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Effect of Synthesis Temperature on the Morphologies, Optical and Electrical Properties of MgO Nanostructures

Sagadevan S, Venilla S, Marlinda AR, Johan MR, Wahab YA, Zakaria R, et al.

J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2020 Apr 01;20(4):2488-2494.
PMID: 31492266 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.17185

Herein, we report the effect of synthesis temperature on the morphologies, optical and electronic properties of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanostructures. The MgO nanostructures were synthesized at different temperatures, i.e., 100 °C, 300 °C, and 600 °C by simple chemical reaction process and their morphology, particle size, optical, and electrical properties were examined by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV-Vis. spectroscopy. The morphological investigations revealed that various morphologies of MgO nanostructures, i.e., nanoparticles, nanosheet networks, and nanoneedles were synthesized at 100 °C, 300 °C, and 600 °C. The XRD results confirmed that with increasing the synthesis temperature, the crystallinity of the synthesized nanostructures increases. Further, the dielectric properties and AC conductivity at various frequencies for MgO nanostructures were studied which revealed that the dielectric losses decrease with increase in frequency and temperature. In addition, the observed band gap decreases from 4.89 eV to 4.438 eV (100 °C to 600 °C) representing its increase in the conductivity.
Influence of Incorporated Barium Ion on the Physio-Chemical Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanodisks Synthesized via a Sonochemical Process

Sagadevan S, Vennila S, Suraiya Begum SN, Wahab YA, Hamizi NAB, Marlinda AR, et al.

J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2020 09 01;20(9):5452-5457.
PMID: 32331117 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.17855

Nanostructure materials are of interest in last few decades due to their unique size-dependent physio-chemical properties. In this paper, zinc oxide (ZnO) and barium doped ZnO nanodisks (NDs) were synthesized using sonochemical method and characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-vis absorption and dielectric measurements. The XRD and FTIR studies confirm the crystalline nature of ZnO NDs, and the average crystallite size was found to be ~25 nm for pure ZnO and ~22 nm for Ba doped ZnO NDs. SEM study confirmed the spherical shaped ZnO NDs with average sizes in the range of 20-30 nm. The maximum absorbance was obtained in the 200-500 nm regions with a prominent peak absorbance were observed by UV-vis spectra. The corresponding band gap for ZnO NDs and Ba doped ZnO NDs were calculated using Tauc's plot and was found to be 3.12 and 3.04, respectively. The conductivity and dielectric measurements as a function of frequency have been studied.
Synthesis of porous 2D layered nickel oxide-reduced graphene oxide (NiO-rGO) hybrid composite for the efficient electrochemical detection of epinephrine in biological fluid

Ramu AG, Umar A, Ibrahim AA, Algadi H, Ibrahim YSA, Wang Y, et al.

Environ Res, 2021 09;200:111366.
PMID: 34029547 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111366

In the present research work, 2D-Porous NiO decorated graphene nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal method to monitored the concentration of epinephrine (EPI). The morphology (SEM and TEM) results confirmed 2D-Porous NiO nanoparticles firmly attached over graphene nanosheets. FTIR and XPS analysis confirmed the formation of nickel oxide formation and complete reduction of GO to rGO. The electrochemical activity of the proposed NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode on epinephrine was analyzed by simple cyclic voltammetry technique. The proposed low cost NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode showed excellent catalytic activity over GCE and rGO/GCE electrodes. Due to its high conductivity and charge transfer ability of the NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode exhibited high sensitivity of EPI at optimized conditions. The anodic peak current of the EPI linearly increases with increasing the concertation of EPI. A wide linear range (50 μM-1000 μM) was achieved with high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9986) and the limit of detection (LOD) of NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode was calculated to be 10 μM. NiO-rGO/GCE electrode showed good stability and repeatability towards the EPI oxidation. Mainly, the proposed NiO-rGO/GCE modified electrode showed good sensitivity of EPI in the human biological fluid with high recovery percentage. The low cost, NiO-rGO/GCE electrode could be the promising sensor electrode for the detection of Epinephrine in the real samples.
Fulltext Air-Processable Perovskite Solar Cells by Hexamine Molecule Phase Stabilization

Alias N, Ali Umar A, Sadikin SN, Ridwan J, Hamzah AA, Ali Umar MI, et al.

ACS Omega, 2023 May 30;8(21):18874-18881.
PMID: 37273642 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01236

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a potential energy alternative due to their low cost of fabrication and high power conversion efficiency. Unfortunately, their poor ambient stability has critically limited their industrialization and application in real environmental conditions. Here, we show that by introducing hexamine molecules into the perovskite lattice, we can enhance the photoactive phase stability, enabling high-performance and air-processable perovskite solar cells. The unencapsulated and freshly prepared perovskite solar cells produce a power conversion efficiency of 16.83% under a 100 mW cm-2 1.5G solar light simulator and demonstrate high stability properties when being stored for more than 1500 h in humid air with relative humidity ranging from 65 to 90%. We envisage that our findings may revolutionize perovskite solar cell research, pushing the performance and stability to the limit and bringing the perovskite solar cells toward industrialization.
An Analysis of the Radiosensitiser Applications in the Biomedical Field

Lim TS, Abdul Rahman I, Umar A, Mohd Hidzir N, Paul Arkill K, Sharif R, et al.

