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Host preferences of mosquitoes

Tempelis CH

Proc Pap Annu Conf Calif Mosq Control Assoc, 1970;38:25-8.
PMID: 4395205
Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Molecular diagnosis and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in exotic birds of southwest of Iran

Jalas M, Tavalla M

Trop Biomed, 2018 Dec 01;35(4):944-950.
PMID: 33601843

Cryptosporidium parasites can infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts including reptiles, mammals, and birds. Due to the zoonotic nature of cryptosporidiosis and its close contact with exotic birds and humans, the present study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in exotic birds of southwest of Iran, by the staining and molecular methods. In the present research, 369 stool specimens were randomly collected from exotic birds and stained by modified acid-fast stain using Ziehl-Neelsen method. The slides were examined using light microscopy at a magnification of 100X. Then, the extracted DNA was amplified using the PCR method. Finally, all genotypes and positive samples from PCR assay were sequenced by Bioneer Company (Daejeon, South Korea). Among 369 stool specimens, 25 and 27 cases were found to be positive for Cryptosporidium spp. by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and the PCR methods, respectively. Based on the genotyping, C. avian genotype III and C. meleagridis were detected in 25 and 2 stool samples, respectively. The results revealed a relatively high prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in exotic birds in the southwest of Iran. Due to the zoonotic nature of C. meleagridis, these exotic birds can be a significant source of cryptosporidiosis. It is important that high-risk people, including immune-deficient patients, receive correct information about the risk of indirect and direct contact with infected exotic birds.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Transient expression of an immunogenic envelope attachment glycoprotein of nipah virus in nicotiana benthamiana

Rofina Yasmin Othman, Jennifer Ann Harikrishna, Gan KS, Tan CS

Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:499-509.

The Nipah virus is highly virulent to swine and humans. The envelope attachment glycoprotein (G) of Nipah virus
plays a key role in viral entry and induction of neutralizing antibody in mammalian hosts, thus is considered a good
candidate for vaccine development. Plant transient expression systems are gaining recognition as a viable alternative
for the production of vaccine antigens. In this study, we expressed the Nipah virus G protein heterologously in Nicotiana
benthamiana using an agroinfiltration approach. The highest expression of recombinant G protein in N. benthamiana at
RNA and protein levels was detected on day 9 post-infiltration. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the purified G
protein reacted specifically with rabbit anti-Nipah Virus serum, indicating its potential for vaccine use.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Strigeoid trematodes of Malaysia with descriptions of a new genus and three new species

Palmieri JR, Krishnasamy M, Sullivan JT

J Helminthol, 1979 Mar;53(1):51-63.
PMID: 458132

Six species of strigeoid trematodes are reported from Malaysia. One new genus and 3 new species are described: Apatemon (Apatemon( jamesi sp. n (Strigeidae); cercaria Cotylurus sullivani sp. n. (Strigeidae); Neodiplostomum (Neodiplostomum) sp. (Diplostomatidae); Fibricola ramachandrani (Diplostomatidae); Pseudoscolopacitrema otteri gen. n. et sp. n. (Diplostomatidae); and cercaria Cyathocotyle malayi sp. n. (Cyathocotylidae). The life cycles of A. jamesi and C. malayi have also been investigated.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals/parasitology
Fulltext Maximizing the value of forest restoration for tropical mammals by detecting three-dimensional habitat associations

Deere NJ, Guillera-Arroita G, Swinfield T, Milodowski DT, Coomes DA, Bernard H, et al.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2020 10 20;117(42):26254-26262.
PMID: 32989143 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001823117

