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Fulltext Comparing the morbidity of external laryngeal nerve injury in thyroid surgery with and without identifying the nerve using intraoperative neuromonitoring

Khaled AO, Irfan M, Baharudin A, Shahid H

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Jun;67(3):289-92.
PMID: 23082419 MyJurnal

To describe and determine the possibility of surgical trauma to the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and to assess the role of intraoperative neuromonitoring in thyroid surgery.

Matched MeSH terms: Laryngeal Nerve Injuries/prevention & control
Does palm oil vitamin E reduce the risk of pregnancy induced hypertension?

Mahdy ZA, Siraj HH, Khaza'ai H, Mutalib MS, Azwar MH, Wahab MA, et al.

Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 2013;56(3):104-9.
PMID: 24592747

In view of the high anti-oxidative potential oftocotrienol, the role of the tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) of palm oil in preventing pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) was explored in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial in an urban teaching hospital. Healthy primigravidae were randomized to receive either oral TRF 100 mg daily or placebo, from early second trimester until delivery. Out of 299 women, 151 were randomized into the TRF arm and 148 into the placebo arm. A total of 15 (5.0%) developed PIH. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of PIH (4/151 or 2.6% in the TRF arm vs. 11/148 or 7.4% in the placebo arm, p = 0.058) between the two arms, there was a tendency towards a lower incidence of PIH in the TRF arm compared to the placebo arm. With TRF supplementation, the relative risk (RR) of PIH was 0.36 (95% CI 0.12-1.09). In conclusion, although TRF from palm oil does not statistically significantly reduce the risk of development of PIH in the population studied, the 64% reduction in incidence of PIH is substantial. The findings warrant further clinical trials, particularly in high risk populations.

Matched MeSH terms: Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced/prevention & control*
Fulltext Knowledge of colorectal cancer screening among young Malaysians

Al-Naggar RA, Bobryshev YV

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(3):1969-74.
PMID: 23679301

The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge and associated factors regarding colorectal cancer screening among university students in Malaysia. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle practice and knowledge of colorectal screening. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 students (21.3±1.4 years old). The majority of the participants were Malay with a monthly family income of less than 5,000 Ringgit Malaysia (equal to 1,700 USD) (67.0% and 76.0%, respectively). Regarding their lifestyle practices, the majority were non-smokers and had never consumed alcohol (83.7%, and 88.0%, respectively). The majority of the participants had no knowledge of digital rectal examination, colonoscopy, barium enema and fecal occult blood screening (63.3%, 60.7%, 74.0% and 62.3%, respectively). Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that their age and the discipline which the students were studying significantly influenced their level of knowledge about colorectal screening. The present study results indicate that education campaigns about colorectal cancer should be promoted.

Matched MeSH terms: Colorectal Neoplasms/prevention & control
Lifestyle practice among Malaysian university students

Al-Naggar RA, Bobryshev YV, Mohd Noor NA

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(3):1895-903.
PMID: 23679290

BACKGROUND: It is well established that a healthy lifestyle is of benefit in the prevention of diseases such as cancer and promotion of well-being. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine lifestyle practice and associated factors among university students in Malaysia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted over six months from November 2011 until May 2012 among the students from the Management and Science University. This study was approved by its ethical committee , the students being explained the objective and invited to participate. A consent form was signed by all study participants. Questionnaire was distributed randomly to the students of the five faculties through their lecturers in different faculty. For univariate analysis t-test and ANOVA test were performed. Multiple linear regression used for multivariate analysis using SPSS 13.0.
RESULTS: A total number of 1100 students participated with a mean age of 22.1±2.21 (SD) years. The majority were 22 years or younger (56.3%), female (54%), Malay (61.5%), single (92.3%), with family monthly income ≥5000 Ringgit Malaysia (41.2%). Regarding lifestyle, about were 31.6% smokers, 75.6% never drank alcohol and 53.7% never exercised. Multivariate analysis showed that age, sex, race, parent marital status, participant marital status, type of faculty, living status, smoking status, exercise, residency, brushing teeth, fiber intake and avoid fatty food significantly influenced the practice of drinking alcohol among university students (p=0.006, p=0.042, p<0.001, p=0.003, p=0.002, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.003, p<0.001; respectively). It similarly showed that sex, race, parent marital status, participant marital status, monthly family income, exercise, residency, brushing teeth and fiber intake significantly influenced the practice of sun protection (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.017, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001; respectively) and that age, sex, parent marital status, participant marital status, type of faculty, living status, exercise, taking non- prescribed medication, brushing the teeth, coffee consumption and fiber intake were significantly influenced the practice of fruits consumption (p=0.008, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.002, p<0.001, P<0.001; respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a poor practice of healthy lifestyle among university students. Therefore universities should emphasize a healthy lifestyle in all faculties as a required subject. Socio-demographic characteristics significantly influenced practice and thus should be considered when planning preventive measures among university students. Frequent campaigns and educational seminars are to be encouraged.

Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/prevention & control
Factors affecting dengue fever knowledge, attitudes and practices among selected urban, semi-urban and rural communities in Malaysia

Al-Dubai SA, Ganasegeran K, Mohanad Rahman A, Alshagga MA, Saif-Ali R

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2013 Jan;44(1):37-49.
PMID: 23682436

Dengue fever is a major public health problem in Malaysia. This study aimed to assess factors affecting knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dengue fever among a selected population in Malaysia. A descriptive, community-based, cross sectional study was conducted with 300 participants from three different geographical settings in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas within the states of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. The questionnaire included questions on demographic data, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding dengue fever. Mean age of respondents was 34.4 (+/- 5.7) years, and the age ranged from 18 to 65 years. The majority of respondents were married (54.7%), Malays (72.7%) and heard about dengue fever (89.7%). Television was the common source of information about dengue fever (97.0%). Participants answered 4 out of 15 items of knowledge incorrectly. There was no significant association between knowledge score and socio-demographic factors. About one-fifth of the respondents (24%) believed that immediate treatment is not necessary for dengue fever, and the majority of them were not afraid of the disease (96.0%). Attitudes toward dengue fever were significantly associated with the level of education and employment status (p < 0.05). Practice was associated significantly with age, marital status, and geographic area (p < 0.05) and knowledge on dengue fever (p = 0.030). There is a need to increase health promotion activities through campaigns and social mobilization to increase knowledge regarding dengue fever. This would help to mold positive attitudes and cultivate better preventive practices among the public to eliminate dengue in the country.

Matched MeSH terms: Dengue/prevention & control
Adolescent tobacco use and its determinants: evidence from Global Youth Tobacco Survey, Bangladesh 2007

Kabir MA, Goh KL, Khan MM

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):NP1578-90.
PMID: 23359868 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512472357

Adolescent tobacco use (ATU) is on the rise worldwide and the problem is particularly severe in developing countries. Based on nationally representative data, this study aims to investigate the association between ATU and its possible correlates for Bangladesh, where the prevalence rate of ATU is high. The data set is extracted from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey for Bangladesh conducted in 2007. The survey collected information from a total of 3113 students from 52 schools, with a response rate of 100% at the school level, while a response rate of 88.9% was achieved from the students. Students covered in the survey were in grades 7, 8, 9, and 10, with age ranging from 11 to 17 years. The prevalence rate of ATU at the time of the survey was 8.4%, while 35.6% of the students had used at least a type of tobacco products before. Logistic regressions were used to obtain the odds ratios (ORs) in favor of ATU for each of the possible determinants and the confidence intervals (CIs) of these ratios. Use of tobacco among friends (OR = 3.46; CI = 2.37-5.05), the experience of seeing others smoking at home (OR = 2.10; CI = 1.36-3.22) or other places (OR = 1.6; CI = 1.02-2.57), receiving pocket money (OR = 7.6; CI = 4.59-13.28), receiving free tobacco from vendors (OR = 2.3; CI = 1.44-3.78), and exposure to advertisements and promotions of tobacco products (OR = 1.83; CI = 1.23-2.79) were associated with a higher likelihood of ATU. Increased awareness of health hazards of tobacco use through education in schools helped mitigate the problem of ATU. The findings of this study have ramifications for tobacco control prevention strategies in Bangladesh.

