Displaying publications 261 - 280 of 663 in total

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  1. The Importance of Habitat in the Ecology of Decomposition on Rabbit Carcasses in Malaysia: Implications in Forensic Entomology
    Silahuddin SA, Latif B, Kurahashi H, Walter DE, Heo CC
    J Med Entomol, 2015 Jan;52(1):9-23.
    PMID: 26336275 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tju001
    The stages of decomposition and the faunal succession on rabbit carcasses in three different habitats, namely jungle, rural, and highland areas, were studied. Three New Zealand White rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) carcasses weighing ∼2 kg were sampled daily until the decomposition process was completed. Representative specimens of adult flies, larvae, pupa, and mites were collected from the carcasses and processed in the laboratory. There were differences in decomposition rate and faunal succession between the carcasses. The fastest rate of decomposition was recorded in rural area, and the slowest rate of decomposition was recorded in highland area. The carcasses exhibited the same pattern of colonization by adult flies, but the dominant species of larvae and adult flies on each carcass in specific habitats were different. The primary species of flies recorded in jungle were Chrysomya megacephala F., Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), Chrysomya chani Kurahashi, Chrysomya villenuevi Patton, Chrysomya nigripes Aubertin, Chrysomya pinguis (Walker), Hemipyrellia ligurriens (Wiedemann), Hemipyrellia tagaliana (Bigot), Hypopyiopsis fumipennis (Walker), Hypopygiopsis violacea (Macquart), and Hydrotaea spinigera Stein represented by both adults and larvae. Musca domestica L., Atherigona sp., Lioproctia pattoni (Senior-White), Lioproctia saprianovae Pape & Bänziger, and Seniorwhitea princeps (Wiedemann) were represented by adults only. The biodiversity of flies in the rural area were C. megacephala, C. rufifacies, H. ligurriens, Fannia canicularis L., Hydrotaea chalcogaster (Wiedemann), and Hyd. spinigera represented by both adults and larvae, meanwhile M. domestica, Atherigona sp., Boettcherisca peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy), Parasarcophaga taenionota Wiedemann, Parasarcophaga scopariiformis Senior-White, and S. princeps were represented by adults only. The species of flies collected in the highland area were Lucilia porphyrina (Walker), C. megacephala, C. rufifacies, C. villenuevi, C. pinguis, H. ligurriens, Hyd. spinigera, Hyd. chalcogaster, F. canicularis, and Boettcherisca highlandica Kurahashi & Tan represented by both adults and larvae, whereas C. nigripes, Chrysomya thanomthini Kurahashi & Tumrasvin, M. domestica, Atherigona sp., Parasarcophaga albiceps Meigen, P. taenionota, Sepsidae, Phoridae, and Millichidae were represented by adults only. Faunal succession followed the sequence of dominant flies, i.e., Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, Sepsidae, and lastly Stratiomyidae for jungle, or Sepsidae for rural and highland studies. Mites, from suborders Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Astigmatina, and Oribatida, were also recovered throughout decomposition, which could be used for future implementation in forensic investigations. The data obtained from this study could provide more accurate indicators for local forensic scientists in solving criminal cases especially on the determination of time and primary location of death.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/growth & development; Larva/physiology
  2. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence belowground interactions between a specialist root-feeder and its natural enemy
    Davidson-Lowe E, Zainuddin N, Trase O, McCarthy N, Ali JG
    J Invertebr Pathol, 2024 Nov;207:108200.
