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Selective magnetic nanographene oxide solid-phase extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection for the determination of zearalenone in corn samples

Thongprapai P, Cheewasedtham W, Chong KF, Rujiralai T

J Sep Sci, 2018 Dec;41(23):4348-4354.
PMID: 30267469 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800441

A magnetic nanographene oxide sorbent as a selective sorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection was developed and proved to be a robust method for zearalenone determination in corn samples. Optimum extraction of zearalenone (20 mg magnetic nanographene oxide sorbent, extraction for 15 min, desorption time of 15 min using 1 mL of 0.5% formic acid in methanol) resulted in low limits of detection (05 mg/L) and quantitation (0.13 mg/L) and good linearity range of 0.13-1.25 mg/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.9957. Acceptable recoveries (79.3-80.6%) with relative standard deviations below 4% and satisfactory intra- and interday precisions (2-7.4%) were achieved. Additionally, the proposed method has been proved to be good in several aspects: easily prepared sorbent with high affinity to zearalenone, convenient and fast procedure, and high extraction efficiency.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Fulltext Nanotechnology in drug delivery gaining new perspectives in respiratory diseases

Dua K, Madan JR, Chellappan DK, Gupta G

Panminerva Med, 2018 09;60(3):135-136.
PMID: 30176702 DOI: 10.23736/S0031-0808.18.03442-0
Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
Toxicity evaluation of ZnO and TiO2 nanomaterials in hydroponic red bean (Vigna angularis) plant: Physiology, biochemistry and kinetic transport

Jahan S, Alias YB, Bakar AFBA, Yusoff IB

J Environ Sci (China), 2018 Oct;72:140-152.
PMID: 30244741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.12.022

The toxicity and kinetic uptake potential of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials into the red bean (Vigna angularis) plant were investigated. The results obtained revealed that ZnO, due to its high dissolution and strong binding capacity, readily accumulated in the root tissues and significantly inhibited the physiological activity of the plant. However, TiO2 had a positive effect on plant physiology, resulting in promoted growth. The results of biochemical experiments implied that ZnO, through the generation of oxidative stress, significantly reduced the chlorophyll content, carotenoids and activity of stress-controlling enzymes. On the contrary, no negative biochemical impact was observed in plants treated with TiO2. For the kinetic uptake and transport study, we designed two exposure systems in which ZnO and TiO2 were exposed to red bean seedlings individually or in a mixture approach. The results showed that in single metal oxide treatments, the uptake and transport increased with increasing exposure period from one week to three weeks. However, in the metal oxide co-exposure treatment, due to complexation and competition among the particles, the uptake and transport were remarkably decreased. This suggested that the kinetic transport pattern of the metal oxide mixtures varied compared to those of its individual constituents.

Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
From formulation of acrylamide-based hydrogels to their optimization for drug release using response surface methodology

Sabbagh F, Muhamad II, Nazari Z, Mobini P, Taraghdari SB

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2018 Nov 01;92:20-25.
PMID: 30184743 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.06.022

This study conducted on the structure of modified acrylamide-based hydrogel by synthesizing the nano composites. The hydrogels employed in this study were provided through a combination of acrylamide monomers, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles by crosslinking polymerization. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine and ammonium persulfate as the initiator was applied in the structure of the polymer. Findings of the study considered the nano composites consisting of MgO have the highest swelling ratio compared to pure Aam hydrogels. Thus, MgO is an appropriate nanoparticle to be used in the nano composites. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD Design) was applied to optimize the preparation variables of a hydrogel consisted of MgO, NaCMC. With the swelling ratio for acrylamide-based hydrogel as the response, the effects of two variables, i.e. MgO and NaCMC were investigated. The effects of pH, temperature, MgO, and NaCMC on the drug release were investigated using the CCD design. The predicted appropriate drug release conditions for the hydrogel at the highest rate of temperature (37.50 °C) and pH: 4.10, is at its highest value, while the lower drug release is at temperature 38 °C and pH 3.50. With the desired value of MgO (0.01 g) and amount of NaCMC (0.1 g).