Curr Radiopharm, 2024 Sep 02.
PMID: 39225213 DOI: 10.2174/0118744710269842240825160247

BACKGROUND: Various types of radiosensitisers have been introduced from the past until the present day for applications in the biomedical field. However, there is a lack of understanding and comparison between the various parameters introduced in addition to a lack of consensus among researchers on the optimal radiosensitiser for applications in the biomedical field.
OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to investigate the usage of radiosensitisers in the biomedical field, determine their important parameters, and suggest radiosensitisers with potential among the analysed radiosensitisers.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This review has discussed several parameters for radiosensitisers, including median lethal dose, cell survival, tumour size, cell viability, Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF), Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) concentration, radiosensitiser production complexity, radiosensitiser administration technique, and radiosensitiser toxicity. General trends regarding the development of radiosensitisers, including the types, effectiveness, and their production complexity, have also been discussed within this review article.
Fulltext Exploring medicine classification and accessibility: a qualitative study

Khairi Wazien Pengiran Umar A, Goh HP, Rizidah Murang Z, Hermansyah A, Rehman IU, Goh KW, et al.

J Pharm Policy Pract, 2025;18(1):2426137.
PMID: 39911586 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2426137

BACKGROUND: Brunei Darussalam's medicine control governance landscape is complex, driven by legislative directives and directed by the Brunei Darussalam Medicines Control Authority (BDMCA). While the medicine dispensing system in Brunei Darussalam, across both governmental and private sectors, is a critical component of the nation's healthcare, it remains under-researched, leaving gaps in understanding its distinctions, challenges, and opportunities. This study aimed to explore deep into the perspectives of pharmacists regarding the medicine dispensing systems in Brunei Darussalam, medicine accessibility, the classification and regulation of medicines, and the growing role of pharmacists.
METHODS: Using a narrative qualitative approach, we conducted in-depth one-on-one interviews with six pharmacists, delving into their personal experiences with topics such as medicine classification and the broader systems for medication provision. The collected narratives were analysed through a rigorous thematic analysis, following the framework established by Braun & Clarke.
RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the data: nuances of Brunei Darussalam's medicine dispensing landscape across both public and private sectors; accessibility and regulatory framework of medicines both in Brunei Darussalam and abroad; prospective implementations to enhance the current system; and the evolving role and expectations of pharmacists in the current healthcare environment. Notably, a significant contribution of this study was the illumination of the differential perspectives between pharmacists operating in governmental versus private contexts.
CONCLUSION: This study sheds light on the previously under-explored domain of Brunei Darussalam's medicine control governance and medicine dispensing system. By drawing from the first-hand experiences of practicing pharmacists, it offers actionable insights that could guide future policy developments, optimise medicine dispensation and regulation, and shape the evolving role of pharmacists in Brunei Darussalam.
Fulltext Medicinal Potential of Isoflavonoids: Polyphenols That May Cure Diabetes

Ahmed QU, Ali AHM, Mukhtar S, Alsharif MA, Parveen H, Sabere ASM, et al.

Molecules, 2020 Nov 24;25(23).
PMID: 33255206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235491

In recent years, there is emerging evidence that isoflavonoids, either dietary or obtained from traditional medicinal plants, could play an important role as a supplementary drug in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to their reported pronounced biological effects in relation to multiple metabolic factors associated with diabetes. Hence, in this regard, we have comprehensively reviewed the potential biological effects of isoflavonoids, particularly biochanin A, genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and formononetin on metabolic disorders and long-term complications induced by T2DM in order to understand whether they can be future candidates as a safe antidiabetic agent. Based on in-depth in vitro and in vivo studies evaluations, isoflavonoids have been found to activate gene expression through the stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) (α, γ), modulate carbohydrate metabolism, regulate hyperglycemia, induce dyslipidemia, lessen insulin resistance, and modify adipocyte differentiation and tissue metabolism. Moreover, these natural compounds have also been found to attenuate oxidative stress through the oxidative signaling process and inflammatory mechanism. Hence, isoflavonoids have been envisioned to be able to prevent and slow down the progression of long-term diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Further thoroughgoing investigations in human clinical studies are strongly recommended to obtain the optimum and specific dose and regimen required for supplementation with isoflavonoids and derivatives in diabetic patients.
Photoelectrical Dynamics Uplift in Perovskite Solar Cells by Atoms Thick 2D TiS2 Layer Passivation of TiO2 Nanograss Electron Transport Layer

Alias N, Ali Umar A, Malek NAA, Liu K, Li X, Abdullah NA, et al.

ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021 Jan 20;13(2):3051-3061.
PMID: 33410652 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20137

A deficiency in the photoelectrical dynamics at the interface due to the surface traps of the TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL) has been the critical factor for the inferiority of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the perovskite solar cells. Despite its excellent energy level alignment with most perovskite materials, its large density of surface defect as a result of sub lattice vacancies has been the critical hurdle for an efficient photovoltaic process in the device. Here, we report that atoms thick 2D TiS2 layer grown on the surface of a (001) faceted and single-crystalline TiO2 nanograss (NG) ETL have effectively passivated the defects, boosting the charge extractability, carrier mobility, external quantum efficiency, and the device stability. These properties allow the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to produce a PCE as high as 18.73% with short-circuit current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and fill-factor (FF) values as high as 22.04 mA/cm2, 1.13 V, and 0.752, respectively, a 3.3% improvement from the pristine TiO2-NG-based PSCs. The present approach should find an extensive application for controlling the photoelectrical dynamic deficiency in perovskite solar cells.
Synthesis of Iron Oxide@Pt Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Reductive Conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and Antibacterial Studies

Sivaranjan K, Santhanalakshmi J, Panneer DS, Vivekananthan S, Sagadevan S, Johan MRB, et al.

J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2020 02 01;20(2):918-923.
PMID: 31383087 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2020.16895

Herein, we report the facile synthesis of Iron oxide@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) by facile two step synthesis process. The first step follows the growth of iron oxide nanoparticle by thermal decomposition process while the second step deals with the formation of iron oxide@Pt core-shell nanoparticles by the chemical reduction method. The synthesized core-shell nanoparticles were characterized by several techniques and used for the catalytic reductive translation of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in the presence of formic acid by a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The UV photo-spectrometer analysis confirmed the conversion efficiency from 12% to as high as 98.8% at the end of 30 minutes. Thus, the presence of Iron oxide @Pt core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) can be effectively used as a catalyst for the reducion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) ions. Additionally, antibacterial studies were performed for the prepared core-shell nanoparticles against two bacterial strains, i.e., gram (+ve) Staphylococcus Aureus (S. Aureus) and gram (-ve) Escherichia Coli (E. Coli).
Fulltext Demonstration of chemistry at a point through restructuring and catalytic activation at anchored nanoparticles

Neagu D, Papaioannou EI, Ramli WKW, Miller DN, Murdoch BJ, Ménard H, et al.

Nat Commun, 2017 11 30;8(1):1855.
PMID: 29187751 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01880-y

Metal nanoparticles prepared by exsolution at the surface of perovskite oxides have been recently shown to enable new dimensions in catalysis and energy conversion and storage technologies owing to their socketed, well-anchored structure. Here we show that contrary to general belief, exsolved particles do not necessarily re-dissolve back into the underlying perovskite upon oxidation. Instead, they may remain pinned to their initial locations, allowing one to subject them to further chemical transformations to alter their composition, structure and functionality dramatically, while preserving their initial spatial arrangement. We refer to this concept as chemistry at a point and illustrate it by tracking individual nanoparticles throughout various chemical transformations. We demonstrate its remarkable practical utility by preparing a nanostructured earth abundant metal catalyst which rivals platinum on a weight basis over hundreds of hours of operation. Our concept enables the design of compositionally diverse confined oxide particles with superior stability and catalytic reactivity.
Optoelectrical Properties of Hexamine Doped-Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite under Different Grain-Shape Crystallinity

Ali Umar MI, Ahdaliza AZ, El-Bahy SM, Aliza N, Sadikin SN, Ridwan J, et al.

Nanomaterials (Basel), 2023 Apr 05;13(7).
PMID: 37049374 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071281

The crystallinity properties of perovskite influence their optoelectrical performance in solar cell applications. We optimized the grain shape and crystallinity of perovskite film by annealing treatment from 130 to 170 °C under high humidity (relative humidity of 70%). We found that the grain size, grain interface, and grain morphology of the perovskite are optimized when the sample was annealed at 150 °C for 1 h in the air. At this condition, the perovskite film is composed of 250 nm crystalline shape grain and compact inter-grain structure with an invincible grain interface. Perovskite solar cells device analysis indicated that the device fabricated using the samples annealed at 150 °C produced the highest power conversion efficiency, namely 17.77%. The open circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), and fill factor (FF) of the device are as high as 1.05 V, 22.27 mA/cm2, and 0.76, respectively. Optoelectrical dynamic analysis using transient photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies reveals that (i) carrier lifetime in the champion device can be up to 25 ns, which is almost double the carrier lifetime of the sample annealed at 130 °C. (ii) The interfacial charge transfer resistance is low in the champion device, i.e., ~20 Ω, which has a crystalline grain morphology, enabling active photocurrent extraction. Perovskite's behavior under annealing treatment in high humidity conditions can be a guide for the industrialization of perovskite solar cells.

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