    PMID: 39374864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108200
    As primary producers, plants play a central role in mediating interactions across trophic levels. Although plants are the primary food source for herbivorous insects, they can protect themselves from herbivore damage. Many plants produce toxic compounds that directly reduce herbivore feeding, but plants also protect themselves indirectly by attracting natural enemies of the attacking herbivore through volatile signaling. These so-called tri-trophic interactions have historically been documented aboveground in aerial plant parts but are also known to occur belowground in root systems. In addition to herbivores, plants directly interact with other organisms, which can influence the outcomes of tri-trophic interactions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are symbiotic soil microbes that colonize the roots of plants and facilitate nutrient uptake. These microbes can alter plant chemistry and subsequent resistance to herbivores. Few studies, however, have shown how AMF affect tri-trophic interactions above- or belowground. This study examines how AMF colonization affects the emission of root volatiles when plants are under attack by western corn rootworm, a problematic pest of corn, and subsequent attraction of entomopathogenic nematodes, a natural enemy of western corn rootworm. Mycorrhizal fungi increased rootworm survival but decreased larval weight. Differences were detected across root volatile profiles, but there was not a clear link between volatile signaling and nematode behavior. Nematodes were more attracted to non-mycorrhizal plants without rootworms and AMF alone in soil, suggesting that AMF may interfere with cues that are used in combination with volatiles which nematodes use to locate prey.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/microbiology; Larva/physiology
  3. Biomarker responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to pristine low-density polyethylene fragments
    Karami A, Groman DB, Wilson SP, Ismail P, Neela VK
    Environ Pollut, 2017 Apr;223:466-475.
    PMID: 28129952 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.047
    There are serious concerns over the adverse impacts of microplastics (MPs) on living organisms. The main objective of this study was to test the effects of MPs on the total length, weight, condition factor (CF), transcriptional level of antioxidant, anti and pro-apoptotic, and neurotransmitter genes, and the histopathology of the gill, liver, brain, kidney, and intestine in the larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were exposed to one of three levels of pristine low-density polyethylene (LDPE) fragments (5, 50, or 500 μg/L) for 10 or 20 days. No significant changes were observed in any of the selected biomarkers across MP concentrations at days 10 or 20. The expression of casp9 (caspase 9, apoptosis-related cysteine protease), casp3a (caspase 3, apoptosis-related cysteine protease a) and cat (catalase), however, were significantly lower in the larvae sampled at day 20 than day 10. We provide evidence that virgin short-term exposure to LDPE fragments has minimal impact on biomarker responses in D. rerio larvae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/anatomy & histology; Larva/cytology; Larva/drug effects*; Larva/genetics*
  4. High Diversity of Bacterial Communities in Developmental Stages of Bactrocera carambolae (Insecta: Tephritidae) Revealed by Illumina MiSeq Sequencing of 16S rRNA Gene
    Yong HS, Song SL, Chua KO, Lim PE
    Curr Microbiol, 2017 Sep;74(9):1076-1082.
    PMID: 28642971 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1287-x
    Bactrocera carambolae is a highly polyphagous fruit pest of agricultural importance. This study reports the bacterial communities associated with the developmental stages of B. carambolae. The microbiota of the developmental stages were investigated by targeted 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq. At 97% similarity, there were 19 bacterial phyla and unassigned bacteria, comprising 39 classes, 86 orders, 159 families and 311 genera. The bacterial composition varied among the specimens of developmental stage and across developmental stages as well as exuviae. Four phyla of bacteria (with relative abundance of ≥1% in at least one specimen)-Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria-were recovered from the larva, pupa, adult stages and exuviae. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum in all the developmental stages as well as the exuviae. Enterobacteriaceae (Proteobacteria) was the predominant family in the adult flies while the family [Weeksellaceae] (Bacteroidetes) was predominant in the larval and pupal stages. Among the genera occurring in more than one developmental stage of B. carambolae, Erwinia was more abundant in the larval stage, Halomonas more abundant in adult female, Stenotrophomonas more abundant in adult male, and Chryseobacterium more abundant in the larval and pupal stages. The results indicate transmission of bacteria OTUs from immatures to the newly emerged adults, and from exuviae to the environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/growth & development; Larva/microbiology
  5. Mapping and identification of potential target genes from short-RNA seq for the control of Pieris rapae larvae
    Senthil Kumar R, Srinivasan R, Rawdzah MA, Malini P
    Genomics, 2020 03;112(2):1464-1476.