Matched MeSH terms: Tobacco Smoke Pollution/prevention & control
Fulltext Rotavirus genotypes in Malaysia and universal rotavirus vaccination

Lee WS, Lim BT, Chai PF, Kirkwood CD, Lee JK

Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2012 Oct;8(10):1401-6.
PMID: 23022710 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21577

Group A rotavirus (RV-A) genotypes isolated in Malaysia was studied to estimate the effectiveness of a universal RV-A vaccination in Malaysia. A simple mathematical model was used, with input from a two-year, two-center, prospective study on hospitalization of RV-A gastroenteritis (RVGE) in young children, published data on RV-A hospitalizations and genotypes, mortality on childhood GE and published genotype-specific efficacy data on two RV-A vaccines. Assuming a 95% vaccine coverage, the overall projected effectiveness was 75.7 to 88.1% for Rotateq and 78.7 to 90.6% for Rotarix® against RVGE-related hospitalizations. The projected annual reduction in RVGE-related deaths was 27 to 32 deaths (from 34 deaths) for Rotateq and 28 to 32 deaths annually for Rotarix. A universal RV-A vaccine is efficacious in reducing RVGE-related hospitalizations and mortality in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Rotavirus Infections/prevention & control*
Fulltext Betel-quid dependence and oral potentially malignant disorders in six Asian countries

Lee CH, Ko AM, Yen CF, Chu KS, Gao YJ, Warnakulasuriya S, et al.

Br J Psychiatry, 2012 Nov;201(5):383-91.
PMID: 22995631 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107961

Despite gradual understanding of the multidimensional health consequences of betel-quid chewing, information on the effects of dependent use is scant.

Matched MeSH terms: Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control
Selection of metal oxides in the preparation of rice husk ash (RHA)/CaO sorbent for simultaneous SO2 and NO removal

Dahlan I, Lee KT, Kamaruddin AH, Mohamed AR

J Hazard Mater, 2009 Jul 30;166(2-3):1556-9.
PMID: 19147280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.028

In this work, the removal of SO(2) and NO from simulated flue gas from combustion process was investigated in a fixed-bed reactor using rice husk ash (RHA)/CaO-based sorbent. Various metal precursors were used in order to select the best metal impregnated over RHA/CaO sorbents. The results showed that RHA/CaO sorbents impregnated with CeO(2) had the highest sorption capacity among other impregnated metal oxides for the simultaneous removal of SO(2) and NO. Infrared spectroscopic results indicated the formation of both sulfate (SO(4)(2-)) and nitrate (NO(3)(-)) species due to the catalytic role played by CeO(2). Apart from that, the catalytic activity of the RHA/CaO/CeO(2) sorbent was found to be closely related to its physical properties (specific surface area, total pore volume and average pore diameter).

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollution/prevention & control*
Orgasmic dysfunction among women at a primary care setting in Malaysia

Sidi H, Midin M, Puteh SE, Abdullah N

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2008;20(4):298-306.
PMID: 19124324 DOI: 10.1177/1010539508322810

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of orgasmic dysfunction and the potential risk factors that may be associated with orgasmic dysfunction among women at a primary care setting in Malaysia.
METHODS: A validated questionnaire for sexual function was used to assess orgasmic function. A total of 230 married women aged 18 to 70 years participated in this study. Their sociodemographic and marital profiles were compared between those who had orgasmic dysfunction and those who did not, and the risk factors were examined.
RESULTS: The prevalence of orgasmic dysfunction in the primary care population was 51.9%. Women with orgasmic dysfunction were found to be significantly higher in the following groups: age >45 years, being non-Malay, having lower academic status, married longer, having more children, married to an older husband, and being at menopausal state.
CONCLUSION: Women with infrequent sexual intercourse are less likely to be orgasmic (odds ratio = 0.29, 95% confidence interval = 0.11-0.74).

