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  1. Management of diarrhoea cases by community pharmacies in 3 cities of Pakistan
    Hussain A, Ibrahim MI
    East Mediterr Health J, 2012 Jun;18(6):635-40.
    PMID: 22888622
    Community pharmacies are valued for their potential role in the management of common ailments. This cross-sectional study aimed to document the management of diarrhoea by community pharmacies in 3 cities in Pakistan. Visits were performed to 371 randomly selected pharmacies to request advice for a simulated paediatric case of diarrhoea. The pharmacy's management was scored on a checklist including history taking and provision of advice and information. Customers were served by a salesperson in 97.3% of visits and by a pharmacist in only 2.2%. Medication was dispensed in 77.1% of visits. Of the medications dispensed, 58.7% were antiamoebics, 14.0% antibiotics and 18.9% antidiarrhoeals; only 8.4% were oral rehydration salts. None of the regimens matched with a standard prescription. The dosage regimen was explained to the customer in only 52.6% of cases. Drug safety, unqualified personnel, lack of history taking, inappropriate treatment and lack of counselling are concerns to be addressed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  2. Fulltext The nutritional impacts of soil-transmitted helminths infections among Orang Asli schoolchildren in rural Malaysia
    Ahmed A, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Al-Adhroey AH, Ithoi I, Abdulsalam AM, Surin J
    Parasit Vectors, 2012;5:119.
    PMID: 22704549 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-119
    Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infections, anaemia and malnutrition are major public health problems in school-age children in developing countries. This study was conducted on 289 Orang Asli (aboriginal) schoolchildren in order to assess the current prevalence and predictors of anaemia and malnutrition, as well as the nutritional impacts of STH infections among these children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  3. Fulltext The association between dyslipidaemia and types of antipsychotic medications among patients with chronic schizophrenia
    Ruzanna ZZ, Ong LY, Cheah YC, Fairuz A, Midin M
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Feb;67(1):39-44.
    PMID: 22582547 MyJurnal
    This cross sectional study aimed to explore the association between dyslipidaemia and types of antipsychotics in 100 patients with chronic schizophrenia. Lipid profile, weight, height and waist circumference together with other relevant factors were measured. We found there was a high rate of dyslipidaemia among patients with chronic schizophrenia treated with antipsychotics (66%), however there was no significant difference found between typical or atypical antipsychotics (OR=1). All sociodemographic and clinical factors were not significantly associated with dyslipidaemia. Only non-Malays were found to have significant dyslipidaemia (p<0.1). Effective management is needed to deal with the dyslipidaemia in this group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  4. A cross-sectional assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among hypertensive patients in Pakistan
    Saleem F, Hassali MA, Shafie AA
    Health Expect, 2014 Jun;17(3):388-95.
    PMID: 22390260 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2012.00765.x
    OBJECTIVE: To describe the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) profile of hypertensive population in Pakistan.
    METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken with a cohort of 385 hypertensive patients attending two public hospitals in Quetta city, Pakistan. The EuroQoL EQ-5D scale was used for the assessment of HRQoL. EQ-5D is a standardized instrument for use as a measure of health outcome and is used in the clinical and economic evaluation of health care as well as population health surveys. The HRQoL was scored using values derived from the UK general population survey. P ≤ 0.05 was taken as significant.
    RESULTS: Two hundred and sixty-five (68.85%) respondents were men with 3.01 ± 0.939 years of history of hypertension. Majority (n = 186, 48.3%) were categorized in age group of 28-37 years with mean age of 39.02 ± 6.596. Education, income and locality had significant relation with HRQoL score. HRQoL was measured poor in our study patients (0.4674 ± 0.2844).
    CONCLUSION: Hypertension has an adverse effect on patients' well-being and HRQoL. Results from this study could be useful in clinical practice, particularly in early treatment of hypertension, at point where improving HRQoL is still possible.
    KEYWORDS: educational level; health-related quality of life; hypertension
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  5. Use of complementary and alternative medicine among breast cancer survivors
    Saibul N, Shariff ZM, Rahmat A, Sulaiman S, Yaw YH
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(8):4081-6.
    PMID: 23098520
    Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is prevalent among individuals with cancer, especially breast cancer survivors. This study was conducted among 394 breast cancer survivors in selected regions of Peninsular Malaysia to identify the pattern and factors associated with CAM use. About 51% of the respondents reported CAM use as complementary treatment. Vitamins (47.2%), spiritual activities (33.2%) and other dietary supplements (30.7%) were the most commonly used CAM therapies. Common reasons for CAM use were to increase the body's ability to perform daily activities (70.9%), enhance immune function (58.3%) and improve emotional well-being (31.7%). Users obtained CAM information mainly from friends and family members (62.5%), physicians (25.0%) and mass media (13.9%). Ethnicity and years of education were significantly associated with CAM use. Although no adverse effects of CAM were reported, breast cancer survivors should discuss their CAM use with health professionals to prevent potential adverse effects of these therapies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  6. Inappropriate prescribing in hospitalised Australian elderly as determined by the STOPP criteria
    Wahab MS, Nyfort-Hansen K, Kowalski SR
    Int J Clin Pharm, 2012 Dec;34(6):855-62.
    PMID: 22864867 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-012-9681-8
    BACKGROUND: The elderly population is increasing worldwide. Due to age-related physiological changes that affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, the elderly are predisposed to adverse drug reactions. Prescribing of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) has been found to be prevalent among the elderly and PIM use has been associated with hospitalisations and mortality.