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry
Fulltext A new strategy for taste masking of azithromycin antibiotic: development, characterization, and evaluation of azithromycin titanium nanohybrid for masking of bitter taste using physisorption and panel testing studies

Amin F, Khan S, Shah SMH, Rahim H, Hussain Z, Sohail M, et al.

Drug Des Devel Ther, 2018;12:3855-3866.
PMID: 30510401 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S183534

Background: The obnoxious bitter taste of orally taken antibiotics is one of the biggest problems in the treatment of children. The pediatric population cannot tolerate the bitter taste of drugs and vomit out which ultimately leads to suboptimal therapeutic value, grimace and mental stress so it is the challenging task for the formulation scientists to formulate a palatable formulation particularly to overcome address the issue.
Purpose of study: The study aimed to mask and evaluate the unpleasant bitter taste of azithro-mycin (AZ) in the dry suspension dosage form by physisorption technique.
Materials and methods: AZ was selected as an adsorbent and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as adsorbate. The AZ nanohybrids (AZN) were prepared by treating fixed amount of adsorbent with a varied amount of adsorbate, prepared separately by dispersing it in an aqueous medium. The mixture was sonicated, stirred followed by filtration and drying. The AZN produced were characterized by various techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays (EDX), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), HPLC and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR). The optimized nanohybrid was blended with other excipients to get stable and taste masked dry suspension dosage form.
Results: The results confirmed the adsorption of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the surface of AZ. The fabricated optimized formulation was subjected for taste masking by panel testing and accelerated stability studies. The results showed a remarkable improvement in bitter taste masking, inhibiting throat bite without affecting the dissolution rate. The product showed an excellent stability both in dry and reconstituted suspension. The optimized formulation of AZN and was found stable when subjected to physical and chemical stability studies, this is because of short and single step process which interns limits the exposure of the product to various environmental factors that could potentially affect the stability of the product. The dissolution rate of the optimized formulation of AZN was compared with its marketed counterpart, showing the same dissolution rate compared to its marketed formulation.
Conclusion: The current study concludes that, by fabricating AZ-titanium nanohybrids using physisorption can effectively mask the bitter taste of the drug. The palatability and stability of azithromycin formulation was potentially enhanced without affecting its dissolution rate.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Virus-like nanoparticles as a novel delivery tool in gene therapy

Jeevanandam J, Pal K, Danquah MK

Biochimie, 2019 Feb;157:38-47.
PMID: 30408502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.001

Viruses are considered as natural nanomaterials as they are in the size range of 20-500 nm with a genetical material either DNA or RNA, which is surrounded by a protein coat capsid. Recently, the field of virus nanotechnology is gaining significant attention from researchers. Attention is given to the utilization of viruses as nanomaterials for medical, biotechnology and energy applications. Removal of genetic material from the viral capsid creates empty capsid for drug incorporation and coating the capsid protein crystals with antibodies, enzymes or aptamers will enhance their targeted drug deliver efficiency. Studies reported that these virus-like nanoparticles have been used in delivering drugs for cancer. It is also used in imaging and sensory applications for various diseases. However, there is reservation among researchers to utilize virus-like nanoparticles in targeted delivery of genes in gene therapy, as there is a possibility of using virus-like nanoparticles for targeted gene delivery. In addition, other biomedical applications that are explored using virus-like nanoparticles and the probable mechanism of delivering genes.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Dual platform based sandwich assay surface-enhanced Raman scattering DNA biosensor for the sensitive detection of food adulteration

Khalil I, Yehye WA, Muhd Julkapli N, Sina AA, Rahmati S, Basirun WJ, et al.