    PMID: 31450005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.08.017
    Pieris rapae is a serious pest of brassicas worldwide. We performed de novo assembly of P. rapae transcriptome by next-generation sequencing and assembled approximately 65,727,422 clean paired-end reads into 32,118 unigenes, of which 13,585 were mapped to 255 pathways in the KEGG database. A total of 6173 novel transcripts were identified from reads directly mapped to P. rapae genome. Additionally, 1490 SSRs, 301,377 SNPs, and 29,284 InDels were identified as potential molecular markers to explore polymorphism within P. rapae populations. We screened and mapped 36 transcripts related to OBP, CSP, SNMP, PBAN, and OR. We analyzed the expression profiles of 7 selected genes involved in pheromone transport and degradation by quantitative real-time PCR; these genes are sex-specific and differentially expressed in the developmental stages. Overall, the comprehensive transcriptome resources described in this study could help understand and identify molecular targets particularly reproduction-related genes for developing effective P. rapae management tools.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/genetics; Larva/growth & development
  6. Statewide Efficacy Assessment of Insect Growth Regulators Against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sabah, Malaysia: An Alternative Control Strategy?
    Elia-Amira NMR, Chen CD, Low VL, Lau KW, Haziqah-Rashid A, Amelia-Yap ZH, et al.
    J Med Entomol, 2022 01 12;59(1):301-307.
    PMID: 34459477 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab146
    The efficacy of three groups of insect growth regulators, namely juvenile hormone mimics (methoprene and pyriproxyfen), chitin synthesis inhibitors (diflubenzuron and novaluron), and molting disruptor (cyromazine) was evaluated for the first time, against Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae from 14 districts in Sabah, Malaysia. The results showed that all field populations of Ae. albopictus were susceptible towards methoprene, pyriproxyfen, diflubenzuron, novaluron, and cyromazine, with resistance ratio values ranging from 0.50-0.90, 0.60-1.00, 0.67-1.17, 0.71-1.29, and 0.74-1.07, respectively. Overall, the efficacy assessment of insect growth regulators in this study showed promising outcomes and they could be further explored as an alternative to conventional insecticides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/drug effects; Larva/growth & development
  7. Fulltext Analysis of chemical compositions and larvicidal activity of nut extracts from Areca catechu Linn against Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae)
    Bharathithasan M, Ravindran DR, Rajendran D, Chun SK, Abbas SA, Sugathan S, et al.
    PLoS One, 2021;16(11):e0260281.
    PMID: 34843539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260281
    BACKGROUND: There is a growing need to use green alternative larvicidal control for Aedes larvae compared to chemical insecticides. Substantial reliance on chemical insecticides caused insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. Thus, research for alternate chemical compounds from natural products is necessary to control Aedes larvae. This study explores the analysis of chemical compositions from Areca catechu nut as a potential larvicide for Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae).

    METHODS: The Areca catechu nut collected from Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia was grounded into powder and used for Soxhlet extraction. The chemical analysis of the extracts and their structures were identified using the GCMS-QP2010 Ultra (Shimadzu) system. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Chemistry WebBook, Standard Reference Database 69 (https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/) and PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), the two databases used to retrieve the synonyms, molecular formula, molecular weight, and 2-dimensional (2D) structure of chemical compounds. Next, following WHO procedures for larval bioassays, the extracts were used to asses larvicidal activity against early 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.

    RESULTS: The larvicidal activities were observed against early 4th stage larvae with different concentrations in the range from 200 mg/L to 1600 mg/L. The LC50 and LC95 of Aedes aegypti were 621 mg/L and 2264 mg/L respectively; whereas the LC50 and LC95 of Aedes albopictus were 636 mg/L and 2268 mg/L respectively. Mortality was not observed in the non-target organism test. The analysis using gas chromatography and mass spectrometer recovered several chemical compounds such as Arecaidine, Dodecanoic acid, Methyl tetradecanoate, Tetradecanoic acid , and n-Hexadecanoic acid bioactive components. These chemical constituents were used as additive formulations in pesticides, pest control, insect repellent, and insecticidal agents.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed significant outcomes from the extract of Areca catechu nut and it deserves further investigation in relation to chemical components and larvicidal actions between different species of Aedes mosquitoes. Even though all these findings are fundamental, it may have some interesting potentials to be developed as natural bio-larvicidal products.

