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Bacteriophage typing of Salmonella weltevreden

Sood Lr, Basu S

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 1979;45(4):595-604.
PMID: 552816

Salmonella weltevreden has been found to be one of the commonest Salmonella serotypes isolated from diverse sources in India and has also been isolated in a number of other countries. A phage typing scheme was developed for this serotype using a set of six typing phages. These phages had been selected out of 146 phage strains isolated and purified from stool samples of man, laboratory animals and other animals, sewage and surface water sources, and the lytic mutants of temperate phages form S. weltevreden. The phage typing scheme was applied systematically to type the 946 strains from India isolated during 1958-1974 and 148 strains originating from Australia, Burma, England, Gan Island, Holland, Hong Kong, Malaysia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, The Philippines, Thailand, The United States and Vietnam during 1953-1971. The scheme was particularly studied to evaluate its utility in mapping the epidemiologically related strains from various sources. The S. weltevreden strains could be classified into ten phage types. Phage types 2 and 7 were found exclusively amongst Indian strains, type 6 from Vietnam and type 8 from Burma, Thailand and Vietnam. Phage types were found to be stable and consistent with the independent epidemiological data available.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Psychological impact of coronavirus outbreak on borderline personality disorder from the perspective of mentalizing model: A case report

Chong SC

Asian J Psychiatr, 2020 Aug;52:102130.
PMID: 32361209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102130
Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Clinical impact of implementation of a dengue outbreak preparedness and contingency plan in a tertiary hospital

Suraya Hanim Abdullah Hashim, Liew K. Y., Sahadevan M., Shoib M. S., Zainal Abidin H., Abidin N. N., et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):67-67.
MyJurnal

Introduction:Increasing number and the complexity of dengue cases pose a great challenge. The dengue outbreak preparedness and contingency plan is a series of collective intervention or polices put into place via collective agreement between administrative, Medical, Emergency Department and Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact implementation of a dengue contingency plan on the clinical outcome of dengue cases. Methods: Implementation of the dengue outbreak preparedness and contingency plan was commenced in 2017. A pre-intervention (2017) and post-intervention (2018) retrospective review of mortality cases and referral to ICU were undertaken. The interventions included mandatory fast review by Emergency Physician, Medical Physi-cian and Anaesthesist in Emergency Department for ill patients (Dengue Care Pathway), cohorting dengue patient to one ward with mandatory monitoring and review system, clinical management adhering to the Clinical Practice Guideline of Management of Dengue Infection in Adults (2015), referring ill patients to ICU, deployment of nurses and experienced doctors to the dengue ward based on ratio of staff to patients, increasing number of doctors on-call at the dengue ward and a dengue bed manager system led by the Matron and Sisters. The plan was activated by mutual agreement between the Head of Medical Department and the Hospital Director. Results: There was a marked increment of admission of dengue cases into intensive care unit by 59% either directly from emergency department or the dengue wards in 2018 compared to 2017. The mortality rates reduced significantly from 5.4 deaths for every 1000 admission in 2017 to 3.3 in 2018. This is a reduction 2.1 death for every 1000 dengue admission. Conclusion:The implementation of the dengue outbreak preparedness and contingency plan aided the team to provide best care and practice in dengue management especially in the severely ill.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Knowledge on immunisation among nurses in Malaysia

Lidwina Edwin Amir

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):21-21.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The National Immunization Program in Malaysia began in the 1950s and was integrated into the Ma-ternal and Child Health Program. Administrative data showed that coverage for all vaccinations was more than 95% except for measles vaccination. Despite the high coverage, there were clusters of outbreaks of vaccine preventable diseases. One of the reasons is the increasing phenomena of vaccines refusals following the rapid spread of negative perception and concerns through social media. Nurses as front liners play an important role to communicate on vac-cine safety and adverse events (AEFI). A survey was conducted to identify the level of knowledge among nurses who deal with immunisation programme. Methods: Nurses from all states attending a National seminar on immunisation communication in Putrajaya were asked to answer a Digital online questionnaire. They were asked to answer 12 questions on knowledge of vaccines, immunization schedule and cold chain management. Results: A total of 74% (429) of the seminar participants responded to the questionnaire, of which 85% were from the government sector and 15% from private. Findings showed that although about 75% of the nurses had formal training on immunisation, 50% had lack of knowledge about vaccination schedule for defaulters and 63.2% (268) had knowledge gaps related to questions on vaccines and handling of vaccines. Conclusion: In view of the knowledge gap from this survey, there is a need for ongoing training for the nurses and evaluation by supervisors on the knowledge and practices among nurses.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext The Impact of CRISPR-Cas System on Antiviral Therapy