Analyst, 2020 Feb 17;145(4):1414-1426.
PMID: 31845928 DOI: 10.1039/c9an02106j

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) DNA biosensing is an ultrasensitive, selective, and rapid detection technique with the ability to produce molecule-specific distinct fingerprint spectra. It supersedes the long amplicon based PCR assays, the fluorescence and spectroscopic techniques with their quenching and narrow spectral bandwidth, and the electrochemical detection techniques using multiplexing. However, the performance of the SERS DNA biosensor relies on the DNA probe length, platform composition, both the presence and position of Raman tags and the chosen sensing strategy. In this context, we herein report a SERS biosensor based on dual nanoplatforms with a uniquely designed Raman tag (ATTO Rho6G) intercalated short-length DNA probe for the sensitive detection of the pig species Sus scrofa. In the design of the signal probe (SP), a Raman tag was incorporated adjacent to the spacer arm, followed by a terminal thiol modifier, which consequently had a strong influence on the SERS signal enhancement. The detection strategy involves the probe-target DNA hybridization mediated coupling of the two platforms, i.e., the graphene oxide-gold nanorod (GO-AuNR) functionalized capture probe (CP) and SP-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), consequently enhancing the SERS intensity by both the electromagnetic hot spots generated at the junctions or interstices of the two platforms and the chemical enhancement between the AuNPs and the adsorbed intercalated Raman tag. This dual platform based SERS DNA biosensor exhibited outstanding sensitivity in detecting pork DNA with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 aM validated with DNA extracted from a pork sample (LOD 1 fM). Moreover, the fabricated SERS biosensor showed outstanding selectivity and specificity for differentiating the DNA sequences of six closely related non-target species from the target DNA sequences with single and three nucleotide base-mismatches. Therefore, the developed short-length DNA linked dual platform based SERS biosensor could replace the less sensitive traditional methods of pork DNA detection and be adopted as a universal detection approach for the qualitative and quantitative detection of DNA from any source.

Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
Interaction study of peptide-PAMAM as potential bio-nanogate for detecting anti-hepatitis B surface antigen

Syamila N, Syahir A, Ikeno S, Tan WS, Ahmad H, Ahmad Tajudin A

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 2020 Jan 01;185:110623.
PMID: 31735420 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110623

Bio-nanogate involves synthesized or natural molecules as a 'gate' towards bioreceptors and responds upon the presence of targeted analytes in nanoscale dimension. Development of bio-nanogate improves analyte selectivity and signal response across various types of biosensors. The versatility of PAMAM dendrimers to form conjugates with guest molecules, such as proteins can be utilized in forming a bio-nanogate. PAMAM interaction with peptide bioreceptor for antibody detection is of interest in this study. This study investigated the interaction of synthesized immunogenic 'a' determinant (aD) region of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) with PAMAM G4 and anti-HBsAg antibody, as a potential bio-nanogate for anti-HBsAg detection. The aD peptide fused with maltose binding protein (MBP), was confirmed with Western blotting. Nano-Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (nano-DSF) study revealed that the interaction of MBP-aD with anti-HBsAg indicated a higher thermal stability as compared to its interaction with PAMAM G4. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that a higher binding constant of MBP-aD interaction with anti-HBsAg (0.92 μM-1) was observed at maximum saturation, as compared with PAMAM G4 (0.07 μM-1). Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that MBP-aD interacted with anti-HBsAg and PAMAM G4, through van der Waals and hydrogen bonding. These analyses suggest that the weak interaction of MBP-aD and PAMAM G4 may form a potential bio-nanogate. It is hypothesized that the presence of anti-HBsAg has a higher affinity towards MBP-aD which may displace PAMAM G4 in the anti-HBsAg detection system. This interaction study is crucial as an initial platform of using peptide-PAMAM as a bio-nanogate in an antibody detection system.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Ultrasound-assisted weak-acid hydrolysis of crystalline starch nanoparticles for chemical enhanced oil recovery

Agi A, Junin R, Arsad A, Abbas A, Gbadamosi A, Azli NB, et al.

Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Apr 01;148:1251-1271.
PMID: 31760018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.099

Ascorbic acid was used for the first time to synthesize crystalline starch nanoparticles (CSNP). The physical properties of the CSNP were investigated. Rheological properties of the crystalline starch nanofluid (CSNF) were compared with native cassava starch (CS) and commercial polymer xanthan. Interfacial properties of the CSNF at the interface of oil and water (O/W) were investigated at different concentrations and temperatures. Wettability alteration efficiency of CSNF on oil-wet sandstone surface was investigated using the sessile drop method. Core flooding experiment was conducted at reservoir conditions. The methods were effective in producing spherical and polygonal nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 100 nm and increased in crystallinity of 7%. Viscosity increased with increase in surface area and temperature of the CSNF compared to a decrease in viscosity as the temperature increases for xanthan. Interfacial tension (IFT) decreased with increase in concentration of CSNF, electrolyte and temperature. The results show that CSNF can change the wettability of sandstone at low concentration, high salinity and elevated temperature. Pressure drops data shows stability of CSNF at 120 °C. The formation of oil bank was enough to increase oil recovery by 23%.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Advanced nanoscale carrier-based approaches to overcome biopharmaceutical issues associated with anticancer drug 'Etoposide'

Choudhury H, Maheshwari R, Pandey M, Tekade M, Gorain B, Tekade RK

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2020 Jan;106:110275.
PMID: 31753398 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110275

Etoposide (ETS), topoisomerase-II inhibitor, is a first-line anticancer therapeutics used in diverse cancer types. However, the therapeutic potential of this molecule has mainly impeded due to its detrimental toxicity profile, unfavorable rejection by the cancer cells due to P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux activity, and rapid hepatic clearance through extensive metabolism by Cytochrome-P450. To increase the therapeutic potency without significant adverse effects, the implication of novel ETS-nanoformulation strategies have recommended mainly. Nanomedicine based nanoformulation approaches based on nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, carbon-nanotubes (CNTs), liposomes, polymeric micelles, emulsions, dendrimers, solid-lipid NPs, etc offers immense potential opportunities to improve the therapeutic potential of pharmaceutically problematic drugs. This review provides an up-to-date argument on the work done in the field of nanomedicine to resolve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues associated with ETS. The review also expounds the progress in regards to the regulatory, patenting and clinical trials related to the innovative formulation aspects of ETS.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Silylation of TEMPO oxidized nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane

Indarti E, Marwan, Rohaizu R, Wanrosli WD

Int J Biol Macromol, 2019 Aug 15;135:106-112.
PMID: 31128174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.161

Silylated cellulose has been successfully synthesized using TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (TEMPO-NC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) in an ethanol/water medium at a low curing temperature of 40 °C as compared to those reported in the literature of above 100 °C. Confirmation of the grafting process can be seen from the new FTIR peaks at 810 cm-1 and 749 cm-1 which are attributed to the SiC stretching and SiC, and new 13C NMR signals at 10.3, 21.7 and 42.7 ppm which are assigned to C7, C8, and C9 of the silylated TEMPO-NC. The decrease in the intensities of the cellulose peaks of C2, C3, C6 and C6' in the 13C NMR indicates that silylation not only occurs on the hydroxyls, but more importantly on the TEMPO-NC carboxylic moiety of C6', which is postulated as being the primary factor for this successful modification. This is further corroborated by the emergence of three signals at 43, 61, and 69 ppm in the 29Si NMR spectrum which corresponds to Si(OSi)(OR)2R', Si(OSi)2(OR)R', and Si(OSi)3R' units respectively. Additional evidence is provided by the EDX which shows an increase in Si weight percent of 1.94 after reaction. This silylated cellulose from OPEFB has the potentials to be used as bionanocomposite reinforcing elements.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Hierarchically structured ternary heterojunctions based on Ce3+/ Ce4+ modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles anchored onto graphene oxide sheets as magnetic visible-light-active photocatalysts for decontamination of oxytetracycline

Hassandoost R, Pouran SR, Khataee A, Orooji Y, Joo SW

J Hazard Mater, 2019 08 15;376:200-211.
PMID: 31128399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.035