    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/drug effects; Larva/physiology
  8. Fulltext Pathogenicity of Nosema sp. (Microsporidia) in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
    Kermani N, Abu-Hassan ZA, Dieng H, Ismail NF, Attia M, Abd Ghani I
    PLoS One, 2013;8(5):e62884.
    PMID: 23675435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062884
    Biological control using pathogenic microsporidia could be an alternative to chemical control of the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). The microsporidium Nosema bombycis (NB) is one of the numerous pathogens that can be used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of DBM. However, its pathogenicity or effectiveness can be influenced by various factors, particularly temperature. This study was therefore conducted to investigate the effect of temperature on NB infection of DBM larvae. Second-instar larvae at different doses (spore concentration: 0, 1×10²,1×10³,1×10⁴, and 1×10⁵) at 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° and 35°C and a relative humidity(RH) of 65% and light dark cycle (L:D) of 12∶12. Larval mortality was recorded at 24 h intervals until the larvae had either died or pupated. The results showed that the spore concentration had a significant negative effect on larval survival at all temperatures, although this effect was more pronounced (92%) at 35°C compared with that at 20 and 30°C (≃50%) and 25°C (26%). Histological observations showed that Nosema preferentially infected the adipose tissue and epithelial cells of the midgut, resulting in marked vacuolization of the cytoplasm. These findings suggest that Nosema damaged the midgut epithelial cells. Our results suggest that Nosema had a direct adverse effect on DBM, and could be utilized as an important biopesticide alternative to chemical insecticides in IPM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/growth & development; Larva/microbiology*
  9. Fulltext Infective larvae of Cercopithifilaria spp. (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) from hard ticks (Ixodidae) recovered from the Japanese serow (Bovidae)
    Uni S, Bain O, Fujita H, Matsubayashi M, Fukuda M, Takaoka H
    Parasite, 2013;20:1.
    PMID: 23340227 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012001
    Hard ticks taken from the Japanese serow, Capricornis crispus, in Yamagata Prefecture, Honshu, harboured infective larvae of onchocercid filariae after incubation from the 22nd to the 158th day. Haemaphysalis flava and H. japonica contained one to eight filarial larvae; females, males and a nymph of the ticks were infected. The 44 infective larvae recovered were 612-1,370 μm long, and 11 of them, 930-1,340 μm long, were studied in detail. The larvae possessed the morphologic characteristics of the larvae of the genus Cercopithifilaria, namely an oesophagus with a posterior glandular part, no buccal capsule and a long tail with three terminal lappets. Five types (A to E) of infective larvae were identified based on the morphologic characteristics. While to date five species of Cercopithifilaria have been described from the Japanese serow, a specific identification of the larvae found in this study was generally not possible. Only type E larvae could be tentatively assigned to Cercopithifilaria tumidicervicata, as they had a cervical swelling similar to that of the adults of this species. A key for the identification of the five larval types is presented. The study presents circumstantial evidences indicating that H. flava and H. japonica may transmit Cercopithifilaria spp. to Japanese serows. It also suggests the possibility that such filarial larvae will be found in hard ticks anywhere, because Cercopithifilaria is distributed worldwide, though this genus generally goes unnoticed, as its microfilariae occur in the skin, not in the blood, of host animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/anatomy & histology; Larva/classification
  10. Eco-virological survey of Aedes mosquito larvae in selected dengue outbreak areas in Malaysia
    Rohani A, Aidil Azahary AR, Malinda M, Zurainee MN, Rozilawati H, Wan Najdah WM, et al.
    J Vector Borne Dis, 2014 Dec;51(4):327-32.
    PMID: 25540966
    BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVESI: Transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Aedes vectors is now a well-documented phenomenon reported from many parts of the endemic areas in the world, which played an important role in initiating and maintaining the outbreak in human populations. This study investigated the factors affecting breeding habitats and the relationship with transovarial dengue virus in larvae of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/growth & development; Larva/virology
  11. Anisakiasis causing acute dysentery in Malaysia
    Amir A, Ngui R, Ismail WH, Wong KT, Ong JS, Lim YA, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2016 Aug 03;95(2):410-2.