Bayat H, Naderi F, Khan AH, Memarnejadian A, Rahimpour A

Adv Pharm Bull, 2018 Nov;8(4):591-597.
PMID: 30607331 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.067

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein nuclease (Cas) is identified as an adaptive immune system in archaea and bacteria. Type II of this system, CRISPR-Cas9, is the most versatile form that has enabled facile and efficient targeted genome editing. Viral infections have serious impacts on global health and conventional antiviral therapies have not yielded a successful solution hitherto. The CRISPR-Cas9 system represents a promising tool for eliminating viral infections. In this review, we highlight 1) the recent progress of CRISPR-Cas technology in decoding and diagnosis of viral outbreaks, 2) its applications to eliminate viral infections in both pre-integration and provirus stages, and 3) various delivery systems that are employed to introduce the platform into target cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on an Emergency Department Service: Experience at the Largest Tertiary Center in Taiwan

Tsai LH, Chien CY, Chen CB, Chaou CH, Ng CJ, Lo MY, et al.

Risk Manag Healthc Policy, 2021;14:771-777.
PMID: 33654444 DOI: 10.2147/RMHP.S272234

Purpose: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging contagious pathogen that has caused community and nosocomial infections in many countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on emergency services of the largest medical center in Taiwan by comparing emergency department (ED) usage, turnover, and admission rates before the COVID-19 outbreak with those during the outbreak.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the ED of the largest tertiary medical center in Taiwan. Trends of adult, non-trauma patients who visited the ED during February-April 2019 were compared with those during February-April 2020. The number of visits, their dispositions, crowding parameters, and turnover rates were analyzed. The primary outcome was the change in ED attendance between the two periods. The secondary outcomes were changes in hospital admission rates, crowding parameters, and turnover rates.
Results: During the outbreak, there were decreased non-trauma ED visits by 33.45% (p < 0.001) and proportion of Taiwan Triage and Acuity Scale (TTAS) 3 patients (p=0.02), with increased admission rates by 4.7% (p < 0.001). Crowding parameters and turnover rate showed significant improvements.
Conclusion: Comparison of periods before and during the COVID-19 outbreak showed an obvious decline in adult, non-trauma ED visits. The reduction in TTAS 3 patient visits and the increased hospital admission rates provide references for future public-health policy-making to optimise emergency medical resource allocations globally.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Potential of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever outbreak during Eid-Ul-Adha Islamic festival and COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

Ahmed A, Tahir MJ, Siddiqi AR, Dujaili J

J Med Virol, 2021 01;93(1):182-183.
PMID: 32644233 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26285
Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Evolution of Nipah Virus Infection: Past, Present, and Future Considerations

Hauser N, Gushiken AC, Narayanan S, Kottilil S, Chua JV

Trop Med Infect Dis, 2021 Feb 14;6(1).
PMID: 33672796 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6010024

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic paramyxovirus of the Henipavirus genus first identified in Malaysia in 1998. Henipaviruses have bat reservoir hosts and have been isolated from fruit bats found across Oceania, Asia, and Africa. Bat-to-human transmission is thought to be the primary mode of human NiV infection, although multiple intermediate hosts are described. Human infections with NiV were originally described as a syndrome of fever and rapid neurological decline following contact with swine. More recent outbreaks describe a syndrome with prominent respiratory symptoms and human-to-human transmission. Nearly annual outbreaks have been described since 1998 with case fatality rates reaching greater than 90%. The ubiquitous nature of the reservoir host, increasing deforestation, multiple mode of transmission, high case fatality rate, and lack of effective therapy or vaccines make NiV's pandemic potential increasingly significant. Here we review the epidemiology and microbiology of NiV as well as the therapeutic agents and vaccines in development.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Cutaneous leishmaniasis-Awareness, knowledge and practices among general population in rural and urban areas in Malakand region, Pakistan

Khan W, Khan I, Ullah H, Zain SNM, Panhwar WA, Mehmood SA, et al.

