking Sauropus androgynus.

METHODS: From July 1995 to November 1995, we investigated 104 nonsmoking patients (one male and 103 females) with chest roentgenography, pulmonary function, test, and Technetium 99m-labeled diethylene triamine penta-acetate (Tc-99m DTPA) radioaerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy.

RESULTS: Among the 90 patients receiving Tc-99m DTPA inhalation lung scan, 46 (51.1%) patients had increased clearance of Tc-99m DTPA from lung and 20 (22.2%) patients had inhomogeneous deposition of the submicronic radioaerosol. Eighteen (18/100) patients had obstructive ventilatory impairment in pulmonary function test. Analyzing the results, we found that the patients with respiratory symptoms (n = 42) took more vegetables (p = 0.016), had increased clearance of Tc-99m DTPA (p = 0.010) and had lower FEV1 (p = 0.001), FEV1/FVC (p < 0.001), FEF25-75 (p = 0.001), VC (p = 0.002) and DLCO (p = 0.009) than the patients without respiratory symptoms (n = 62). FEV1 and FEV1/FVC were significantly reduced in patients with severe impairment of alveolar permeability. The cumulative dosage and duration of exposure were significantly associated with the reduction of FEV1 and FEV1/FVC.

CONCLUSION: The lung injury after taking Sauropus androgynus involves alveoli and/or small airways and is manifest as obstructive ventilatory impairment with inhomogeneous aerosol distribution and increased lung epithelial permeability.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Poisoning/pathology*
Fulltext Protective effect of Tualang honey against cadmium-induced morphological abnormalities and oxidative stress in the ovary of rats

Ruslee SS, Zaid SSM, Bakrin IH, Goh YM, Mustapha NM

BMC Complement Med Ther, 2020 May 29;20(1):160.
PMID: 32471398 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02960-1

BACKGROUND: To investigate the protective effects of Tualang honey against the toxicity effects induced by cadmium (Cd) on the ovary.
METHODS: A total of 32 female Sprague Dawley rats were taken and randomly divided into four groups (n = 8). Throughout the experimental period of 6 weeks, negative control-NC (vehicle deionized water), positive control-CD (Cd at 5 mg/kg), Tualang honey followed by Cd exposure-TH (Tualang honey at 200 mg/kg and Cd at 5 mg/kg) and Tualang honey control-THC (Tualang honey at 200 mg/kg) groups, were administered orally on a daily basis.
RESULTS: Rats exposed to Cd were significantly higher in ovarian weight, number of antral and atretic follicles as compared to the NC group. The disruptive effects of Cd on ovarian follicles were associated with a disruption in gonadotropin hormones and decreases in follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Moreover, a significant formation of oxidative stress in ovarian Cd-exposed rats has been proven by increasing the level of lipid peroxidation products (malondialdehyde) and decreasing the levels of enzymatic antioxidant (catalase). Interestingly, a daily supplementation of high antioxidant agents such as Tualang honey in these animals, caused significant improvements in the histological changes. Additionally, less atretic follicles were observed, restoring the normal level of LH and FSH (P

Matched MeSH terms: Cadmium Poisoning/drug therapy*
Fulltext Organophosphate poisoning: a Malaysian intensive care experience of one hundred cases

Delilkan AE, Namazie M, Ong G

Med J Malaysia, 1984 Sep;39(3):229-33.
PMID: 6544925

From 1970 to 1984, 100 patients suffering from organophosphate poisoning were treated in the Intensive Care Unit at the University Hospital. These patients developed signs and symptoms of cholinergic over-activity and were treated with continuous intravenous atropine. Many of the patients also developed acute respiratory failure, which necessitated ventilatory support in the form of intermittent positive pressure ventilation. Other measures included the use of inotropes and nutritional support. Daily estimation of serum cholinesterase levels were useful in assessing degree of recovery of the patients from the effects of the organophosphates.

Matched MeSH terms: Insecticides/poisoning*

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