    PMID: 27325803 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0007
    Human anisakiasis is a zoonosis acquired by eating raw or undercooked infected seafood. Herein, we report a case of acute dysentery caused by anisakiasis in a 64-year-old man in Malaysia. A colonoscopy was performed and a nematode larva was found penetrating the mucosa of the ascending colon. Bleeding was observed at the site of penetration. Y-shaped lateral epidermal cords were seen from the cross section of the worm, which is a prominent feature of Anisakis larva. Molecular analysis using polymerase chain reaction of cytochrome oxidase 2 (cox2) gene confirmed the specimen to be larva of Anisakis simplex.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/anatomy & histology; Larva/pathogenicity*
  12. Three Taxa in One: Cryptic Diversity in the Black Fly Simulium nobile (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Southeast Asia
    Low VL, Takaoka H, Pramual P, Adler PH, Ya'cob Z, Chen CD, et al.
    J Med Entomol, 2016 07;53(4):972-976.
    PMID: 27208009
    We access the molecular diversity of the black fly Simulium nobile De Mejiere, using the universal cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene, across its distributional range in Southeast Asia. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered three well-supported mitochondrial lineages of S. nobile, suggesting the presence of cryptic species. Lineage A is composed of a population from Sabah, East Malaysia (Borneo); lineage B represents the type population from Java, Indonesia; and lineage C includes populations from the mainland of Southeast Asia (Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand). The genetic variation of lineage C on the mainland is greater than that of lineages A and B on the islands of Borneo and Java. Our study highlights the value of a molecular approach in assessing species status of simuliids in geographically distinct regions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva/classification; Larva/growth & development
  13. Fulltext The Effects of Microalgae as Live Food for Brachionus plicatilis (Rotifer) in Intensive Culture System
    Rahman ARA, Cob ZC, Jamari Z, Mohamed AM, Toda T, Ross OH
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2018 Mar;29(1):127-138.
    PMID: 29644020 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2018.29.1.9
    Brachionus plicatilis is used to feed fish and crustacean larvae in the aquaculture industry. It is well established that the type of microalgae may influence rotifer production. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of five different locally available microalgae species at Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), Kampung Pulau Sayak, Kedah, Malaysia on the instantaneous growth rate (μ) of rotifer. Nannochloris sp., Tetraselmis sp., Isochrysis sp., Chlorella sp., and Nannochloropsis sp. were used as feed at different algae densities (0.1, 0.3, 0.7 and 1.5 × 106 cells/ml) and culture volumes (20, 70 and 210 ml). At algae densities ranging from 0.3 to 1.5 × 106 cells/ml, an average μ value of more than 0.90 per day were recorded for all algae species. However, at density of 0.1 × 106 cells/ml, only Tetraselmis sp. resulted in the significantly highest μ value compared with others (p < 0.05). In terms of volume, smaller culture volume of Tetraselmis sp. (20 ml) showed significantly higher μ compared with higher volume (70 and 210 ml cultures).
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva
  14. Fulltext Larval Age and Nutrition Affect the Susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) to Temephos
    Ong SQ, Jaal Z
    J Insect Sci, 2018 Mar 01;18(2).