Braz J Biol, 2021;82:e238665.
PMID: 33787717 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.238665

Malakand region is an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, there are limited number of studies of this disease in Pakistan. Therefore, a study was conducted to understand the level of awareness attitude and practice among the residents of Makaland towards CL and the disease vectors. This study adopted a cross-sectional approach with a total of 400 respondents (n=93 rural and n= 307 urban). Overall, the population in Malakand region (61.2%) were well-informed in the role of sand fly in transmitting diseases, but most lack knowledge on the vector's behavior and almost a quarter (24.5%) were unable to provide knowledge on proper control measures. Alarmingly, the practice and attitudes of the general population was not satisfactory as close to half (49.8%) of the population did adopt any control method. This study calls for increase in awareness through health education campaign to reduce the risk of cutaneous leishmaniasis outbreaks in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Devastating urban flooding and dengue outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan

Junaid Tahir M, Rizwan Siddiqi A, Ullah I, Ahmed A, Dujaili J, Saqlain M

Med J Islam Repub Iran, 2020;34:169.
PMID: 33816368 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.34.169

Pakistan has recently been overwhelmed by extreme torrential rains, with its most populous city of Karachi experiencing its worst floods in almost a century. Poor flood control and water disposal facilities have led to an immense risk of another dengue outbreak, with multiple cases being reported recently. The enormous accumulation of stagnant water in urban areas is a major source of mosquito breeding and transmission. Historical data has shown the correlation between the number of dengue cases and average rainfall in the region. The monsoon rains have pounded at a time where health authorities are battling to contain the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. There is a need to implement centralized dengue control strategies to undertake large scale water drainage, sanitation, and disinfection drives in disaster-stricken areas alongside public health awareness programs to combat the after-effects of this natural calamity.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Economic impact of a vaccine preventable disease: a scoping review on tuberculosis

Aidalina Mahmud, Azimatun Noor Aizuddin

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(2):254-261.
MyJurnal

Using pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB) as an example of a vaccine-preventable disease (VPD), we aimed to gather evidence on the economic impact of treating a case or managing an outbreak of a VPD. A scoping review was con- ducted. Online databases (MEDLINE and Google Scholar) were used to collate published studies from the year 2015 to 2019 on the management cost of one case or an outbreak of pTB. Keywords used were cost, treatment, outbreak, pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis, economic, economic evaluation. A total of 29 studies were analysed. The costs of pTB treatment for individual patient were higher in high-income countries compared to middle-income and low-income countries. A case of pTB can result in household catastrophic health expenditure; while an outbreak can overwhelm the health system’s capacity, and disrupts the economy of a country. Therefore, accessibility of vaccines especially in low-income countries must be ensured. Also, vaccine-hesitant individuals must reconsider their stance on vaccination.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish: A review

Johan CAC, Zainathan SC

Vet World, 2020 Nov;13(11):2565-2577.
PMID: 33363355 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2565-2577

Iridoviruses, especially megalocytiviruses, are related to severe disease resulting in high economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. The ornamental fish industry has been affected severely due to Megalocytivirus infections. Megalocytivirus is a DNA virus that has three genera; including red sea bream iridovirus, infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus, and turbot reddish body iridovirus. Megalocytivirus causes non-specific clinical signs in ornamental fish. Cell culture, histology, immunofluorescence test, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay have been used to diagnose megalocytiviruses. Risk factors such as temperature, transportation (export and import), and life stages of ornamental fish have been reported for the previous cases due to Megalocytivirus infections. In addition, other prevention and control methods also have been practiced in farms to prevent Megalocytivirus outbreaks. This is the first review of megalocytiviruses in ornamental fish since its first detection in 1989. This review discusses the occurrences of Megalocytivirus in ornamental fish, including the history, clinical signs, detection method, risk factors, and prevention measures.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Gynecological Endoscopic Society of Malaysia Statement and Recommendations on Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery during COVID-19 Pandemic