Tropical forest ecosystems are facing unprecedented levels of degradation, severely compromising habitat suitability for wildlife. Despite the fundamental role biodiversity plays in forest regeneration, identifying and prioritizing degraded forests for restoration or conservation, based on their wildlife value, remains a significant challenge. Efforts to characterize habitat selection are also weakened by simple classifications of human-modified tropical forests as intact vs. degraded, which ignore the influence that three-dimensional (3D) forest structure may have on species distributions. Here, we develop a framework to identify conservation and restoration opportunities across logged forests in Borneo. We couple high-resolution airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and camera trap data to characterize the response of a tropical mammal community to changes in 3D forest structure across a degradation gradient. Mammals were most responsive to covariates that accounted explicitly for the vertical and horizontal characteristics of the forest and actively selected structurally complex environments comprising tall canopies, increased plant area index throughout the vertical column, and the availability of a greater diversity of niches. We show that mammals are sensitive to structural simplification through disturbance, emphasizing the importance of maintaining and enhancing structurally intact forests. By calculating occurrence thresholds of species in response to forest structural change, we identify areas of degraded forest that would provide maximum benefit for multiple high-conservation value species if restored. The study demonstrates the advantages of using LiDAR to map forest structure, rather than relying on overly simplistic classifications of human-modified tropical forests, for prioritizing regions for restoration.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Fulltext Take-off and landing kinetics of a free-ranging gliding mammal, the Malayan colugo (Galeopterus variegatus)

Byrnes G, Lim NT, Spence AJ

Proc Biol Sci, 2008 May 7;275(1638):1007-13.
PMID: 18252673 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1684

Arboreal animals negotiate a highly three-dimensional world that is discontinuous on many spatial scales. As the scale of substrate discontinuity increases, many arboreal animals rely on leaping or gliding locomotion between distant supports. In order to successfully move through their habitat, gliding animals must actively modulate both propulsive and aerodynamic forces. Here we examined the take-off and landing kinetics of a free-ranging gliding mammal, the Malayan colugo (Galeopterus variegatus) using a custom-designed three-dimensional accelerometry system. We found that colugos increase the propulsive impulse to affect longer glides. However, we also found that landing forces are negatively associated with glide distance. Landing forces decrease rapidly as glide distance increases from the shortest glides, then level off, suggesting that the ability to reorient the aerodynamic forces prior to landing is an important mechanism to reduce velocity and thus landing forces. This ability to substantially alter the aerodynamic forces acting on the patagial wing in order to reorient the body is a key to the transition between leaping and gliding and allows gliding mammals to travel long distances between trees with reduced risk of injury. Longer glides may increase the access to distributed resources and reduce the exposure to predators in the canopy or on the forest floor.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals/physiology*
Cryptosporidium infection: epidemiology, clinical, diagnosis and management

Sinniah, B., Sinniah, D.

Malaysian Journal of Child Health, 1992;4(1):27-32.
MyJurnal

Cryptosporidium is an intestinal protozoan parasite which causes diarrhoea in animals and has recently been reported to cause similar symptoms in man. Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic infection and the first human case was reported in 1976.2 Since then the number of cases has increased by the hundreds especially among patients with acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS), as a result of the severe symptoms that they cause in the im-munosuppressed patients and also due to the better screening techniques which have been developed resulting in the detection of cases.3 To date 20 species of Cryptosporidium have been reported but these cannot be differentiated morphologically. The differences are based mainly on the host from which the parasites were recovered. The species responsible for causing infection in man is Cryptosporidium parvum.4 Of the 20 species reported several are invalid because the oocysts of some of them were found to be the same as the sporocyst of Sarcocystis. It is now concluded that there are only two species that infect mammals (C. Muris and C. parvum). (Copied from article).

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Two centuries of biodiversity discovery and loss in Singapore

Chisholm RA, Kristensen NP, Rheindt FE, Chong KY, Ascher JS, Lim KKP, et al.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2023 Dec 19;120(51):e2309034120.
PMID: 38079550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309034120