Matched MeSH terms: Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological/prevention & control
Fulltext Impact of larviciding with a Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis formulation, VectoBac WG, on dengue mosquito vectors in a dengue endemic site in Selangor State, Malaysia

Lee HL, Chen CD, Masri SM, Chiang YF, Chooi KH, Benjamin S

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2008 Jul;39(4):601-9.
PMID: 19058596

The field bioefficacy of a wettable granule (WG) formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), VectoBac WG (Bti strain AM65-52) against dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Ae albopictus; was evaluated in a suburban residential area (TST) and in a temporary settlement site (KB) in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Pre-control ovitrap surveillance of the trial sites indicated a high population of both types of Aedes mosquitoes. The populations were monitored continuously by weekly ovitrapping. Bti was sprayed biweekly at a dosage of 500 g/ha by using a mist-blower. The spray application was targeted into outdoor larval habitats. If required, Bti formulation was also applied directly into indoor water-holding containers at 8 g/1,000 l. Based on ovitrap surveillance, a significant reduction in Aedes populations was evident 4 weeks after initiating the first Bti treatment. The ovitrap index (OI) and the larvae density decreased drastically in both trial sites. In TST, the indoor OI was significantly reduced from 57.50 +/- 7.50% to 19.13 +/- 5.49% (p<0.05), while the outdoor OI decreased from 38.89 +/- 11.11% to 15.36 +/- 5.93%. In KB, similarly, the OI was significantly reduced by more than half, from 66.66 +/- 6.67% to 30.26 +/- 2.99% (p< 0.05). In all cases, the reduction in OI was paralleled by reduction in larval density.

Matched MeSH terms: Dengue/prevention & control*
Recurrence of peripheral ulcerative keratitis on the corneoscleral button in a young man treated successfully with oral corticosteroids

Wahid WA, Selvaraja V, Bakiah S, Ibrahim M

Cornea, 2008 Aug;27(7):837-9.
PMID: 18650673 DOI: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e318169d6cc

To describe recurrent peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) on the corneoscleral graft in a young man treated successfully with oral corticosteroids.

Matched MeSH terms: Corneal Ulcer/prevention & control*
Case series of buprenorphine injectors in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Bruce RD, Govindasamy S, Sylla L, Haddad MS, Kamarulzaman A, Altice FL

Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 2008;34(4):511-7.
PMID: 18584580 DOI: 10.1080/00952990802122259

Diversion of buprenorphine has been described in settings where it is legally prescribed and has become an increasing concern in Malaysia; it resulted in banning of buprenorphine in Singapore where unsubstantiated case reports suggested that buprenorphine injection was associated with particularly poor outcomes. We therefore conducted a case series of qualitative interviews with buprenorphine injectors in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to examine further the issues surrounding buprenorphine injection as well as the abuse of midazolam in combination with buprenorphine. Interviews with 19 men do not suggest significant adverse health consequences from buprenorphine injection alone and injectors have adapted diverted buprenorphine as a treatment modality. A subset of these injectors, however, combined buprenorphine and midazolam for euphoric effects with resultant symptoms of a possible pharmacological interaction. Prospective cohort studies, rather than hospital-derived samples, are needed to better understand the safety of buprenorphine injection.

Matched MeSH terms: Substance Abuse, Intravenous/prevention & control*
Fulltext Cigarette purchasing behaviour in Thailand and Malaysia: comparative analysis of a semi-monopolistic and a free-market structure

Ross H, Driezen P, Sirirassamee B, Kin F

Glob Public Health, 2009;4(6):588-99.
PMID: 19548160 DOI: 10.1080/17441690903072204