    OBJECTIVES: This study aims to identify the prevalence and nature of pre-admission inappropriate prescribing by using the STOPP (screening tool of older people's prescriptions) criteria amongst a sample of hospitalised elderly inpatients in South Australia.

    SETTING: Medical, surgical and rehabilitation wards of a public teaching hospital in Adelaide, South Australia.

    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Pre-admission prevalence of PIM.

    METHOD: Medication management plans of 100 patients of ≥65 years old were prospectively studied to determine the prevalence of pre-admission PIM use. Sixty-five criteria of STOPP were applied to identify PIMs.

    RESULTS: The total number of pre-admission medications screened during the study period was 949; the median number of medicines per patient was nine (range 2-28). Overall the STOPP criteria identified 138 PIMs in 60 % of patients. The most frequently encountered PIM was opiates prescribed in patients with recurrent falls (12.3 %), followed by benzodiazepines in fallers (10.1 %) and proton pump inhibitors when prescribed for peptic ulcer disease for long-term at maximum doses (9.4 %). The number of medications were found to have a positive correlation with pre-admission PIM use (r(s) = 0.49, P < 0.01).

    CONCLUSIONS: Pre-admission PIM use is highly prevalent among the studied population. Strategies to reduce PIM use should be undertaken by physicians and pharmacists. The use of the STOPP criteria in clinical practice to reduce prescriptions of inappropriate medications requires further investigation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  7. Fulltext Social and psychological factors affecting eating habits among university students in a Malaysian medical school: a cross-sectional study
    Ganasegeran K, Al-Dubai SA, Qureshi AM, Al-abed AA, Am R, Aljunid SM
    Nutr J, 2012;11:48.
    PMID: 22809556 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-48
    BACKGROUND: Eating habits have been a major concern among university students as a determinant of health status. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of eating habits and its associated social and psychological factors among medical students.
    METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among 132 medical students of pre-clinical phase at a Malaysian university. A self-administered questionnaire was used which included questions on socio-demography, anthropometry, eating habits and psychosocial factors.
    RESULTS: Mean (± SD) age of the respondents was 22.7 (± 2.4) years and (the age) ranged from 18 to 30 years. More than half had regular meals and breakfast (57.6% &, 56.1% respectively). Majority (73.5%) consumed fruits less than three times per week, 51.5% had fried food twice or more a week and 59.8% drank water less than 2 liters daily. Eating habits score was significantly low among younger students (18-22 years), smokers, alcohol drinkers and those who did not exercise. (p<0.05). Four psychological factors out of six, were significantly associated with eating habits (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, age and 'eating because of feeling happy' were significantly associated with eating habits score (p<0.05).
    CONCLUSION: Most of the students in this study had healthy eating habits. Social and psychological factors were important determinants of eating habits among medical students.
    Study site: Management and Science University, Selangor, Malaysia
    Scales & Questionnaires: Compulsive Eating Scale
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  8. Fulltext Blastocystis sp.: waterborne zoonotic organism, a possibility?
    Lee LI, Chye TT, Karmacharya BM, Govind SK
    Parasit Vectors, 2012;5:130.
    PMID: 22741573 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-130
    Blastocystis sp. is a common intestinal parasite found in faecal sample surveys. Several studies have implicated human-to-human, zoonotic and waterborne transmissions by Blastocystis sp. However, there has been no study providing evidence interlinking these three transmissions in a community. We have previously shown a high prevalence of Blastocystis sp. subtype 4 amongst village dwellers in Bahunipati, Nepal, and the present study extends the observation to assess if the same subtype of Blastocystis sp. occurs in animals they rear and rivers they frequent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  9. Mutation detection in GJB2 gene among Malays with non-syndromic hearing loss
    Zainal SA, Md Daud MK, Abd Rahman N, Zainuddin Z, Alwi Z
    Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2012 Aug;76(8):1175-9.
    PMID: 22613756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.04.027
    To identify the mutations in the GJB2 gene and to determine its association with non-syndromic hearing loss in Malays.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  10. Psychometric properties of DREEM in a sample of Malaysian medical students
    Yusoff MS
    Med Teach, 2012;34(7):595-6.
    PMID: 22489970 DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2012.675104
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  11. Relationship between vehicle count and particulate air pollution in Amman, Jordan
    Alnawaiseh NA, Hashim JH, Isa ZM
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):NP1742-51.
    PMID: 22899706 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512455046
    The main objective of this cross-sectional comparative study is to observe the relationship between traffic-related air pollutants, particularly particulate matter (PM) of total suspended particulate (TSP) and PM of size 10 µm (PM10), and vehicle traffic in Amman, Jordan. Two study areas were chosen randomly as a high-polluted area (HPA) and low-polluted area (LPA). The findings indicate that TSP and PM10 were still significantly correlated with traffic count even after controlling for confounding factors (temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed): TSP, r = 0.726, P < .001; PM10, r = 0.719, P < .001). There was a significant positive relationship between traffic count and PM level: TSP, P < .001; PM10, P < .001. Moreover, there was a significant negative relationship between temperature and PM10 level (P = .018). Traffic volume contributed greatly to high concentrations of TSP and PM10 in areas with high traffic count, in addition to the effect of temperature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  12. Validity of the Malay version of the Internet Addiction Test: a study on a group of medical students in Malaysia