There is an urgent need for reliable data on the impacts of deforestation on tropical biodiversity. The city-state of Singapore has one of the most detailed biodiversity records in the tropics, dating back to the turn of the 19th century. In 1819, Singapore was almost entirely covered in primary forest, but this has since been largely cleared. We compiled more than 200 y of records for 10 major taxonomic groups in Singapore (>50,000 individual records; >3,000 species), and we estimated extinction rates using recently developed and novel statistical models that account for "dark extinctions," i.e., extinctions of undiscovered species. The estimated overall extinction rate was 37% (95% CI [31 to 42%]). Extrapolating our Singapore observations to a future business-as-usual deforestation scenario for Southeast Asia suggests that 18% (95% CI [16 to 22%]) of species will be lost regionally by 2100. Our extinction estimates for Singapore and Southeast Asia are a factor of two lower than previous estimates that also attempted to account for dark extinctions. However, we caution that particular groups such as large mammals, forest-dependent birds, orchids, and butterflies are disproportionately vulnerable.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Synthesis, modification and application of fish skin gelatin-based hydrogel as sustainable and versatile bioresource of antidiabetic peptide

Munawaroh HSH, Pratiwi RN, Gumilar GG, Aisyah S, Rohilah S, Nurjanah A, et al.

Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Mar 15;231:123248.
PMID: 36642356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123248

Gelatin hydrogel is widely employed in various fields, however, commercially available gelatin hydrogels are mostly derived from mammalian which has many disadvantages due to the supply and ethical issues. In this study, the properties of hydrogels from fish-derived collagen fabricated with varying Glutaraldehyde (GA) determined. The antidiabetic properties of salmon gelatin (SG) and tilapia gelatin (TG) was also evaluated against α-glucosidase. Glutaraldehyde-crosslinked salmon gelatin and tilapia gelatin were used, and compared with different concentrations of GA by 0.05 %, 0.1 %, and 0.15 %. Water absorbency, swelling, porosity, pore size and water retention of the hydrogels were dependent on the degree of crosslinking. The synthesis of hydrogels was confirmed by FTIR study. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that all hydrogels have a porous structure with irregular shapes and heterogeneous morphology. Performance tests showed that gelatin-GA 0.05 % mixture had the best performance. Antidiabetic bioactivity in vitro and in silico tests showed that the active peptides of SG and TG showed a high binding affinity to α-glucosidase enzyme. In conclusion, SG and TG cross-linked GA 0.05 % have the potential as an antidiabetic agent and as a useful option over mammalian-derived gelatin.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
[On two filariae from Ungulates, in Malaysia (author's transl]

Bain O, Shoho C

Ann Parasitol Hum Comp, 1976 Jan-Feb;53(1):93-100.
PMID: 677714

Redescription of the female of Setaria thomasi Sandosham, 1954, parasite of Sus scrofa jubatus; description of the female of Papillosetaria malayi n.sp. from Tragulus javanicus. The study of the buccal region of Papillosteria leads the authors to consider this genus as an ancestral form of Setaria.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals/parasitology*
Fulltext Estimating biodiversity impacts without field surveys: A case study in northern Borneo

Kitzes J, Shirley R

Ambio, 2016 Feb;45(1):110-9.
PMID: 26169084 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0683-3

In many regions of the world, biodiversity surveys are not routinely conducted prior to activities that lead to land conversion, such as development projects. Here we use top-down methods based on global range maps and bottom-up methods based on macroecological scaling laws to illuminate the otherwise hidden biodiversity impacts of three large hydroelectric dams in the state of Sarawak in northern Borneo. Our retrospective impact assessment finds that the three reservoirs inundate habitat for 331 species of birds (3 million individuals) and 164 species of mammals (110 million individuals). A minimum of 2100 species of trees (900 million individuals) and 17 700 species of arthropods (34 billion individuals) are estimated to be affected by the dams. No extinctions of bird, mammal, or tree species are expected due to habitat loss following reservoir inundation, while 4-7 arthropod species extinctions are predicted. These assessment methods are applicable to any data-limited system undergoing land-use change.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Enhancing mitogenomic phylogeny and resolving the relationships of extinct megafaunal placental mammals

Phillips MJ, Shazwani Zakaria S

Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2021 05;158:107082.
PMID: 33482383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107082