The main prerequisite of an active visible-light-driven photocatalyst is to effectively utilize the visible light to induce electron-hole (e-/h+) pairs of expanded lifetime. To this end, for the first time, the ternary heterojunctions of CeO2/Fe3O4 /Graphene oxide and Ce3+/ Fe3O4 /Graphene oxide (CeO2/Fe3O4/GO and Fe2.8Ce0.2O4/GO) were prepared via facile ultrasonic-assisted procedures and employed for destruction of oxytetracycline (OTC) under visible light irradiation. The changes in the relative crystal structure, morphology, atomic and surface functional group composition, magnetic, and optic properties of magnetite were uncovered by various techniques. The substantial degradation and mineralization of OTC via visible light/Fe2.8Ce0.2O4/GO system were thoroughly discussed in terms of narrowed band gap energy, the principal function of Ce3+/Ce4+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ redox pairs and GO platelets, enhanced charge separation and transfer, and enlarged active surface area. Furthermore, the performance of visible light/Fe2.8Ce0.2O4/GO system was evaluated for treating real wastewater and its efficiency was investigated using a number of enhancers and scavengers. Finally, the generated byproducts in the course of photodegradation were determined and the oxidation pathway, photocatalytic kinetics, and plausible mechanism were proposed. The results confirmed that the introduced Ce ions and graphene oxide sheets boost the photo-catalytic efficiency of magnetite for photodegradation of OTC.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Nanocrystalline cellulose decorated quantum dots based tyrosinase biosensor for phenol determination

Manan FAA, Hong WW, Abdullah J, Yusof NA, Ahmad I

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2019 Jun;99:37-46.
PMID: 30889711 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.082

Novel biosensor architecture based on nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)/CdS quantum dots (QDs) nanocomposite was developed for phenol determination. This nanocomposite was prepared with slight modification of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) with cationic surfactant of cetyltriammonium bromide (CTAB) and further decorated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA) capped CdS QDs. The nanocomposite material was then employed as scaffold for immobilization of tyrosinase enzyme (Tyr). The electrocatalytic response of Tyr/CTAB-NCC/QDs nanocomposite towards phenol was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The current response obtained is proportional to the concentration of phenol which attributed to the reduction of o-quinone produced at the surface of the modified electrode. Under the optimal conditions, the biosensor exhibits good linearity towards phenol in the concentration range of 5-40 μM (R2 = 0.9904) with sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.078 μA/μM and 0.082 μM, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Current strategies in extending half-lives of therapeutic proteins

Zaman R, Islam RA, Ibnat N, Othman I, Zaini A, Lee CY, et al.

J Control Release, 2019 05 10;301:176-189.
PMID: 30849445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.016

Macromolecular protein and peptide therapeutics have been proven to be effective in treating critical human diseases precisely. Thanks to biotechnological advancement, a huge number of proteins and peptide therapeutics were made their way to pharmaceutical market in past few decades. However, one of the biggest challenges to be addressed for protein therapeutics during clinical application is their fast degradation in serum and quick elimination owing to enzymatic degradation, renal clearance, liver metabolism and immunogenicity, attributing to the short half-lives. Size and hydrophobicity of protein molecules make them prone to kidney filtration and liver metabolism. On the other hand, proteasomes responsible for protein destruction possess the capability of specifically recognizing almost all kinds of foreign proteins while avoiding any unwanted destruction of cellular components. At present almost all protein-based drug formulations available in market are administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) with high dosing at frequent interval, eventually creating dose-fluctuation-related complications and reducing patient compliance vastly. Therefore, artificially increasing the therapeutic half-life of a protein by attaching to it a molecule that increases the overall size (eg, PEG) or helps with receptor mediated recycling (eg, albumin), or manipulating amino acid chain in a way that makes it more prone towards aggregate formation, are some of the revolutionary approaches to avoid the fast degradation in vivo. Half-life extension technologies that are capable of dramatically enhancing half-lives of proteins in circulation (2-100 folds) and thus improving their overall pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters have been successfully applied on a wide range of protein therapeutics from hormones and enzymes, growth factor, clotting factor to interferon. The focus of the review is to assess the technological advancements made so far in enhancing circulatory half-lives and improving therapeutic potency of proteins.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry
Fulltext A review of small molecules and drug delivery applications using gold and iron nanoparticles

Jahangirian H, Kalantari K, Izadiyan Z, Rafiee-Moghaddam R, Shameli K, Webster TJ

Int J Nanomedicine, 2019;14:1633-1657.
PMID: 30880970 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S184723