    PMID: 29718500 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey032
    Larval age and nutrition significantly affected the insect's physiology. These influences are important when rearing a population of vectors that is used to monitor the resistance level, in which standardized conditions are crucial for a more harmonized result. Little information has been reported on the effects of larval age and nutrition on the susceptibility of insects to insecticides, and therefore, we studied the effects on the susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say's (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae to temephos by comparing the median lethal concentration (LC50) after 24 hr between the second and fourth instar larvae and between the larvae that fed on protein-based and carbohydrate-based larval diets. The susceptibility of the larvae was significantly affected by the larval diets, as the larvae that fed on protein-based beef food and milk food demonstrated significantly higher LC50 value compared with the larvae that fed on carbohydrate-based food: lab food and yeast food. The larval diet interacted significantly with the larval age: while the second instar larvae were susceptible to temephos when supplied with carbohydrate-based food, the second and fourth instar larvae had no significant effect when supplied with protein-based diets, implying that a protein-rich environment may cause the mosquito to be less susceptible to temephos. This study suggested the importance of standardizing nutrition when rearing a vector population in order to obtain more harmonized dosage-response results in an insecticide resistance monitoring program. Future research could focus on the biochemical mechanism between the nutrition and the enzymatic activities of the vector.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva
  15. Organophosphate and Organochlorine Resistance in Larval Stage of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sabah, Malaysia
    Elia-Amira NMR, Chen CD, Lau KW, Lee HL, Low VL, Norma-Rashid Y, et al.
    J Econ Entomol, 2018 09 26;111(5):2488-2492.
    PMID: 29982497 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy184
    The present study aims to investigate the susceptibility status of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) collected from residential areas in Sabah, Malaysia towards eight WHO-recommended dosages of larvicides representing the classes of organophosphates and organochlorines. Field and reference strains of Ae. albopictus larvae were bioassayed in accordance to WHO standard methods using diagnostic dosages of bromophos, malathion, fenthion, fenitrothion, temephos, chlorpyrifos, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and dieldrin. The results revealed that Ae. albopictus was resistant (mortality < 90%) towards malathion, temephos, and DDT. In addition, most of the Ae. albopictus strains exhibited a wide range of susceptibilities against bromophos, with mortality ranged from 49.33 to 93.33%. On the contrary, only dieldrin was able to induce 100% mortality against all strains of Ae. albopictus. Tolerance to fenitrothion, fenthion, and chlorpyrifos, with mortality ranging from 81.33 to 97.33%, was also observed in this study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva
  16. A new species of Platybaetis Müller-Liebenau, 1980 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Thailand, with description of the imago of Platybaetis bishopi Müller-Liebenau, 1980
    Sutthinun C, Gattolliat JL, Boonsoong B
    Zootaxa, 2018 Feb 07;4378(1):85-97.
    PMID: 29690018 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4378.1.5
    Platybaetis bishopi Müller-Liebenau, 1980 was originally described from Malaysia only at the larval stage. We provide the first description of the imaginal stage of P. bishopi based on materials from Thailand. The imago of this species can be separated from the known species by coloration of abdominal terga and coloration of wings. A new species, Platybaetis nayokensis sp. nov., is described based on male and female imagos and larvae from Thailand. The larva of this species is mainly distinguished by medium acute spines on the posterior margin of the abdominal terga and two apical setae on the glossa, which seem to be shorter than in other species. The imago can be separated by the abdominal color pattern. The larva of this genus is adapted to live on wet rocks projecting out of water; it prefers large stones near small waterfalls or areas between two large rocks in running water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva
  17. Fulltext Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Entomocidus HD9 Cry1Ba4 insecticidal crystal protein: in-silico mutation, cloning, expression, mutation and domain I functional study
    Mohd Fadzli Ahmad, Hasdianty Abdullah
    Bioremediation Science and Technology Research, 2015;3(2):20-25.
    MyJurnal
    The 3D structure of the insecticidal protein Cry1Ba4 produced by B. thuringiensis subsp.
    Entomocidus HD-9 was determined using homology modelling. From the model built, we have
    been able to identify the possible sites for structure modification by site-directed mutagenesis.
    The mutation was introduced at the conserved region of -helix 7 by substituting the
    hydrophobic motif that comprises alanine 216, leucine 217 and phenylalanine 218 with arginine.
    Wild and mutant Cry1Ba4 genes were cloned into pET200/D-TOPO and expressed in the
    expression host. The result suggests that mutant Cry1Ba4 protein was less toxic to the larvae
    Plutella xylostella compared to the wild-type. In conclusion, alteration in the structure of
    Domain I had left an impact on the toxicity of Cry1Ba4 against P. xylostella.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva
  18. A new species of the Simulium (Simulium) variegatum species-group (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand
    Takaoka H, Srisuka W, Saeung A
    Acta Trop, 2019 Mar;191:155-161.