A wide range of cigarette prices can undermine the impact of tobacco tax policy when smokers switch to cheaper cigarettes instead of quitting. In order to better understand this behaviour, we study socio-economic determinants of price/brand choices in two different markets: a semi-monopolistic market in Thailand and a competitive market in Malaysia. The hypothesis that the factors affecting the price/brand choice are different in these two markets is analysed by employing a 2005 survey among smokers. This survey provides a unique perspective on market characteristics usually described only in business reports by the tobacco industry. We found that smokers in Thailand have fewer opportunities to trade down to save money on cigarettes, but pay lower prices than smokers in Malaysia, despite Thailand's higher tax rate. The Malaysian market, on the other hand, offers many possibilities to shop around for cheaper cigarettes. Higher income and education increase the price paid per cigarette in both countries, but the impact of these factors is larger in Malaysia. This has implications for sensitivity to cigarette prices. Using tax policy alone should be a more effective tobacco control measure in Thailand as compared to Malaysia. The effectiveness of a tax increase in Malaysia can be improved by adding programmes focusing on smoking cessation among low-income/low-educated smokers.

Matched MeSH terms: Smoking/prevention & control
Variation in the prevalence, awareness, and control of diabetes in a multiethnic population: a nationwide population study in Malaysia

Rampal S, Rampal L, Rahmat R, Zain AM, Yap YG, Mohamed M, et al.

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2010 Apr;22(2):194-202.
PMID: 19443875 DOI: 10.1177/1010539509334816

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between different ethnic groups and the prevalence, awareness, and control of diabetes in Malaysia. A population-based cross-sectional study using multistage sampling was conducted in Malaysia. Diabetes is defined as having a fasting blood glucose > or =7 mmol/L or a self-reported diabetic on treatment. Among the 7683 respondents aged > or =30 years, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 15.2% (95% CI = 14.1, 16.4). Multivariate analysis showed that compared with Malays, Chinese had lower odds (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.71; 95% CI = 0.56, 0.91) and Indians had higher odds of having diabetes (aOR 1.54; 95% CI = 1.20, 1.98). The odds of diabetes increased with age, family history of diabetes, body mass index, and lower education levels. Among those with diabetes mellitus, 45.0% were aware and 42.7% were under treatment. Among treated diabetics, 25.1% had their fasting blood sugar under control. There is a significant association between prevalence of diabetes and different ethnic groups.

Matched MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus/prevention & control
Self-care actions taken for vasomotor symptoms by some postmenopausal Kelantanese women

Dhillon HK, Singh HJ, Mahmood NM, Ghaffar NA

Climacteric, 2008;11(6):518-24.
PMID: 18991079 DOI: 10.1080/13697130802491031

OBJECTIVE:
Documentation of self-care actions for vasomotor complaints by some postmenopausal women in Kelantan.

METHODS:
A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 326 naturally menopausal women to determine the prevalence and types of self-care actions taken for vasomotor complaints.

RESULTS:
Fractionally more women took self-care actions for night sweats than hot flushes. The choice of self-care action depended upon the area of residence and the educational level. The most common action taken for night sweats was to sleep either in an air-conditioned room or under a ceiling fan. About one-quarter of the complainants used hormone replacement therapy, the majority of who were urban-living and with secondary education. Only a small fraction used traditional remedies.

CONCLUSION:
A large proportion of women complaining of vasomotor complaints took self-care actions and the choice of self-care actions depended on the area of residence and educational level. The use of modern remedies and less of the traditional remedies was more common amongst the more affluent and educated women than women in rural areas who either did nothing or resorted to the more simple type of self-care actions. Contrary to our expectations, the use of traditional remedies was low.

Matched MeSH terms: Hot Flashes/prevention & control
Cultured epidermal autografts in combination with MEEK Micrografting technique in the treatment of major burn injuries

Dorai AA, Lim CK, Fareha AC, Halim AS

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:44.
PMID: 19024976

The treatment of major burn injuries are a formidable challenge to the burn surgeon. Early aggressive surgery for deep to full thickness burn injuries is vital in the prevention of infection. The ultimate goal in major burn injuries is to prevent the onset of multi-resistant organisms and achieve early wound cover. The field of tissue engineering can help to expedite the healing of these burn wounds. The development of keratinocyte culture delivery system can be used clinically to fasten the healing process and save many lives.