Mitochondrial genomes provided the first widely used sequences that were sufficiently informative to resolve relationships among animals across a wide taxonomic domain, from within species to between phyla. However, mitogenome studies supported several anomalous relationships and fell partly out of favour as sequencing multiple, independent nuclear loci proved to be highly effective. A tendency to blame mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has overshadowed efforts to understand and ameliorate underlying model misspecification. Here we find that influential assessments of the infidelity of mitogenome phylogenies have often been overstated, but nevertheless, substitution saturation and compositional non-stationarity substantially mislead reconstruction. We show that RY coding the mtDNA, excluding protein-coding 3rd codon sites, partitioning models based on amino acid hydrophobicity and enhanced taxon sampling improve the accuracy of mitogenomic phylogeny reconstruction for placental mammals, almost to the level of multi-gene nuclear datasets. Indeed, combined analysis of mtDNA with 3-fold longer nuclear sequence data either maintained or improved upon the nuclear support for all generally accepted clades, even those that mtDNA alone did not favour, thus indicating "hidden support". Confident mtDNA phylogeny reconstruction is especially important for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of mitochondria themselves, and for merging extinct taxa into the tree of life, with ancient DNA often only accessible as mtDNA. Our ancient mtDNA analyses lend confidence to the relationships of three extinct megafaunal taxa: glyptodonts are nested within armadillos, the South American ungulate, Macrauchenia is sister to horses and rhinoceroses, and sabre-toothed and scimitar cats are the monophyletic sister-group of modern cats.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Fulltext Carnivore hotspots in Peninsular Malaysia and their landscape attributes

Ratnayeke S, van Manen FT, Clements GR, Kulaimi NAM, Sharp SP

PLoS One, 2018;13(4):e0194217.
PMID: 29617402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194217

Mammalian carnivores play a vital role in ecosystem functioning. However, they are prone to extinction because of low population densities and growth rates, and high levels of persecution or exploitation. In tropical biodiversity hotspots such as Peninsular Malaysia, rapid conversion of natural habitats threatens the persistence of this vulnerable group of animals. Here, we carried out the first comprehensive literature review on 31 carnivore species reported to occur in Peninsular Malaysia and updated their probable distribution. We georeferenced 375 observations of 28 species of carnivore from 89 unique geographic locations using records spanning 1948 to 2014. Using the Getis-Ord Gi*statistic and weighted survey records by IUCN Red List status, we identified hotspots of species that were of conservation concern and built regression models to identify environmental and anthropogenic landscape factors associated with Getis-Ord Gi* z scores. Our analyses identified two carnivore hotspots that were spatially concordant with two of the peninsula's largest and most contiguous forest complexes, associated with Taman Negara National Park and Royal Belum State Park. A cold spot overlapped with the southwestern region of the Peninsula, reflecting the disappearance of carnivores with higher conservation rankings from increasingly fragmented natural habitats. Getis-Ord Gi* z scores were negatively associated with elevation, and positively associated with the proportion of natural land cover and distance from the capital city. Malaysia contains some of the world's most diverse carnivore assemblages, but recent rates of forest loss are some of the highest in the world. Reducing poaching and maintaining large, contiguous tracts of lowland forests will be crucial, not only for the persistence of threatened carnivores, but for many mammalian species in general.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals/physiology*
Ticks (Ixodidae) and other ectoparasites in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia

Mariana A, Zuraidawati Z, Ho TM, Kulaimi BM, Saleh I, Shukor MN, et al.

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2008 May;39(3):496-506.
PMID: 18564690

A survey of ticks and other ectoparasites was carried out during a national biodiversity scientific expedition at Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia from 23-29 March 2003. A total of 161 animals comprising 20 species of birds, 16 species of bats, six species of non-volant small mammals and 12 species of reptiles were examined for ticks and other ectoparasites. From these animals, nine species in five genera of ticks, 10 species in two families of Mesostigmatid mites and five species of chiggers were collected. Three of the ectoparasitic species found, Dermacentor auratus, Ixodes granulatus and Leptotrombidium deliense are of known public health importance. This survey produced the first list of ticks and other ectoparasites in the forest reserve and the third study of ectoparasites in Kedah. Fourteen species of these ectoparasites are new locality records.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals/parasitology
Small mammals from Kuala Atok, Taman Negara Pahang, Malaysia

Tingga RCT, Anwarali F, Mohd Ridwan A, M. T. Abdullah M, Senawi J

Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:659-669.