Ghazali WAHW, Nallaluthan P, Hasan RZ, Adlan AS, Boon NK

Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther, 2020 10 15;9(4):185-189.
PMID: 33312860 DOI: 10.4103/GMIT.GMIT_109_20

Objectives: While the issue of aerosolization of virus from the blood occurs during usage of energy sources scare practitioners, there have been no reported instances of healthcare workers (HCWs) being infected. COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted via respiratory droplets and contact routes. Therefore, the ultimate decision for surgery, should be based on which is the safest, quickest route and concurrently ensuring that HCWs are protected during these surgeries. During the time of crisis, HCWs need to concentrate and channel resources to the care of those affected by the coronavirus hence judicious allocation of resources is mandatory. We present the guidelines and recommendations on gynecological laparoscopic surgery during this COVID-19 outbreak in Malaysia.
Materials and Methods: Thorough search of articles and recommendations were done to look into the characteristics of the virus in terms of transmission and risks during surgery. Smoke plume characteristics, composition and risk of viral transmission were also studied. Search includes The WHO Library, Cochrane Library and electronic databases (PubMed, Google scholar and Science Direct).
Conclusion: We concluded that there is no scientific basis of shunning laparoscopic approach in surgical intervention. Ultimately, the guiding principles would be of reducing the anesthetic and surgical duration, the availability of full protective gear for HCWs during the surgery and the status of the patient. It is mandatory for viral swab tests to be done within the shortest window period possible, for all cases planned for surgery.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Prevalence of Headache in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14,275 Patients

Islam MA, Alam SS, Kundu S, Hossan T, Kamal MA, Cavestro C

Front Neurol, 2020;11:562634.
PMID: 33329305 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.562634

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started to spread globally since December 2019 from Wuhan, China. Headache has been observed as one of the clinical manifestations in COVID-19 patients. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the overall pooled prevalence of headache in COVID-19 patients. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify studies published between December 2019 and March 2020. Adult (≥18 years) COVID-19 patients were considered eligible. We used random-effects model to estimate the pooled prevalence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Quality assessment was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020182529). Results: We identified 2,055 studies, of which 86 studies (n = 14,275, 49.4% female) were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the pooled prevalence of headache in COVID-19 patients was 10.1% [95% CI: 8.76-11.49]. There was no significant difference of headache prevalence in severe or critical vs. non-severe (RR: 1.05, p = 0.78), survived (recovered or discharged) vs. non-survived (RR: 1.36, p = 0.23), and ICU vs. non-ICU (RR: 1.06, p = 0.87) COVID-19 patients. We detected 64.0, 34.9, and 1.1% of the included studies as high, moderate, and low quality, respectively. Conclusions: From the first 4-month data of the outbreak, headache was detected in 10.1% of the adult COVID-19 patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Detection of all four dengue virus serotypes and identification of four mismatched nucleotides between DENV4 specific primer rTS4 and DENV 4 sequences in Sandakan and Kudat (2016-2017)