Matched MeSH terms: Wound Infection/prevention & control*
Multitargeted therapy of cancer by tocotrienols

Nesaretnam K

Cancer Lett, 2008 Oct 8;269(2):388-95.
PMID: 18504069 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.063

Natural compounds with possible health benefits have become attractive targets for research in areas pertaining to human health. For both prevention and therapy of various human ailments, such compounds are preferred over synthetic ones due to their lesser toxicity. They are also easily absorbed and processed by our body. Vitamins are prominent among natural or endogenous compounds that are considered to be beneficial. The vitamin E group of compounds is among the better known of the vitamins due to their suggested health benefits including antioxidant and related protective properties. Among these, tocotrienols have gained prominence in recent years due to their potential applications and better protective effects in certain systems. These tocotrienols are vitamin E derivatives that are analogs of the more established forms of vitamin E namely tocopherols. In addition to their potent antioxidant activity, tocotrienols have other important functions, especially in maintaining a healthy cardiovascular system and a possible role in protection against cancer and other ailments.

Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/prevention & control
Fulltext Audit of perioperative blood transfusion

Choy YC, Lim WL, Ng SH

Med J Malaysia, 2007 Oct;62(4):299-302.
PMID: 18551933 MyJurnal

The main goal of perioperative transfusion is to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen to the tissues during surgery. In this audit, the primary trigger for transfusion was clinical anaemia assessed by examination of a patient's conjunctiva [40.7%] followed by estimation of blood loss of greater 20% of total blood volume [29.3%]. Haemoglobin estimation in the operation theater was not done in 45.9% of studied patients and only 7.8% patients had transfusion based on this criteria. A common practice is to transfuse blood for hypovolaemia. This was the indication for blood transfusion in 96 patients (7.8%). Inappropriate use of blood in this way has led to wastage of a valuable resource and exposed patients to potential risks of unwanted side effects. Analysis of haemoglobin estimation at recovery room showed 32% of patient with co-morbidities had Hb > 10 gm% while 65% and 29.5% of patients without co-morbidities had Hb > 8 gm% and 10 gm% respectively. This reflects the practice of anaesthetists in maintaining a target of Hb of 10 gm% for both groups of patients while a target of 8 gm% is still relatively safe for patients with good cardiovascular reserves. This has resulted in signifant use of homologous blood which will certainly burden the blood bank and increase the cost of healthcare.

Matched MeSH terms: Anemia/prevention & control*
Compliance towards dispensed medication labelling standards: a cross-sectional study in the state of Penang, Malaysia

Neoh CF, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Awaisu A, Tambyappa J

Curr Drug Saf, 2009 Sep;4(3):199-203.
PMID: 19534650

Good medicine labelling practice is vital to ensure safe use of medicines. Non-compliance to labelling standards is a potential source of medication errors. This study was intended to evaluate and compare compliance towards labelling standard for dispensed medications between community pharmacists and general practitioners in Penang, Malaysia. A total of 128 community pharmacies and 26 general practitioners' clinics were visited. Using 'Simulated Client Method' (SCM), data were collected on the medications dispensed upon presentation of hypothetical common cold symptoms. The medications dispensed were evaluated for labelling adequacy. Result revealed that majority of the dispensed medications obtained were not labelled according to regulatory requirements. However, general practitioners complied better than community pharmacists in terms of labelling for: name of patient (p<0.001), details of supplier (p<0.001), dosage of medication (p=0.023), frequency to take medication (p=0.023), patient's reference number (p<0.001), date of supply (p<0.001), special instructions for medication (p=0.008), storage requirements (p=0.002), and indication for medication (p<0.001). Conversely, community pharmacists labelled dispensed medications with the words "Controlled Medicine" more often than did general practitioners (p<0.001). Although laws for labelling dispensed medicines are in place, most community pharmacists and general practitioners did not comply accordingly, thereby putting patients' safety at risks of medication errors.

Matched MeSH terms: Medication Errors/prevention & control

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