A faunal survey aimed to document small mammals was conducted at Nature Study Centre of Kuala Atok, Taman Negara Pahang from 16th to 23rd May 2008. This survey was part of the Biodiversity Inventory Programme that was organised by the Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP). On average, ten mist nets, two four-bank harp traps, 100 cage traps and 40 Sherman traps were set for six trapping nights. A total of 79 individuals from three orders, seven families and 23 species were caught in this study. Of the 23 species, three were frugivorous bats, 15 were insectivorous bats, four were rodents and one was treeshrew. Our sampling site was bounded by Pahang River and mainly covered with lowland secondary forest. This is evidence by the highest abundance of Long-tailed Giant Rat (Leopoldamys sabanus) for non-volant small mammals, and Fawn Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros cervinus) for volant small mammals that are adapted to disturbed habitat. The increasing species cumulative curve for Chiropteran indicates that there may be more species yet to be recorded from this study site compared to rodents and treeshrews. Preliminary analysis on the species similarity between our study site to other survey reports in Peninsular Malaysia, positioned Kuala Atok with Krau Wildlife Reserve and Bukit Fraser Forest Reserve that are located adjacent to our study site. This similarity further indicate the
importance of future survey in Kuala Atok especially for Chiropterans to properly document the species diversity in this site that may be as rich as other well studied area e.g. Krau Wildlife Reserve.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Fulltext Characterisation of biodegradable protein based films from gelatin alternative: a review

Nazmi, N. N. M., Isa, M. I. N., Sarbon, N. M.

International Food Research Journal, 2020;27(6):971-987.
MyJurnal

Protein-based films are thin and flexible films derived from protein sources. They are
completely biodegradable and used in food engineering, packaging, drug recovery, and other
applications. In food packaging, gelatin is widely used due to properties such as low cost,
availability, functional attributes, mechanical (flexibility and tension) and optical (brightness
and opacity) strength, barrier against gas flow, and structural resistance to water and
microorganisms. Therefore, this paper reviews the characterisation of biodegradable
protein-based films from gelatin alternatives, mainly from fish and chicken skin, as food
packaging materials. The properties of film packaging derived from gelatin alternatives were
compared with films derived from mammalian gelatin. The findings showed that the blended
gelatin alternatives with polysaccharide improved physical properties such as water vapour
permeability, gas permeability, light transmission and transparency, thermal properties,
microstructure, colour, and heat sealability. Moreover, improvements in mechanical
properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break were also investigated. This review
also comes out with suggestions for future research on the compatibility between gelatin films
and food ingredients. This paper provides a comprehensive overview that promotes the
development of biodegradable blended films from gelatin alternatives for packaging
applications in the food industry and related fields.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Fulltext Leech blood-meal invertebrate-derived DNA reveals differences in Bornean mammal diversity across habitats

Drinkwater R, Jucker T, Potter JHT, Swinfield T, Coomes DA, Slade EM, et al.

Mol Ecol, 2021 07;30(13):3299-3312.
PMID: 33171014 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15724

The application of metabarcoding to environmental and invertebrate-derived DNA (eDNA and iDNA) is a new and increasingly applied method for monitoring biodiversity across a diverse range of habitats. This approach is particularly promising for sampling in the biodiverse humid tropics, where rapid land-use change for agriculture means there is a growing need to understand the conservation value of the remaining mosaic and degraded landscapes. Here we use iDNA from blood-feeding leeches (Haemadipsa picta) to assess differences in mammalian diversity across a gradient of forest degradation in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We screened 557 individual leeches for mammal DNA by targeting fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and detected 14 mammalian genera. We recorded lower mammal diversity in the most heavily degraded forest compared to higher quality twice logged forest. Although the accumulation curves of diversity estimates were comparable across these habitat types, diversity was higher in twice logged forest, with more taxa of conservation concern. In addition, our analysis revealed differences between the community recorded in the heavily logged forest and that of the twice logged forest. By revealing differences in mammal diversity across a human-modified tropical landscape, our study demonstrates the value of iDNA as a noninvasive biomonitoring approach in conservation assessments.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals/genetics
[The distribution of Opistorchis and Paragonimus in Malaya and possible sources of infection of man with these parasites]