Tin Sabai Aung, Amalina Emran, Chua Tock Hing, Tin Tin Thein, Win Win Than, Aye Aye Wynn, et al.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):49-49.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Dengue is caused by dengue virus (DENV) which is a member of the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. The prevalence of dengue has been increasing all over the world especially in Southeast Asia and Western Pacific regions. In 2016 - 2017 dengue outbreaks were reported in Sandakan and Kudat of Sabah, Malay-sia. The aim of this study was to determine the serotypes of dengue viruses circulating in these two sites during the outbreaks. Methods: A total of 200 dengue patients’ sera tested positive with NS1 and IgM & IgG rapid test (PanBio) were collected from Hospital Duchess of Kent Sandakan and Hospital Kudat between June 2016 and December 2017. PCR was done at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah. One-Step Reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and nested PCR was performed using C-prM amplimers designed by Lanciotti et al and later redesigned by Chien et al, followed by sequencing some of the PCR products. Results: Out of 200 sera tested 128 were PCR positive. All the four dengue serotypes were detected with PCR products with specific sizes in gel electrophoresis. However, in four samples, no serotype-specific band was amplified by the nested PCR, while they were dengue-positive in RT-PCR showing 511 base pair amplicon. Sequencing results revealed all four samples were found to belong to DENV4. The sequences of these samples were aligned with that of DENV 4 reverse primer rTS4. The DENV4 specific primer rTS4 was found to have four mismatched nucleotides to the DENV4 sequences. Conclusion: There was a co-circulation of DENV1 to 4 in Sandakan and Kudat in the study period. DENV1 was the predominant serotype. DENV4 specific C-prM primer rTS4 should be redesigned for the local DENV4 strain in Sabah in future research.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Interactive games to improve knowledge on food poisoning prevention among school children in Cheras

Mohd Safwan Ibrahim, Noriah Hajib, Mohd Fadhli Mohd Fauzi, Erma Nur Shadila Mahamad Najadi

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(104):98-98.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Food poisoning may occur as single sporadic cases or massive outbreak in any institution, including boarding schools. Early this year, Cheras District Health Office had implemented set of interactive games on food safety programme at two boarding schools in Cheras which had repeated incidences of food poisoning outbreak. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of interactive games on knowledge of food safety among school children in Cheras. Methods: This study is a retrospective study based on secondary data. Two boarding school with total of 135 students were. The students were divided into 4 groups and participates in all 4 modules of interactive games. There were 10 items pre and post questionnaire on food safety knowledge collected during the program with score ranged zero to ten. The data were analysed descriptively and analytically with paired t test. Results: The response rate of this study was 100 %. Majority of the respondents were Malays (68.1%) and male (66.7%). The mean score at pre and post were 6.78 and 7.72 respectively. Paired t test showed that there was a significant increase of 0.94 mean score of knowledge after the programme (p-value < 0.05, CI 95%= -1.212, -0.664). Conclusion: The knowledge scores on food safety of the students increased significantly after the interactive game. However, without control group, the improvement cannot be said solely due to the program itself.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Vaccine Development for Nipah Virus Infection in Pigs

McLean RK, Graham SP

Front Vet Sci, 2019;6:16.
PMID: 30778392 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00016

Nipah virus (NiV) causes a severe and often fatal neurological disease in humans. Whilst fruit bats are considered the natural reservoir, NiV also infects pigs and may cause an unapparent or mild disease. Direct pig-to-human transmission was responsible for the first and still most devastating NiV outbreaks in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998-99, with nearly 300 human cases and over 100 fatalities. Pigs can therefore play a key role in the epidemiology of NiV by acting as an "amplifying" host. The outbreak in Singapore ended with the prohibition of pig imports from Malaysia and the Malaysian outbreak was ended by culling 45% of the country's pig population with costs exceeding US$500 million. Despite the importance of NiV as an emerging disease with the potential for pandemic, no vaccines, or therapeutics are currently approved for human or livestock use. In this mini-review, we will discuss current knowledge of NiV infection in pigs; our ongoing work to develop a NiV vaccine for use in pigs; and the pig as a model to support human vaccine development.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Extensive Genetic Variation at the Sr22 Wheat Stem Rust Resistance Gene Locus in the Grasses Revealed Through Evolutionary Genomics and Functional Analyses

Md Hatta MA, Ghosh S, Athiyannan N, Richardson T, Steuernagel B, Yu G, et al.