Conventional cancer treatment techniques show several limitations including low or no specificity and consequently a low efficacy in discriminating between cancer cells and healthy cells. Recent nanotechnology developments have introduced smart and novel therapeutic nanomaterials that take advantage of various targeting approaches. The use of nanotechnology in medicine and, more specifically, drug delivery is set to spread even more rapidly than it has over the past two decades. Currently, many nanoparticles (NPs) are under investigation for drug delivery including those for cancer therapy. Targeted nanomaterials bind selectively to cancer cells and greatly affect them with only a minor effect on healthy cells. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), specifically, have been identified as significant candidates for new cancer therapeutic modalities because of their biocompatibility, easy functionalization and fabrication, optical tunable characteristics, and chemophysical stability. In the last decade, there has been significant research on Au-NPs and their biomedical applications. Functionalized Au-NPs represent highly attractive and promising candidates for drug delivery, owing to their unique dimensions, tunable surface functionalities, and controllable drug release. Further, iron oxide NPs due to their "superparamagnetic" properties have been studied and have demonstrated successful employment in numerous applications. In targeted drug delivery systems, drug-loaded iron oxide NPs can accumulate at the tumor site with the aid of an external magnetic field. This can lead to incremental effectiveness in drug release to the tumor site and vanquish cancer cells without harming healthy cells. In order for the application of iron oxide NPs in the human body to be realized, they should be biodegradable and biocompatible to minimize toxicity. This review illustrates recent advances in the field drug and small molecule delivery such as fluorouracil, folic acid, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and daunorubicin, specifically when using gold and iron oxide NPs as carriers of anticancer therapeutic agents.

Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Fulltext Assessment of fracture healing properties of lovastatin loaded nanoparticles: preclinical study in rat model

Zhu P, Huang G, Zhang B, Zhang W, Dang M, Huang Z

Acta Biochim. Pol., 2019 Mar 11;66(1):71-76.
PMID: 30856636 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2018_2719

Bone fracture, being mainly caused by mechanical stress, requires special and quick attention for a rapid healing. The study presented here aims at formulating nanoparticulate system to overcome the solubility issues of lovastatin. The lovastatin nanoparticles were successfully prepared by ionotropic gelation method using chitosan and tri-polyphosphate as polymers. Thus prepared nanoparticles were found to be smooth and spherical with average particle size of 87 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 86.5%. The in-vitro drug release was found to be almost 89.6% in the first 360 minutes. Artificial fracture was produced in female Wistar rats at right leg using fracture apparatus. After administration of lovastatin nanoparticles or saline solution, the respective groups were observed for various parameters. The X-ray imaging showed that lovastatin accelerated bone healing, compared to control. The growth of animals was not hampered by lovastatin by any means. The radiographic examination confirmed a role of lovastatin in increasing bone density. The histological study showed the broken, proliferated and discontinued trabecullae in the control, while at the same time point, the normal, thick, continuous and connected trabecullae were observed in animals administered with lovastatin nanoparticles. The biomechanical studies showed high breaking resilience and minimum bone brittleness in animals injected with lovastatin nanoparticles. Considering these observations we state that lovastatin helps in rapid bone healing after fracture via increasing the bone density.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Antimicrobial properties of starch films incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles: In vitro and in vivo evaluation

Shapi'i RA, Othman SH, Nordin N, Kadir Basha R, Nazli Naim M

Carbohydr Polym, 2020 Feb 15;230:115602.
PMID: 31887886 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115602

Chitosan nanoparticles (CNP) were synthesized via ionic gelation and used for the preparation of starch-based nanocomposite films containing different concentration of CNP (0, 5, 10, 15, 20% w/w). Antimicrobial properties of starch/CNP films was evaluated via in vitro (disc diffusion analysis) and in vivo (microbial count in wrapped cherry tomatoes) study. It was found that inhibitory zone of the 15 and 20% of starch/CNP films were clearly observed for all the tested bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. In vivo study revealed that the starch/CNP film (15% w/w) was more efficient to inhibit the microbial growth in cherry tomatoes (7 × 102 CFU/g) compared to neat starch film (2.15 × 103 CFU/g) thus confirmed the potential application of the films as antimicrobial food packaging.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Bacterial mediated silver nanoparticles and their efficacy against MRSA