    PMID: 30611713 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.01.002
    A new species of black fly, Simulium (Simulium) luculentum, is described from specimens collected in Thailand, and is assigned to the Simulium variegatum species-group of the subgenus Simulium Latreille. This new species is distinguished from most members of this species group in the female by the mid femur and tibia entirely yellowish; and in the pupa by the gill with six filaments, which are somewhat inflated basally. This species represents the fifth member of the S. variegatum species-group recorded from Thailand.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva
  19. Fulltext The Diet for Edible-Nest Swiftlets: Nutritional Composition and Cost of Life Stages of Megaselia scalaris Loew (Diptera: Phoridae) Bred on 3 Commercial Breeding Materials
    Ahmad H, Ong SQ, Tan EH
    Int J Insect Sci, 2019;11:1179543318823533.
    PMID: 30675104 DOI: 10.1177/1179543318823533
    Megaselia scalaris (Loew) is one of the best-known diets for the swiftlet. Previous studies have addressed the problem of some mass rearing conditions for this insect; unfortunately, the details of the nutritional composition of the life stages and cost of the breeding materials were insufficiently reported, even though this information is crucial for farming the edible-nest swiftlet. We aimed to investigate the nutritional composition of the life stages of M scalaris on a cost basis using 3 common commercial breeding materials: chicken pellets (CPs), fish pellets (FPs), and mouse pellets (MPs). Modified Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) proximate and mineral analyses were carried out on the insect's third instar larvae, pupal, and adult stages to determine the nutritional composition. Regardless of the breeding materials, the adult stage of M scalaris had significantly higher crude protein than the other stages; the pupae were rich in calcium, which is required for egg production; and the third instar larvae had the highest amount of crude fat compared with the other stages. Regarding the energy content, there were no significant differences among the stages according to the breeding materials. In terms of nutritional cost, CP was the most economic breeding material and generated the highest amount of nutrients per US dollar (US $). Different life stages of M scalaris were used by the swiftlets by supplying the required nutrients, and future studies should focus on effective diet feeding methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva
  20. EXPERIMENTAL INOCULATION OF MALARIA BY MEANS OF ANOPHELES LUDLOWI
    Darling ST
    J. Exp. Med., 1920 Aug 31;32(3):313-29.
    PMID: 19868447
    Three persons were experimentally inoculated with malaria by means of Anopheles ludlowi reared from larvae and infected with a pure strain of subtertian plasmodium (Plasmodium falciparum), thus proving that there exists no mechanical impediment or obstacle to the free exit of sporozoites from the salivary ducts or proboscis. In the dissection of infected mosquitoes there were no evidences of degenerated zygotes. Sporozoites appeared promptly in the salivary glands (9 to 12 days). Inoculation occurred with ease either in an interrupted feeding or after mosquitoes had been fed twice previously. The period of incubation was 14 and 18 days. The clinical manifestations were more severe in the subject that had never been infected with malaria previously, while the splenic enlargement was most pronounced in the subject infected after a long interval of freedom from malaria. In a third subject already suffering from tertian malaria there was only the slightest evidence of physical illness elicited by the superimposed subtertian infection; his temperature, however, became duly elevated. The type of febrile reaction in the two uncomplicated cases was at first tertian, becoming quotidian later, and this phenomenon in a pure strain leads strongly to the supposition that Plasmodium falciparum possesses inherently both tertian (or subtertian) and quotidian tendencies, as well as its well known tendencies to cause fever of the irregularly remittent or continued type. The creation of a specific plasmodium to account for clinical forms of aestivo-autumnal or subtertian malaria having a quotidian periodidty is probably unwarranted. In consideration of the facility with which this species can be infected and man inoculated experimentally, the occurrence of naturally infected wild specimens, and the positive epidemiological evidence, there should no longer exist in the minds of sanitarians any doubt as to its being a malarial carrier. Operations against this species can therefore be recommended without reservation and should be carried out without delay.
    Matched MeSH terms: Larva
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