    Guan NC, Isa SM, Hashim AH, Pillai SK, Harbajan Singh MK
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):NP2210-9.
    PMID: 22652253 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512447808
    The use of the Internet has been increasing dramatically over the decade in Malaysia. Excessive usage of the Internet has lead to a phenomenon called Internet addiction. There is a need for a reliable, valid, and simple-to-use scale to measure Internet addiction in the Malaysian population for clinical practice and research purposes. The aim of this study was to validate the Malay version of the Internet Addiction Test, using a sample of 162 medical students. The instrument displayed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .91), parallel reliability (intraclass coefficient = .88, P < .001), and concurrent validity with the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (Pearson's correlation = .84, P < .001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that 43 was the optimal cutoff score to discriminate students with and without Internet dependence. Principal component analysis with varimax rotation identified a 5-factor model. The Malay version of the Internet Addiction Test appeared to be a valid instrument for assessing Internet addiction in Malaysian university students.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  13. Growth curves for school children from Kuching, Sarawak: a methodological development
    Bong YB, Shariff AA, Mohamed AM, Merican AF
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):NP1217-27.
    PMID: 22652249 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512446959
    In this article, the authors propose reference curves for height and weight for school children in the Kuching area, Sarawak. The school children were from primary to secondary schools (aged 6.5 to 17 years old) and comprised both genders. Anthropometric measurements and demographic information for 3081 school-aged children were collected (1440 boys and 1641 girls). Fitted line plots and percentiles for height and weight (3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles) were obtained. The height of school boys and school girls were almost similar at the start of their school-going age. For school girls, height and weight values stabilized when they reached 16 or 17 years old but kept increasing for school boys. School boys were taller than school girls as they entered adolescence. Height differences between school boys and school girls became significantly wider as they grew older. Chinese school children were taller and heavier than those of other ethnic groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  14. Antipsychotic treatment in older schizophrenia patients with extrapyramidal side effects in Asia (2001 - 2009)
    Xiang YT, Kreyenbuhl J, Dickerson FB, Ungvari GS, Wang CY, Si TM, et al.
    Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther, 2012 Jul;50(7):500-4.
    PMID: 22541750 DOI: 10.5414/CP201683
    This study surveyed the prescribing patterns of antipsychotic medications in Asian older schizophrenia patients with extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) during the period between 2001 and 2009.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  15. Physical, psychological and sexual effects in multi-ethnic Malaysian women who have undergone hysterectomy
    Wong LP, Arumugam K
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2012 Aug;38(8):1095-105.
    PMID: 22540215 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01836.x
    The postoperative effects on Asian women after hysterectomy have not been fully explored. This study was undertaken to investigate the physical, psychological and sexual functioning effects in multi-ethnic Malaysian women who have undergone hysterectomy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  16. Fulltext Estimation of glomerular filtration rate using serum cystatin C in overweight and obese subjects
    Marwyne MN, Loo CY, Halim AG, Norella K, Sulaiman T, Zaleha MI
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Oct;66(4):313-7.
    PMID: 22299549 MyJurnal
    Obesity and overweight are strong independent risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Using serum creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations in these subjects may be inaccurate. On the other hand, cystatin C-based eGFR equations may overestimate CKD prevalence as recent findings suggest an association of cystatin C with obesity. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of a cystatin C-based eGFR equation compared to two creatinine -based eGFR equations in overweight and obese subjects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  17. Predictors and prevalence of successful aging among older Malaysians
    Hamid TA, Momtaz YA, Ibrahim R
    Gerontology, 2012;58(4):366-70.
    PMID: 22179496 DOI: 10.1159/000334671
    Successful aging is an important and worldwide concept in gerontology. However, until recently, there has been very little known about successful aging in Malaysia. This study was designed to describe the prevalence and correlates of successful aging among older Malaysians.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  18. Fulltext Barriers to exercise: perspectives from multiethnic cancer survivors in Malaysia
    Loh SY, Chew SL, Lee SY
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011;12(6):1483-8.
    PMID: 22126486
    BACKGROUND: Many cancer survivors are still not active enough to reap the benefits of physical activity. This study aimed to explore the correlation between perceived barriers and participation in exercise among multi- ethnic Malaysian women with breast cancer.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a pre-post questionnaire and a media-clip as a cancer control strategy was conducted on a random sample of women with breast cancer. The tools were structured questionnaires to collect socio-medical demographic and physical activity data (e.g. barriers, exercise self-efficacy).

    RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship between level of physical activity before and after diagnosis of breast cancer (n=51, χ2=70.14, p<0.01) was found, whereby participants who rated more hours of physical activity before diagnosis were likely to persevere with exercise after diagnosis, r(49)=0.73, p<01. Some 76.5% of women engaged in low level activity and 23.5% of the participants engaged in moderate level of physical activity.

    CONCLUSIONS: Despite the many benefits of physical activity, the majority of survivors in this study were not found to be physically active, and did not even consciously think of exercise participation. Lack of time is the main barrier amongst those survivors who are predominantly 40-50 year old housewives juggling with household chores, childcare and/or job commitments. Public health messages stressing that short bouts of exercise or some exercise are better than no exercise needs to be emphasised consistently.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  19. Fulltext Coping styles in patients with haematological cancer in a Malaysian hospital
    Priscilla D, Hamidin A, Azhar MZ, Noorjan KO, Salmiah MS, Bahariah K
    East Asian Arch Psychiatry, 2011 Jun;21(2):44-51.
    PMID: 21838206
    Objectives: To determine the relationship between major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders and the quality of life of haematological cancer patients.
    Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ampang Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, a tertiary referral centre hospital for haematological cancer. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire was utilised to measure patients’ quality of life.
    Results: A total of 105 haematological cancer patients ere included in the study with response rate of 100%. Major depressive disorder correlated with almost all domains of the quality of life, except the pain scores. Logistic regression showed that insomnia and financial difficulties were related to major depressive disorder. Different anxiety disorders also correlated with quality of life in specific domains. The leading anxiety disorders that correlated mostly with quality﹣of life scales were generalised anxiety disorder, followed by obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, as well as post-traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder with agoraphobia (p < 0.05).
    Conclusions: Psychological treatment along with medication and intervention should be implemented to improve the overall quality of life and psychiatric disorder symptoms among the haematological cancer patients.
    Key words: Anxiety; Depression; Hematologic neoplasms; Quality of life
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
  20. Attitudes toward menstruation, menstrual-related symptoms, and premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girls: a rural school-based survey
    Wong LP
    Women Health, 2011 Jun 21;51(4):340-64.
    PMID: 21707338 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2011.574792
    Folk culture surrounding menstrual-related matters has considerable implications for symptom expression and treatment-seeking behavior. A cross-sectional survey of 1,295 rural adolescent girls aged 13 to 19 years was conducted between February 4 and April 16, 2009 to examine these associations. With a higher score indicating a more positive attitude toward menstruation, the mean attitude score was 3.84 (SD ± 1.62) out of a maximum of six. No significant association was observed between the severity of menstrual symptoms and attitudes. Most (63.1%) of the participants identified themselves as having premenstrual symptoms, and 61.1% viewed premenstrual symptoms as a normal part of menstrual cycle. Participants with a higher severity of symptoms in the premenstrual (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.10) and menstrual phase (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07), were more likely to consult a physician for premenstrual symptoms, and having a divorced/separated parents was associated with a reduced odds of consulting a physician compared to those having parents that were married (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.83). The findings imply the need for education to help adolescent girls manage menstrual symptoms and increase awareness of the benefit of treating them. Given that menstrual-related information was widely available from mothers, family, and social culture are potentially important in shaping good menstrual attitudes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cross-Sectional Studies
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