Saleem S, Iqbal A, Hasnain S

Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):482-488.
PMID: 33612817

Bacterial mediated Silver nanoparticles is considered as an emerging Ecofriendly approach to eradicate human pathogens. This paper aims to provide the biological approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from indigenously isolated bacteria. This study will be beneficial to control the nosocomial infections triggered by MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). The current study is the extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using the cell free filtrate of bacterial strains isolated from the soil. The optimization study was also carried out to obtain the maximum production of silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were confirmed and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) having the plasmon resonance peak between 420-450nm with 10-60nm in size range and most were spherical in shape. Synthesized silver nanoparticles showed a potential antibacterial activity against MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) in-vitro study. This is the green approach for the production of AgNPs, as there was no previous work done on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by bacteria in this region of Southern Punjab, Pakistan and these nanoparticles can be used to treat nosocomial infection. These silver nanoparticles can be used in effective disease management as antimicrobial agent.

Matched MeSH terms: Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
Targeting respiratory diseases using miRNA inhibitor based nanotherapeutics: Current status and future perspectives

Mehta M, Satija S, Paudel KR, Malyla V, Kannaujiya VK, Chellappan DK, et al.

Nanomedicine, 2021 01;31:102303.
PMID: 32980549 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102303

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a fundamental role in the developmental and physiological processes that occur in both animals and plants. AntagomiRs are synthetic antagonists of miRNA, which prevent the target mRNA from suppression. Therapeutic approaches that modulate miRNAs have immense potential in the treatment of chronic respiratory disorders. However, the successful delivery of miRNAs/antagomiRs to the lungs remains a major challenge in clinical applications. A range of materials, namely, polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanocapsules and inorganic nanoparticles, has shown promising results for intracellular delivery of miRNA in chronic respiratory disorders. This review discusses the current understanding of miRNA biology, the biological roles of antagomiRs in chronic respiratory disease and the recent advances in the therapeutic utilization of antagomiRs as disease biomarkers. Furthermore our review provides a common platform to debate on the nature of antagomiRs and also addresses the viewpoint on the new generation of delivery systems that target antagomiRs in respiratory diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanoparticles/chemistry*
Portable electrochemical immunosensor for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted protein CFP10-ESAT6 in clinical sputum samples

Mohd Azmi UZ, Yusof NA, Abdullah J, Alang Ahmad SA, Mohd Faudzi FN, Ahmad Raston NH, et al.

Mikrochim Acta, 2021 01 06;188(1):20.
PMID: 33404779 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04669-x

An early detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is very important to reduce the number of fatal cases and allow for fast recovery. However, the interpretation of the result from smear microscopy requires skilled personnel due to the propensity of the method to produce false-negative results. In this work, a portable, rapid, and simple sandwich-type immunosensor reader has been developed that is able to detect the presence of M. tuberculosis in sputum samples. By using sandwich-type immunosensor, an anti-CFP10-ESAT6 antibody was immobilized onto the graphene/polyaniline (GP/PANI)-modified gold screen-printed electrode. After incubation with the target CFP10-ESAT6 antigen, the iron/gold magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4/Au MNPs) conjugated with anti-CFP10-ESAT6 antibody were used to complete the sandwich format. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was used to detect the CFP10-ESAT6 antigen at the potential range of 0.0-1.0 V. The detection time is less than 2 h. Under optimal condition, CFP10-ESAT6 antigen was detected in a linear range from 10 to 500 ng mL-1 with a limit of detection at 1.5 ng mL-1. The method developed from this process was then integrated into a portable reader. The performance of the sensor was investigated and compared with the standard methods (culture and smear microscopy). It provides a good correlation (100% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity) with both methods of detection for M. tuberculosis in sputum samples henceforth, demonstrating the potential of the device as a more practical screening tool.Graphical abstract.

Matched MeSH terms: Magnetite Nanoparticles/chemistry*

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