Mol Plant Microbe Interact, 2020 Nov;33(11):1286-1298.
PMID: 32779520 DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-01-20-0018-R

In the last 20 years, severe wheat stem rust outbreaks have been recorded in Africa, Europe, and Central Asia. This previously well controlled disease, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, has reemerged as a major threat to wheat cultivation. The stem rust (Sr) resistance gene Sr22 encodes a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat receptor which confers resistance to the highly virulent African stem rust isolate Ug99. Here, we show that the Sr22 gene is conserved among grasses in the Triticeae and Poeae lineages. Triticeae species contain syntenic loci with single-copy orthologs of Sr22 on chromosome 7, except Hordeum vulgare, which has experienced major expansions and rearrangements at the locus. We also describe 14 Sr22 sequence variants obtained from both Triticum boeoticum and the domesticated form of this species, T. monococcum, which have been postulated to encode both functional and nonfunctional Sr22 alleles. The nucleotide sequence analysis of these alleles identified historical sequence exchange resulting from recombination or gene conversion, including breakpoints within codons, which expanded the coding potential at these positions by introduction of nonsynonymous substitutions. Three Sr22 alleles were transformed into wheat cultivar Fielder and two postulated resistant alleles from Schomburgk (hexaploid wheat introgressed with T. boeoticum segment carrying Sr22) and T. monococcum accession PI190945, respectively, conferred resistance to P. graminis f. sp. tritici race TTKSK, thereby unequivocally confirming Sr22 effectiveness against Ug99. The third allele from accession PI573523, previously believed to confer susceptibility, was confirmed as nonfunctional against Australian P. graminis f. sp. tritici race 98-1,2,3,5,6.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Knowledge, attitude and practice on bats-borne diseases among village residents: a pilot study

Nurul Azmawati, M., Hariz, M.S., Mohd Dzulkhairi, M.R., Shalinawati, R., Ilina, I.

Medicine & Health, 2018;13(2):48-57.
MyJurnal

Ebola virus disease (EVD), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), rabies and Nipah infections were examples of diseases that were related to bats and shook the world with a series of outbreak and epidemic. Through the understanding of bats as potential public health risk, awareness had become vital to prevent another outbreak. This pilot study was done to evaluate the appropriateness of the questionnaires and to determine preliminary data on knowledge, attitude and practices of bats-related infections. Residents of a village were recruited by randomly choosing houses from a list obtained from the local head village. Knowledge, attitude and practice were assessed using a 56-items questionnaire. The study recruited 100 respondents. The questionnaire’s Cronbach Alpha score was 0.817. Majority of the respondents were found to have good knowledge (71%), attitude (99%) and practice (64%) relating to bat-related infection. There was a weak positive correlation between knowledge and practice towards bat-related infections among residents of the study population. Majority (80%) of respondents did not aware that bats can cause rabies, and 84% did not know about rabies vaccination. The result of this pilot study provides a limited but valuable insight into bat-related infection. Overall, respondents had good knowledge, attitude and practice scores towards bats-related infection. However, more awareness is needed to key areas lacking such as in educating awareness about rabies in bats.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks
Fulltext Entomological Surveillance on Resistance of Aedes to Aqua K-Otherine at Taman Sri Rugading, Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia

Netto, Marcus

Borneo Journal of Medical Sciences, 2018;12(101):39-0.
MyJurnal

Dengue fever and its fatal complications have made a comeback since its control in the 1990â€™s. The Flavivirus has evolved into 4 serotypes DEN 1,2,3,4 which can be passed on by the mosquitoes for 7 generations for each serotype. This communicable disease is predominantly confined to urban areas. Quick control of the spread of the disease will prevent it from becoming an epidemic. The two species mosquitoes involved have different behaviours. The Aedes aegypti is an indoor vector which breeds in clean, clear and calm freshwater. The Aedes albopictus is an outdoor breeding mosquito which breeds in stagnant waters. Surveillance of the areas prone to outbreaks is vital. One of the roles of the entomologist is to monitor the vector for resistance to the insecticides. Localities that have been subjected to recurrent outbreaks will have vector which develop resistance to the insecticides used.

Matched MeSH terms: Disease Outbreaks

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