Rohde K

Z Tropenmed Parasitol, 1967 Jul;18(2):152-61.
PMID: 5628712
Matched MeSH terms: Mammals
Capture of mammal excreta by Nepenthes is an effective heterotrophic nutrition strategy

Cross AT, van der Ent A, Wickmann M, Skates LM, Sumail S, Gebauer G, et al.

Ann Bot, 2022 Dec 31;130(7):927-938.
PMID: 36306274 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac134

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: While isotopic enrichment of nitrogen (15N) and carbon (13C) is often used to determine whether carnivorous plant species capture and assimilate nutrients from supplemental sources such as invertebrate prey or mammal excreta (heterotrophic nutrition), little is known about how successful the different strategies deployed by carnivorous plants are at obtaining supplemental nutrition. The collection of mammalian faeces by Nepenthes (tropical pitcher plants) is the result of a highly specialized biological mutualism that results in heterotrophic nitrogen gain; however, it remains unknown how effective this strategy is in comparison to Nepenthes species not known to collect mammalian faeces.
METHODS: We examined how isotopic enrichment varied in the diverse genus Nepenthes, among species producing pitchers for invertebrate capture and species exhibiting mutualisms for the collection of mammal excreta. Enrichment factors were calculated from δ15N and δ13C values from eight Nepenthes species and naturally occurring hybrids along with co-occurring reference (non-carnivorous) plants from three mountain massifs in Borneo: Mount Kinabalu, Mount Tambuyukon and Mount Trus Madi.
RESULTS: All Nepenthes examined, except N. edwardsiana, were significantly enriched in 15N compared to co-occurring non-carnivorous plants, and 15N enrichment was more than two-fold higher in species with adaptations for the collection of mammal excreta compared with other Nepenthes.
CONCLUSIONS: The collection of mammal faeces clearly represents a highly effective strategy for heterotrophic nitrogen gain in Nepenthes. Species with adaptations for capturing mammal excreta occur exclusively at high elevation (i.e. are typically summit-occurring) where previous studies suggest invertebrate prey are less abundant and less frequently captured. As such, we propose this strategy may maximize nutritional return by specializing towards ensuring the collection and retention of few but higher-value N sources in environments where invertebrate prey may be scarce.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals*
Molecular epidemiology of Bartonella species from sympatric mammals collected in urban and rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan

Rizwan M, Ali S, Javid A, von Fricken ME, Rashid MI

Acta Trop, 2023 Jul;243:106940.
PMID: 37160189 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106940

Bartonella can infect a variety of mammals including humans and has been detected in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia. Roughly two-thirds of identified Bartonella species are found and maintained in rodent reservoirs, with some of these species linked to human infections. Rodents (N=236) were caught from the Sahiwal division of Punjab, Pakistan and tested for Bartonella using PCR targeting gltA and rpoB genes, followed by sequencing of rpoB-positive samples. Genetic relatedness to other published Bartonella spp. rpoB gene sequences were examined using BLAST and phylogenetic analysis. Overall, 7.62% (18/236) of rodents were positive for both gltA and rpoB fragments. Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus had 7.94% (12/151) and 7.05% (6/85) positivity rates for Bartonella DNA, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relatedness between Bartonella spp. from Pakistan to Bartonella spp. from China, Nepal, and Malaysia. This study is the first reported detection of Bartonella spp. in R. rattus and R. norvegicus from the Sahiwal area of Punjab, Pakistan.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammals

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